CC BY
8DOI: 10.24412/cl-37100-2023-12-209-224
V. Petrov, D. Petrov Using the patterns of system evolution to solve business problems
ANNOTATION
The latest worldwide events significantly affect the development of the business ecosystem in the world. The war in Ukraine, changes in supply chains, the energy crisis, and other processes create uncertain conditions for business to develop and even exist. The tools that will allow company's owners and managers to make quick and correct decisions are being raised more and more acutely. It has been repeatedly proven how TRIZ tools help to find contradictions, create innovations and solve complex business problems. But the needs are also in the development of companies, the creation of the future state, and forecasting. These issues are closely related to a company's willingness to invest in the right areas.
In this article, the authors propose to expand the set of tools and apply the patterns of systems evolution not only for business solutions but also for the development of business and companies in general.
Keywords: TRIZ, business tasks, patterns of development of business systems 1. INTRODUCTION
There is no need to talk about the difficulties that business has been facing lately. Every year there are new challenges, restrictions, competition, and also destabilizing factors.
A few years ago, it was shown how TRIZ tools help to solve business problems and find ways of development. But little attention was paid to the laws and patterns of systems development, although this toolkit deserves special consideration, as it can help find a quick solution to business problems.
The development of the laws of development of technical systems (LDTS) has been carried out for a long time. The first work known to the author on the late development of technology was written by G. Hegel in the paragraph "Mean" of the work "Science of Logic" [1]. "Technique is mechanical and chemical, because it serves the goals of man, that its nature (essence) depends on its features (laws of nature)."
In 1843, W. Schultz describes the prototype of the law of the completeness of the parts of the system. He wrote that "it is possible to make a transit between the tool and the machine: a spade, a hammer, a chisel, etc." etc., systems of levers and rifles, for the use, however skillfully they may be, of the driving force of the servant man ... all this fits the call to accept; meanwhile, a fork with its moving life force, wind cabinets should be counted among machines" [2].
A little later, some laws of the development of technology were described by K. Marx and F. Engels.
K. Marx described these laws in the section "Development of machines" [3, p. 382-396]: "... the difference between a tool and a machine is established in that with a tool, a person serves as a driving force, and the driving force of a machine is a force of nature that is different from human power, for example, an animal, water, wind, etc." [3, c. 383]. Further, K. Marx writes: "Any developed machine device consists of three essentially different parts: a machine-engine, a transmission mechanism, and finally, a machine-tool, or a working machine. The engine-machine acts as the
driving force of the whole mechanism. It either transmits its motive power itself, either as a steam engine, caloric engine, electromagnetic engine, etc., or it receives an impulse from outside, from some ready-made force of nature, like a water wheel from falling water, a windmill wing from the wind, etc. e. The transmission mechanism, consisting of flywheels, movable shafts, gears, eccentrics, rods, transmission bands, belts, intermediate devices, and accessories of various kinds, regulates movements, changes, if necessary, its shape, for example, turns it from perpendicular into a circle, distributes it and transfers it to working machines. Both of these parts of the mechanism exist only to impart movement to the tool-machine, thanks to which it captures the object of the labor and expediently changes it. ... Initially, the "machine-tool" (working machine) represented, in a very modified form, all the same apparatuses and tools that an artisan or manufacturing worker works with, but these are no longer tools of a person, but tools of a mechanism, or mechanical tools" [3, p. 383-384]
Some additional material can be found in the works of F. Engels on the history of the development of military equipment and warfare. These are the works of 1860-1861, in particular: "About a rifled gun", "History of a rifle", "Defense of B ritain", "French light infantry", etc. [4]. Some rudiments of the laws of development of technology and its interaction with man and society are set out in the works of K. Marx [5].
A certain contribution to the understanding of technology and its laws was the creation of a "philosophy of technology" [6]. This term was introduced by German scientist Ernst Kapp. In 1877, he published the book "Main Lines of the Philosophy of Technology" [7]. The main development of this trend took place at the beginning of the 20th century. The development of the "philosophy of technology" was carried out by German scientists F. Dessauer [8], M. Eit [8], M. Schneider [9], and others. In Russia, this topic was developed by P. K. Engelmeyer. In 1911, he published the book "Philosophy of Technology" [10]. All these works discussed the theoretical and social problems of technology and technical progress.
