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SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTION VERBS IN ENGLISH
S.T. Bakieva, Senior Lecturer E.G. Akhmedova, Associate Professor O.R. Mirzakmatova, Lecturer Osh State University (Kyrgyzstan, Osh)
DOI:10.24412/2500-1000-2023-12-2-96-98
Abstract. This article is devoted to the study of semantic features of verbs of motion in English. The units of this lexico-semantic group have a high frequency of use and a developed system of collocates, which leads to semantic modification of the verb of motion. The study identified the verb of motion with the most developed combinability and revealed its main semantic tones.
Keywords: verbs of motion, characterization of verbs of motion, semantics of verbs of motion, spatial motion, language.
The theory of verbocentrism, which emerged as early as in typological and derivational syntax and is usually associated with the name of academician V.V. Vinogradov, suggests the possibility to conduct a study of the semantic base of the group of verbs of modern English within the lexico-semantic field "movement". The biggest problem is to identify principles, according to which lexemes are united into this semantic field. As soon as the concept of semantic fields appeared, linguists thought about what lexemes would be included in this field. There are numerous assumptions about the taxonomy and classification of these verbs, their contribution to the boundaries of this field, its core and periphery [1].
As we know, without movement there is no life. A human being is, first of all, a totality of action. Action is movement. One of the groups of verbs is verbs of motion. Each language gives its own definition of this group of verbs depending on the mentality of the speakers of these languages.
Verbs of motion are traditionally understood as a group of verbs denoting the physical movement of living beings and inanimate objects, and this is confirmed by E. Laizy's statement that verbs of motion include all verbs whose condition of use is movement [2].
Verbs of motion are an integral part of the basic lexicon of the English language, therefore the units of this lexical-semantic group have a high frequency of use. The frequency
of occurrence, in turn, allows us to speak about the presence of a developed system of collocates in the units of this lexical-semantic group, which leads to semantic modification of the verb of motion.
Verbs of motion belong to one of the most used and functionally loaded groups of vocabulary in English, the study of their semantic features is productive both for the practice of language teaching and in the theoretical aspect.
Until recently, different approaches have been taken to the class of motion verbs. Some lists of describing characteristics. Others choose an ontology of space and movement which is more or less that is more or less formal or psychological in nature. Still more approach the question at the level of phrastic schemata, which refer to coding action in terms of distributing or projecting roles and "circumstances".
Verbs of motion in English have a complex directional semantics, which is conveyed by the movements made relative to a certain reference point. When describing a movement situation, it is necessary to take into account the spatial characteristics of moving objects.
The semantic properties of English motion verbs are complex and exhibit several levels of organization. We would like argue that the two basic concepts associated with physical motion, namely progression in space and progression in time, have a hierarchical structure. More specifically, we argue that because speed is derived from the kinetic properties of
the actions denoted by the verbs (and from their intralinguistic comparison), speed as an external temporal component of movement has a secondary, derived status. We further contend that the level of the external temporal (in the sense of physics) structure of movement verbs must be separated from the level of their internal semantic structure.
If to speak about the description of motion situation, it has three components: Figure or Object - the Path - the Motion [3], e.g.: The pen rolls of the table.
In addition to a large group of verbs that associate motion with way (walk, run, jump, jog, creep, fly, crawl, stroll, rush, tramp), English has a number of motion verbs that associate motion with way (go, come, arrive, leave, turn, descend, fall, cross, enter, retreat, rise, flee, recede, go forward, go out). The aspects of path encoded in these verbs are concern the configuration and position of the path, often specified in relation to the direction of movement.
Even though there are thousands of verbs that are in motion, there are only two types of them. They are called transitive and intransitive. And in order to have a clear understanding of the difference between these verbs, we first need to know the definitions of these two types of verbs.
Transitive verbs, according to Merriam-Webster, are action words that require a direct object to receive the verb's action. For example, in the sentence "Mike jumped over the fence," the verb "jump" is transitive, and the fence is the object.
However, intransitive verbs can exist without an object, and adding an object to them usually makes no sense. For example, the verb "jump" is intransitive in the sentence "The noise made me jump. And adding an object to this phrase (for example, "The noise made me jump a fence") doesn't make sense [4].
