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Abdullayeva Kh.N. student in the stage of doctor ofphylosophy
Andijan State University
UZBEK FAIRY TALES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
Annotation. This article is about Uzbek fairy tales and its classification as to their types.By the help of the examples of several fairy tales it is identified three main types of fairy tales named fairy tales about animals, magic and fantastic tales as well as real life fairy tales proved by the experts necessary works about tales.These types of fairy tales differ from their plots and characters and their function may be different but didactic role of the tales is always the same which couldfollow the readers to the right way.
Key words: fantastic, magic, creativity, chopchak (fairy tales), imiginations, ideological and artistic features, priority method, characters, inhabitants.
It is obvious that one can not describe whole childhood without listening fairy tales. Fairy tales could help people's imagination emerge and develop their thinking and outlook. All the events, heroes, good endings and successful achievments of good characters, bad ending of bad characters in the fairy tales may teach and show right ways all the children who are learning how to live in real life correctly.
A fairy tale is one of the main genres of folk poetic creativity; a magical adventure based on texture and fiction. The discussion of fairy tales from very ancient times can be seen from the use of the term " Ertak " in the work " Devonu lug'atit-turk", written in 1074 by Mahmud Koshkhari: "Etuk" is a story, a fairy tale. This word is also used to convey purpose to the king, to tell a story. It originally came from telling something as a story"3. The antiquity of this genre can be also called a fairy tale proved in the oral creativity of nations related to the family of Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen and a number of other Turkish people. Although the term»ertak «is very well known to residents of all regions of Uzbekistan, works of this genre have been called differently in different regions. In particular the people in Tashkent called " chopchak", the Fergans " matal", the Khorezmians " varsaqi", people speaking Uzbek and Tajik called " ushuk ". In addition to these, in live and oral speech, the terms " afsona, o'tirik, tutal" are also sometimes found. Even Alisher Navoi used the word" chopchak " in one of his poems.
Furthermore this genre is always paid attention by many scientists because of its wide classification and productive assist for the people in any period of life. They wrote different works and learned fairy tales as to their
meaning, separate their types. As to the worthy contribution to the development of Uzbek folklore, it is important to say that Mansur Afzalov wrote a scientific work on Uzbek folk tales. He learned the history of the study of this genre. According to the scientist, scientific attention to Uzbek fairy tales began in the second half of the XIX century. In this case A.A.Kushakevich, N.Lapunova, A.Vasilyev, A.N.Samoilovich, such as V.V Bartold,a number of educated and well-known scholars are listed by names. Also, the recording of the texts of such myths and fairy tales as" Farhad and Shirin"," Shirin qiz"," Samarkand"," Shahzoda Nazar Muhammad and Malika Nazarbibi"," Annamurod bova haqida"," Erni er qilgan xotin"," Donishmand cho'pon", information about the process of preliminary tastings is noted.4
Uzbek fairy tales were also studied by such scientists as Miyon Buzruk Salihov, Hodi Zarikhov, Khomid Rasul, Buyuk Karimov. Later this activity was carried out continued by K.Imamav, T.Gaziboev, G'.Jalalov, X.Egamov, H.Razzakov, J. Yusupov.
Scients who worked on the fairy tales as an important genre and learned their types determined tales' types and decided to separate their features.
The features of the genre as an example of artistic creativity of Uzbek folk tales are as follows:
1. Fairy tales belong to the epic type of folk oral creativity.
2. Fairy tales are created mainly in prose. Only in some works ("Yoriltosh", "Tahir and Zuhra", etc.)) poetic passages reminiscent of a song are found.
3. The beginning of " bir bor ekan bir yo'q ekan "(once upon a time) and the completion of " murod-maqsadiga yetibdi "(they achieve their goal) is a traditional sign of fairy tales.
4. Fantasy-a fantastic image is a priority method used in the plot of fairy
tales.
5. In the general content of fairy tales, the IMF formula is constantly repeated. Each fairy tale will consist of I - initial - beginning; M - medial -main part; F - final - ending.
It is not false to say that in the content of folk tales, all issues of social, economic,
real life find their expression. That is why, people living in all regions of the world the same content of fairy tales are often found, the reason for that the general way of life is close. French, English, Chinese, Japanese fairy tales in most cases repeat the meaning of fairy tales in the work of Uzbeks. For example; as to their usage of some details,only in the French tales it is mostly used cheese, grapes, rice in the Chinese,in Uzbek fairy tales it is observed that instead of such thingsit is used eggs or yogurt.