P. K. Engelmeyer in the first issue of "Philosophy of Technology" gives an overview of ideas about technology, in the second he shows the connection of technism with philosophy, and the last two issues are devoted to human activity and technical creativity.
The questions of the history of technology, classification, and definition of the concepts of technology were dealt with by many scientists in different countries: K. Tussman [11] and J. Müller [12] (in Germany), V. I. Svidersky [13], A. A. Zworykin [14], I. Ya. Confederates [15], S. V. Shu-khardin [16] (in Russia), and others. In 1962, a fundamental work on the history of technology was published [17]. Questions about the philosophy of science and technology are set out in a book with the same title [18].
Based on the study of the history of technology, K. Marx formulated some laws of technology development [18]: The law of the emergence and growth of needs; The law of accelerated development of the means ofproduction; The law of continuous development of new types of industry.
Various scholars have described the requirements for the development of engineering and engineering sciences. Attempts were made to classify the laws and patterns of technology. These include the works of J. Bernal [19], D. Killefer [20], J. Klaucho and E. Duda, L. Tondle [21], I. Müller, D. Teichmann [22], K. Tessman [23], L. Styribinga [24], B. M. Kedrova [25], O. D. Simonenko [26], V. M. Rozina [27].
Philosopher V.P. Rozhin singled out two types of laws of development of any systems [28]: Laws of the structure andfunctioning of systems; Laws of systems development.
Thus, we can say that the first group of laws is needed to build a system and its systemic functioning, and the second one determines how the system will develop. In our opinion, this is the most correct representation.
Yu. S. Meleshchenko created the most fundamental work of that time on the laws of technology development [29]. The researcher identified two main and largest groups of laws and patterns: Laws of the structure andfunctioning of technology; Laws of technology development.
In addition, Yu. S. Meleshchenko [29] identifies two large groups of patterns in the development of technology:
1. Internal patterns of development of technology (the system of technology itself).
2. External patterns of development of technology. Patterns in the development of technology, emerging as a result of its interaction with other social phenomena (the system of society as a whole).
The system of laws of technology was developed by A. I. Polovinkin [30]. He divides them into two groups: the laws of the structure of technical objects and the laws of the development of technology.
E. M. Balashov described the patterns of evolution of anthropogenic (artificial) systems in his monograph [31].
More details about this can be found in the work of V. Petrov [32]
J. Diskson [33] shows how systems can be designed without applying the laws of development of technical systems (LDTS).
For the first time, the LDTS system was developed by G. Altshuller [34]. He described ways to predict the development of a technical system in the future. B. Zlotin and A. Zusman [35], using the system (LDTS) of G. Altshuller, created chains of patterns in the development of technical systems. On the basis of the above works, V. Petrov developed his own system of laws and patterns of system development (since 1984), constantly improving it, which is finally presented in [36]. In this work, he showed on a large number of examples from different fields of knowledge how systems can be developed.
B. Zlotin, A. Zusman, and L. Kaplan outlined the patterns of development of teams [37]. The patterns of development of a creative personality were described by G. Altshuller and I. Vertkin [38]. D. Mann [39] described the application of laws in business. Teong San Yeoh [40] described the application of various TRIZ tools in business and management. These are interesting attempts, but, unfortunately, there are still few examples of using patterns to solve business problems.
In this article, the authors propose to expand the set of tools and apply the laws of system evolution not only to solve business problems but also to develop business and companies in general. We will consider only some of the patterns of system evolution [36]:
In this article, we will consider only some of the patterns of the evolution of systems:
1. Pattern of change in the degree of the ideality of systems;
2. Pattern of change in the degree of controllability and dynamism of systems;
3. Pattern of transition to the supersystem and subsystem.
2. PATTERN OF CHANGE IN THE DEGREE OF IDEALIZATION OF THE SYSTEM
The pattern of change in the degree of ideality is the main pattern of the evolution of systems.