There are hundreds of English verbs of motion that you already know. They can be common or unusual. And today we are going to discuss both! Let's have a look at our comprehensive list of motion verbs to expand your vocabulary and learn something new [5].
To walk (This is one of the most commonly used verbs for movement. When you walk,
you move forward in a casual way. You put one foot in front of the other. Here are a few examples of how you can use this word in sentences): I like to walk, I've been walking for three hours.
To stagger (This verb is synonymous with the previous one. But when you walk, you walk casually. When you stagger, you walk unsteadily): She didn't feel well, so she staggered home, She was staggering, so she needed to find a foothold to avoid falling.
To dance (Dancing is the movement of your body to a specific rhythm, especially to music): I want to dance with her sometimes, Kate dances like an experienced professional.
To ride (When you ride something, such as horses, bicycles, or motorbikes, you sit on it and control it): I saw Jane riding a horse yesterday, Our boss likes to get to work riding a bike.
To dash (Do you know of a quick and easy way to learn the meaning of this verb? Just remember - people run when they are in a hurry. It means to run really fast somewhere because you are in a hurry): I need to dash home - my friends are already there, Kate told me that she needs to dash.
To jog (Jogging is a verb in the verbal form of the verb "to run", which is a process of movement. But when you are jogging, you are usually running at a very slow pace. When we talk about exercise, this word is usually used): Mike likes jogging, and I prefer yoga.
To leap (And this is another kind of a jump. The verb to jump means to make a really big jump from one place to another): The cat leaped over the fence, Jane leaped out of her car.
To shuffle (Shuffle is a different way of walking. But when you shuffle, you don't lift your feet high. Instead, you slowly pull your feet along the ground): Kate's son likes to shuffle through the snow.
To march (This verb has not one, but three different meanings in relation to walking. First, to march means to walk and move at the same speed as soldiers. It is also a way of walking very fast because you are angry. Finally, it can mean to move a group of people to participate in a public event): The army marched a hundred miles to get to the city,
Thousands of people marched through the the verbs and from their intralinguistic com-streets to protest against global warming. parison. The source-path-goal schema, which
In conclusion, for the majority of English belongs to the domain of movement, includes verbs, the speed of movement is a secondary the following structural elements: source, tarfeature, which follows conceptually from the get, path, and direction. kinetic properties of the actions denoted by
References
1. Shmelev D.N. Modern Russian Language. Lexicon: Study Guide. 2nd edition, stereotyped. - Moscow: Unitorial Urss, 2003. - 336 с.
2. Leisi E. Der Wortinhalt. Seine Struktur im Deutschen und im Englischen. 2, erw. Aufl. Heidelberg. (1961). 4 Aufl.: Der Wortinhalt. Heidelberg: Quelle und Meyer (UTB).1971.
3. Levin, B. and Rappaport Hovav, M. (1992) 'The Lexical Semantics of Verbs of Motion: The Perspective from Unaccusativity' in Roca, I.M. (ed) Thematic Structure. Its Role in Grammar, Berlin and New York: Foris Publications: 247-69.
4. Talmy, L. (1975) 'Semantics and Syntax of Motion' in Kimball, J.P. (ed) Syntax and Semantics, vol. 4, New York: Academic Press: 181-238.
5. Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary (1988), London and Glasgow: Collins. Com-rie, B. (1976) Aspect, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
СЕМАНТИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ГЛАГОЛОВ ДВИЖЕНИЯ В
АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
С.Т. Бакиева, старший преподаватель Э.Г. Ахмедова, доцент О.Р. Мирзакматова, преподаватель Ошский государственный университет (Кыргызстан, г. Ош)
Аннотация. Данная статья посвящена изучению семантических особенностей глаголов движения в английском языке. Единицы данной лексико-семантической группы обладают высокой частотностью употребления и развитой системой коллокатов, что приводит к семантической модификации глагола движения. В ходе исследования был выявлен глагол движения с наиболее развитой сочетаемостью и выявлены его основные семантические оттенки.
Ключевые слова: глаголы движения, характеристика глаголов движения, семантика, пространственное движение, язык.