1 Mahmoud Koshgari. Dictionary of Turkic words (Devonu lexicotit turk). III Vol. I-tom. - T.: Science, 1960. -B. 98.
2 Afzalov M. About Uzbek folk tales. - T.: Science, 1964. - B. 14-19.
1. Tales about animals.
Fairy tales about animals (or animal Epic) are distinguished by their main feature, the main characters are animals. In particular, the fairy tales" The Fox steals fish from the cart (sleigh)"," Animals in the Pit"," The Cat, The Rooster and the Fox"," The Cat and the wild animals"," the stupid Wolf," the Luplen goat " were popular. Again, in fairy tales about animals, traces of that primitive domestic era are preserved, person could only master the products of nature, but has not yet learned to reproduce them. The main source of human life during that time was hunting, and cunning. The ability to deceive an animal played an important role in the struggle for survival. Therefore, a prominent compositional device of the animal epic is deception in its various manifestations: insidious advice, unexpected fear, changes in sound and other claims. The experience of ancient hunters is always associated with the mentioned depth. The one who knows how to cheat wins and benefits for himself. The Uzbek fairy tale gave this feature to one of its central heroes - the Fox. Fairy tales often depict representatives of Wild Fauna.These are the inhabitants of forests, fields, steppes: Fox, bear, wolf, wild boar, rabbit, Hedgehog, frog, mouse. Birds are represented in different ways: crow, sparrow, worm, crane, owl. There are insects: flies, wasps, ants, spiders;
Fairy tales about animals are considered by some experts belong to the category of magical-fantastic fairy tales. In Particular, K.Imomov, G Jalalov analyzes fairy tales about animals as magical fairy tales.5 The participation of animals in these works, their presence in a conversation with the heroes of the work give reason to scientists to call magical fairy tales. We take this term conditionally, since the content of magical fairy tales in which animals are not involved is also sufficient, which can be analyzed separately. In one of other types of fairy tales about animals, the method of figurative thinking is considered master. Such kind of fairy tales were created with the aim of giving children morality and upbringing. The main ideas of the fairy tale are to be together and to keep solidarity and appreciate friendship in any situations. On the basis of philosophy, if a person does goodness to each other, he will definitely achieve his dream.
The tale "Susambil" was one of these fairy tales participated animals. In order to achieve their freedom and find peaceful life ox and donkey want to find deamland legendary city Susambil. After that the rooster, rat, bee want to join them. After hard and long difficulties, they reach their goal.
This type of fairy tales about animals was created in order to realize more educational and didactic goal. Fathers should teach their children a lesson from their own life experiences. The child growing up in his family does not have information about the animals live around them. That is right, they saw a sheep, a horse, a goat, a chicken, a donkey with their own eyes, they have a certain
5 Imamov K. Fairy tales In the epic genres of Uzbek folklore. - T.: Science,??????? - B. 65-72. Jalalov G'. Magic-fantastic tales / poetics of Uzbek folk tales. - T.: Science, 1976. - B. 39-96.
imagination. But they do not know about wolf, bear, snake, fox, eagle. Therefore, in fairy tales, it will be necessary to provide certain information on those animals' way of life. In fairy tales about animals it should be classified wolfs dangerous habits, the possibility of attacking people, the cunning of a fox, the length of a stork's muzzle, the blunt tail of a deer were emerged.
In addition to the three mentioned types of fairy tales about animals above, there are also certain types according to the participation of heroes. In particular, only animals participated and sometimes people and animals participated in the fairy tales together etc.
So, fairy tales about animals formed the first samples of the formation of this genre. In these kind of fairy tales, the mythical outlooks and horizons of our ancient ancestors were expressed. In next samples, social, domestic relations between people were expressed metaphorically. In those tales basically more educational goals are aimed. Finally, in the relatively later created samples of this type of fairy tales, the purpose of providing educational information was realized.