The pattern of change in the degree of ideality includes two patterns:
1) the pattern of increasing the degree of ideality;
2) the pattern of decreasing the degree of ideality (anti-ideality - the tendency to reduce ideality). 2.1. General concepts of the pattern of increasing the degree of ideality
The pattern of change in the degree of ideality is the main pattern of the evolution of systems.
G. Altshuller wrote: "The concept of the ideal machine is one of the fundamental for the entire methodology of the invention."
The general direction of the development of systems is determined by the law of increasing the degree of ideality. This is the most important law of the evolution of systems.
G. Altshuller formulated this law:
The development of all systems goes in the direction of increasing the degree of ideality.
The authors slightly changed this wording.
The law of increasing the degree of ideality is that any system in its development tends to become more ideal.
The general direction of the development of systems is determined by the pattern of increasing the degree of ideality. This is the most important pattern in the evolution of systems.
The pattern of increasing the degree of ideality lies in the fact that any system in its development tends to become more ideal.
One way to increase the degree of ideality is to minimize redundancy. Redundancy reduction refers to the reduction of functional and structural redundancy.
The reduction of functional redundancy means the maximum possible reduction of additional functions, such that it does not affect the performance of the main function of the system, i.e., the functionality of the system would be performed at the same or better level.
The reduction of structural redundancy involves the reduction of "extra" parts and connections in the system. At the same time, the system should not only remain operational, but functionality should not suffer - it should be performed at the same or better level.
Redundancy can be reduced by using a convolution pattern.
Example. Crisis in the company.
When during a crisis in a company, consulting companies (Big Four: E&Y, PWC, Deloitte, KPMG, and others) offer to remove several levels of managers, that is, remove several links between performers and top management. Thus, the company reduces functional redundancy and removes additional functions (in this case: management functions). 2.2. Types of degrees of system idealization
Conventionally, four degrees of idealization of the system can be distinguished:
1. Appear at the right time in the right place;
2. Self-execution;
3. The ideal system is a function;
4. The function becomes unnecessary.
2.2.1. The system should appear at the right time in the right place
The ideal system should appear at the right time in the right place and carry the full (100%) design load.
During the rest (non-working) time, this system should not exist (it should disappear) or perform other useful workload (function).
The right action should appear at the right time in the right place or under the right condition.
Let's give an example of an ideal impact (process) performed in the right place at the right moment, without harming the environment.
Example. Bank card
Bank cards are often lost or numbers fall into the hands of scammers. Apple Pay and Google Pay cards appear on your phone at the time you need to make a payment.
The subject or object should appear only at the right moment in the right place.
Example. Service outsourcing
Outsourcing of services in different directions. For example, outsourcing IT services is very popular now. The company does not host IT specialists but hires a third-party company to provide IT services. Thus, the developer (or ultimately the service) appears at the right time in the right place. There are many types of outsourcing services.
2.2.2. Self-execution
An ideal system should perform all processes (actions) independently (by itself) without human intervention.
Example. Robotization of processes
UiPath has become a European "unicorn" (a startup with a capitalization of 1 billion USD) by offering market solutions for robotic business processes. The company offers solutions to change human work to robots (robotic process).
Cybernetization of labor saves a person from managing the process. Higher degrees of cyber-netization are automation (computerization) of mental activity. This process is sometimes referred to as intellectualization.
Example.
Google Assistant.
You can set a task, for example, to book a restaurant or a hairdresser, and the assistant will find a place, call to the company and book a table or service.
The ideal information should appear ITSELF, without spending time and effort searching
for it.
Example. Advertising business
Sometimes people are surprised when they discuss any topic with their phone close to them (items, trips, new things, and so on), then the search engine or social network will make recommendations for these items. There is nothing surprising here, even if the phone is locked, the microphone can "hear" the conversation, and then the application makes recommendations.
2.2.3. The ideal system is a function
The ideal system should not exist, and its work should be carried out as if by itself, by the wave of a "magic wand".
The function must be performed without funds.
An ideal system is a system that does not exist, and its functions are performed at the right time, in the right place (and at this time the system bears 100% of the calculated load), according to the necessary condition, without spending any substances, energy, time and finance.
Example. Google Cloud Solutions.
Companies host their applications on Google Cloud. When more users appear, the number of resources (required servers) increases proportionally. As soon as the number of users decreases, unnecessary resources are simply turned off. In fact, for a company that buys a Google service, there are no servers, and functionality appears when necessary.
Thus, an ideal system should perform useful functions at the right time, in the right place, according to the necessary condition, have zero costs, and have no undesirable effects.
The information usage has no cost if it does not require financial resources. The system is ideal when it uses more free information.
Trend: The material system is being replaced by a virtual or software system.
Example.
Cryptocurrency has become an alternative replacement for fiat currencies. Now in several countries, the purchase of goods and services with Bitcoin is allowed.
2.2.4. The feature is no longer needed.
The limiting degree of idealization is the rejection of the function — the function becomes unnecessary.
Example. Taxi call
Previously, when calling a taxi, the client used the services of a dispatcher (who suggested where the car was when to leave the house, and so on). With the advent of the Uber app, the dispatcher function became unnecessary. 2.3. Anti-ideality
Anti-ideality is a tendency opposite to the pattern of increasing the degree of ideality, i.e., a tendency to decrease the degree of ideality.
In an anti-ideal system, the number of functions tends to 1, and in order to achieve the goal, time and money are not taken into account. An anti-ideal system can cause harm.
Often, in an anti-ideal system, they strive to achieve the highest possible quality of a function, regardless of the costs, and possibly the harm caused (undesirable effect). Anti-ideality is super-redundancy.
Anti-ideal systems are typical for achieving political and military goals, for creating military equipment and security equipment, in particular, for fighting terror, and for creating unique objects and prestige.
Wars are a unique example of anti-ideality, as they illustrate both very high costs and colossal
harm.
Unique objects, luxury items, and prestige, in addition to their main purpose, can be considered examples of anti-ideality, especially if we take into account the material and human resources spent on their creation.
Example. Enron
The collapse of Enron is a good example. Enron was the leader in the energy market. Top managers of the company used private jets, received large bonuses, and thus showed the high status of the company. The company went bankrupt in 2007.
Thus, the pattern of anti-ideality manifests itself when goals are achieved, where they do not take into account costs or harm. The development of mass-produced goods and mass technologies is subject to the law of striving for an ideal system.
3. Pattern of change in the degree of controllability and dynamism of the system 3.1. General concepts
The pattern of change in the degree of controllability and dynamism is the main pattern of systems evolution.
This pattern contains two trends: increase and decrease in controllability and dynamism (Figure 1).
Figure 1. The pattern of change in the degree of controllability and dynamism of systems
The main of these trends is an increase in controllability and dynamism. The second tendency is auxiliary.
Increased controllability and dynamism are two interrelated trends that allow for increasing the degree of the ideality of the system.
• A more ideal system should be more manageable and more dynamic.
• A more manageable system should be more dynamic.
• A dynamic system can adapt to external and internal changes by changing its parameters, structure, and functions:
- in space;
- in time;
- by condition.
The pattern of increasing the degree of controllability and dynamism lies in the fact that any system in its development tends to become more controllable and more dynamic, i.e. the system must increase its degree of controllability and dynamism. 3.2. The pattern of increasing the degree of controllability 3.2.1. The general trend
The development of the system goes in the direction of increasing the degree of controllability.
A system can be controlled if and only if it contains elements with connections between them, capable of receiving control signals, converting them into control actions, and adequately perceiving information about internal changes in the system and external influences on it. This property is often referred to as responsiveness.
The general trend of increasing the degree of controllability (Figure 2) is the transition:
• from unmanaged to controlled system;
• non-automatic (manual) control to automatic;
• direct control to remote;
• from central control to distributed and self-organizing control (network management).