2. Magical-fantastic fairy tales and their expressions, ideological and artistic features.
The emergence of magical fairy tales has an ancient history, the roots may go to elementary society. It is known that primitive man feld depression in the face of natural phenomena that seemed unknown. The dangers found at every step affected his spirit. It was these who made them reflect superficially on the world and interpret in their own way phenomena that seemed unnatural.
When it comes to the opinions about the general fairy tales' similarities in the folklore of the world, it is meant mainly magical fairy tales. People dreamed in the past and created various extraordinary events. In fact, even in the emergence of myths, it definitely played main role that people could have these features. Later, fantastic events moved from totem, fetish images to flying carpets, magical tablecloths, gold boiling bowls, dishes, mirrors that can be seen when anyone wants to see someone.
The invention of such kind of events is based on the dreams of our ancestors. A person suffering from road pain imagines a flying carpet, a horse that it could deliver to the destination in an eye-opening and fast. And the man who struggled to find food and suffered from being hungry imagined the open tablecloth. As a result, events in magical fairy tales have obviously become a complex of dreamsand imiginations of our ancestors.
Magic fairy tales are also emerged in such cases when the main character lacks something (most often, a child), the hero has something to lack, he has something to do (talk, open a separate door, look at something, etc.) as well as it might occur because of being prohibited, destroying the obstacle, facing a strong opponent, going on a dangerous journey, the end of the trip, the fighting with the opponent, the achievement of the goal. Well-known scientist V.Ya.Propp proved with examples on a deep scientific basis that the order mentioned above is the
main elements that make up the content of the text of magical fairy tales in the work of the people of the world.6
The magics of magical fairy tales, mostly finds its expression in the impressions of miraculous journeys from the work, dreams that could not achieve in real life, incredible miracles and legendary meetings. In the magic fairy tales, life is so meaningful and invaluable that folk belive that there is no system of phenomena that cannot exist in it, there is no problem to find a solution, everything seems to be very easy and amasing. If it is said with one sentense people create magic fairy tales with their dreams that wished to achieve strongly and wide impressions.
So It is not a mistake if we evaluate magical fairy tales as a result of time in which this genre is being formed,. The amazingly beautiful images of magic tales may have been added according to the skills of the storyteller during the performance of the work. It is very likely that an experienced and talented speaker added creative news to a fairy tale that he himself heard and now wants to tell. Magical tales prove that human fantasy is unfinishable.
3.Real life fairy tales. This ordinary fairy tales differ from animals and magic tales with its real and usual events. It is fact that there might be magical-fantastic characters in such kind of ordinary fairy tales. But the general limit of expression is much more limited in real life fairy tales. Because in these fairy tales it is written about simple dairy life, the people, first of all, reflect on what ordinary people can do. The category of such works is also given in the real life fairy tales, since it is taken as the basis of events, which can occur directly in real life or marriage. They give a description of the representative of a person, one of nations in real life (whether positive or negative), his physical strength at the level of his capabilities, knowledge, mind on the ground of the events. In most cases, the names of the heroes of the work are also not written. People with such names as old man, old woman, a man, a boy, a girl, a poor man, continue to be heroes of these fairy tales. With this, the wise people may have noted in the fairy tale that each of the direct listening residents is the hero of the work.
In life tales, correctness and curvature, hard work and laziness, purity and uncleanness, courage and betrayal are constantly contrasted. The people masterfully use small, inconspicuous elements throughout the fairy tale, solving the solution of the situation through them.
Folk tales are of particular importance as a beautiful example of artistic word art. From the beginning "Once upon a time... with ending»they achieved their goals." the listener's attention is fully attracted to events. Questions about what will happen next, how this phenomenon will end, will keep the listener's mind busy. The reason for the survival of fairy tales is also determined by their artistic perfection. In terms of content, various issues of life provide a thematic framework of fairy tales. In fairy tales, the use of words belonging to the
6 Пропп В.Я. Морфология сказки. - Moscow: Science, 1969.
national language of the people is felt in place. The narrator continues his story through specific thoughts made from simple sentences. In works belonging to this genre, of course, girls are beautiful from fourteen days of the month, boys are brave, swords are cut, tablecloths are open, and hums have boiling properties. In fairy tales, we come across a complex of very rich and diverse similarities, adjectives, exaggerations. That is why these works in the structure of our oral creativity are revered in the real sense as an example of values, at the level of unique masterpieces of our cultural heritage.
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