Controlled system
\_
/■-\
Automatic control
V_
f \
Remote control --
( \ Distributed and self-organizing control
V_J
Figure 2. The general trend of increasing the degree of controllability
Examples for each transition.
• from unmanaged to controlled system; Example. Startup
Unmanaged system
Jon-automatic control
f Direct control N
V y
Central control
A startup is an unmanaged (or little-managed) system. When a startup receives investment, investors often recommend taking on a manager so that the company and processes become more manageable. So, Eric Schmidt appeared at Google.
• non-automatic (manual) control to automatic;
Example. SAP Company
SAP has earned millions of dollars on a software product for automating financial, business processes and managing company resources.
• direct control to remote;
Example. Pandemic
At the beginning of the pandemic, it was difficult for managers to manage people remotely, but now business processes have changed in such a way that almost any team has become distributed and managed remotely.
• from central control to distributed and self-organizing control (network management).
Example. The principle of operation of a transnational corporation
The main office of the company, for example, is located in the United States. But the business is structured in such a way that in each country there is a separate office that operates according to the rules, but nevertheless is not controlled by the Head Office.
The pattern of increasing the degree of controllability is also called the pattern of displacement of a person from the system since an increase in the controllability of the system reduces the degree of human participation in the operation of the system.
Previously, we considered the consequences of this pattern when considering the degrees of idealization:
• the system appears at the right moment in the right place, according to the necessary condition;
• the system does everything by itself - self-execution (Figure 3):
- mechanization;
- automation;
- cybernetization (intellectualization).
Reduced human involvement in the system
1
Mechanization
Automation
Cybernetisation
Figure 3. Reduced human involvement in the system
Example. Harvesting
At first, harvesting took place mechanically, then it was automated. But Tevel Aerobotics Technologies has proposed using drones and an AI system to determine fruit ripeness and harvest. Example. Ore mining
Glencore uses Automatic Process Control solutions at its enterprises, when one enters the conveyor, the process of crushing, grinding ore, adding chemicals, and so on occurs automatically. Example Ore mining (optimization)
And to optimize the process of obtaining ore, AI is used, which is able to determine the quality of the ore and, depending on various indicators, optimizes the process of adding the chemical. reagents, reprocessing, and so on.
The tendency of self-fulfillment is also called a decrease in the participation of a person in the work of the system or the displacement of a person from the system.
First, a person is displaced (replaced) at the level of the working body, then at the level of the source and converter of matter, energy, and information, then at the level of connections, and finally, at the level of the control system, which includes automation and cybernetization (Figure 4).
Pushing a person out of the system
I
Working unit
I
Source and converter of substance, energy, and information
Connections
I
Control system
Figure 4. Human displacement from the system
Example. Sandvik
Sandvik is developing an autonomous mining solution. First, the operator controls the machine and the AI system remembers the actions. Further, the system can work autonomously and/or under the supervision of an operator.
The trend of transition from an unmanaged to a managed system is shown in Pic. 5.
This is the transition from an unmanaged system to open-loop control, then to a transition to a feedback system, to an adaptive (self-tuning) system, to a self-learning and self-organizing system, and, finally, to a self-developing and self-reproducing system.
Figure 5. The transition from an unmanaged system to a managed one
Example: IT solutions
Companies are increasingly using AI solutions (like derivative chatbots, voice assistants, etc.)
One of the largest retailers in Europe (operating in 20 countries). The task is to improve the quality of customer service (reduce churn, etc.). One of the service channels is the contact center, where customers apply. To increase quality, more Contact Center agents are needed, which increases the company's costs.
Using this pattern, the company decided not to increase the number of agents, but to implement a solution with a virtual assistant: chatbot, voice assistant, Automated Contact Center.
Thus, the company has increased exponential customer satisfaction by 25%, and reduced costs by 20%.
3.3. Reducing the degree of controllability
The pattern of reducing the degree of controllability indicates a tendency to create simple devices without mechanization and automation. This pattern is opposite to the pattern of increasing the degree of controllability.
Webex Example (now a Cisco product)
Cisco is one of the leading manufacturers of video conferencing solutions, but the company was late with the PC solution. At this time, the solutions of Google Meet, MS Teams and others were already known. The company has created a division to develop this software product. Further, in order to reduce costs and reputational risk (in the event of an unsuccessful product), the company brought this division into a separate company - thereby reducing the degree of manageability for the company and development. Once the product became successful, Cisco bought Webex. 4. The pattern of increasing the degree of dynamism 4.1. The general trend
The development of the system goes in the direction of increasing the degree of dynamism.
A dynamic system can change its parameters, structure (in particular, form), algorithm, the principle of operation, and functions in order to most effectively achieve the goal and satisfy the need. A dynamic system in its development can also change its purpose and need, adapting to external and internal changes.
Changes may occur:
- in time;
- by condition.
Consequences of the law:
1. Static systems tend to become dynamic;
2. Systems are developing towards increasing the degree of dynamism. Let's give an example of increasing the degree of dynamism.
Example. Amazon Web Services
Companies are changing their business processes, strategies, and even goals. Amazon was created as a platform for selling used books. It is now #1 in e-commerce and Amazon Web Services is the world leader in providing cloud services. 4.2. The main line of increasing the degree of dynamism
Degree of dynamism increases
Changes of the parameters of the system - one of the simplest methods to increase the degree of the dynamism of the system with the goal of its adaptation to internal and external changes.
Any parameter of the system can change, for example, the goal of the company (mission, core business, product, and so on), the market or consumers (previously it was B2B, now B2C and vice versa), competition and partnership (companies can unite to solve a common problem)
Dynamism changes
Figure 6. Line of increasing the degree of dynamism
Increasing the degree of dynamism of the system can be done by changing the structure of the system - this is a more complex way to make the system dynamic than changing the parameters. By changing the structure, we also mean changing the shape of an object.
Example. IBM company
IBM was the leader in the production of personal computers. But this line of business was sold, and the company focused on providing IT services.
An increase in the degree of dynamism of the system can be carried out by changing the algorithm of work.
Example. Marvel Company
The Marvel Company was one of the leading providers of comics. Now the company's main business with the film industry.
An increase in the degree of dynamism of the system can be carried out by changing its principle of operation.
Example. carshare
Carshare is a service that allows you to rent a car without a rental agency. Instead of an agency, the company offered to use the application and user registration.
ncreasing the degree of dynamism of the system can be carried out by changing the needs.
Example. Robinhood Company
Robinhood allows you to buy shares for small amounts and not use the services of expensive brokers. The company's approach has changed the way securities are traded in the US.
An increase in the degree of dynamism of the system can be carried out by changing the
goals.
Example. Company HP
The company HP (Hewlett-Packard) at the beginning of its creation made measuring instruments. HP is now the world leader in servers, storage systems, and software.
The more dynamic the system is, the more it is controlled.
The dynamism of the system increases with an increase in the speed and accuracy of adaptation to external and internal changes.
The rate of increase in dynamism increases taking into account changes not only in a certain parameter but also in its derivatives.
Ideally, when the system is ready for changes in advance, that is, it has the ability to predict changes in advance. To this end, the system must use and/or identify and use trends, patterns, and laws of development of the system, supersystem, and environment.
The adaptation accuracy can be increased if the integral of all changes is taken into account in the system control law or if previous changes are taken into account.
Example. Amazon
Amazon has adopted the rule of 2 pizzas for itself: the team (parameter) for optimal control should be no more than the number of people who will need 2 pizzas for a snack.
Static systems are quite stable, but not mobile. Mobile systems are often unstable. To give the system maximum mobility and stability, it is performed dynamically static.
The dynamic static nature of the system is carried out due to the constant control of the most mobile system.
5. Pattern of the transition of a system into a supersystem 5.1. The general trend
The pattern of the transition of a system into a supersystem was developed by G. Altshull-er. He formulated it as follows:
"Having exhausted the resources of development, the system unites with another system, forming a new, more complex system".
Systems are combined into a supersystem not only when they have exhausted the resources of their development, so we have reformulated this pattern.
Systems are combined into a supersystem, forming a new, more complex system.
Example. A merger of companies.
Known examples of mergers to offer greater value to customers: Nokia-Siemens, Alcatel-Lucent, and others.
Combining systems into a supersystem can take place in two ways (Fig. 7):
• Merging into a new more complex system with one function (monofunctional system);
• Transition of the system from monofunctional to polyfunctional.
Example: Amazon
Amazon opens self-service stores or Google makes autopilots for cars.
Figure. 7. Pattern of transition to the supersystem
The transition of a system from monofunctional to multifunctional is initially carried out by identifying a more general function and then giving additional functions, often using new technologies. 5.2. Element Combination Trend
Systems combine in a specific trend. Let's describe it (Figure 8).
Initially, there is one - mono-system. Then combine two original systems to obtain a bisystem. Combine three or more systems to form a poly-system at the following stage. The next stage of development is when the bi- and/or poly-system form a new combined system (mono-system), which performs all the functions of its constituent systems. This operation is called convolution.
Figure 8. The trend of combining systems
The transition of "mono-bi-poly" is an inevitable stage in the development of all systems.
After the systems are combined into a bi- or poly-system, some change in the new system takes place, requiring the coordination of the components and parameters of the system. At the same time, auxiliary elements are reduced, and a closer connection between individual systems is established. Such systems are called partially collapsed. Further development leads to completely collapsed systems in which one object performs several functions.
A completely collapsed system can be thought of as a new mono-system. Its further development is connected with the movement along a new turn of the spiral. Sometimes a partially folded system can act as a new mono-system.
Mechanisms for combining elements
The creation of a supersystem by combining into a bi- and poly-system may include the following types of elements (Figure 9).
1. Homogeneous
1.1. Identical.
1.2. Homogeneous elements with shifted characteristics.
2. Heterogeneous
2.1. Alternative (competing).
2.2. Antagonistic - inverse (elements with opposite properties or functions).
2.3. Additional.
Figure 9. The pattern of transition to the supersystem
A complete diagram of the pattern of the transition of a system to a supersystem is shown in Figure 10
MONOsystem BIsystem POLY system
Г
T
Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Identical
- Alternative
-With shifted —parameters
Inverse
Additional
Partial convolution }
I
Full convolution J-
Figure 10. The pattern of transition to the supersystem
The combination is carried out in such a way that the useful (necessary) qualities of individual elements are added up, enhanced, and the harmful ones are mutually compensated or remain at the same level. A combination of this type is possible both for fairly highly developed systems, as well as for simple elements.
Further development of new systems goes by increasing their efficiency in two directions.
1. Increasing the difference between the elements of the system.
2. Development of connections between elements.
2.1. A system of practically independent, unrelated elements that do not change when combined.
2.2. A system of partially modified, coordinated elements that function only together and only in this system. This is a partially collapsed system.
2.3. A system of completely modified elements that work only in a given mono system and cannot be used separately.
Example. Buying a company
When a company begins to stagnate (a decrease in profitability, a decrease in profits, a lack of new ideas, etc.), a company buys another company, and there is a transition to a supersystem.
The company wants to reach a new level (a new business where it has not worked before) -the same is happening with the purchase.
For example, the purchase of RedHat by IBM. Over the past few years, the company's revenue has been declining, it has become increasingly difficult to compete, and new players have emerged who were more innovative, offered non-standard business models, and simply selected IBM customers. The question of the future of the company became acute. That's just the purchase of RedHat and became a necessary element in the development of the company.
6. CONCLUSION
In this article, the authors have shown how patterns of change in the degree of ideality, changes in the degree of controllability and dynamism of systems, and the transition to a supersystem and a subsystem can be used to solve business problems. Sometimes there are situations when there is no need to use the TRIZ algorithm or complex tools for solving problems, but you can apply patterns and quickly find a suitable direction for solving the problem. This is especially true for building new or improving existing business systems.
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