CC BY
3DOI: 10.24412/cl-37100-2023-12-233-242
V. Petrov
The general structure of laws and patterns of development of business
systems
ABSTRACT
Business systems are currently are rapidly developing. In this regard, it is very important to identify and use the patterns of their development. This will allow you to make fewer mistakes in the development of a particular business system and see the path of development.
Research was initially conducted on natural systems (the laws of biology), then on technical systems, and later on business systems.
Identification of patterns of development of business systems was carried out by analogy with the system of laws and patterns of development of systems developed by the author and their subsequent verification with business systems. As a result of the study, a hypothesis of a system of laws and patterns of development of business systems was put forward.
Keywords: TRIZ, business systems, development laws, and patterns, innovations, forecast
1. INTRODUCTION
Every day, business development is at an ever-faster pace and with more and more competition. In this regard, it is necessary to know as quickly as possible and more accurately how the business system will change and how it will change in the future. To this end, it is necessary to identify and use the laws and patterns of development of business systems. This is what shows the relevance of the topic we have chosen.
The author has been engaged in identifying the patterns of development of systems for almost 50 years. Initially, the author tried to systematize the laws of the development of nature and try to adapt them for the development of technical systems (TS). The first system of laws for the development of technology in TRIZ was developed by its author G. S. Altshuller in 1956 [1]. At the next stages, Altshuller improved individual patterns [2] and [3]. In the mid-70s of the 20th century, Altshuller developed another system of laws of technical systems [4]. In the future, the author improved and systematized the laws of technology development proposed by Altshuller, thereby creating his own system for the development of technical systems. The next step was the creation of a system of more general laws and patterns, which the author called "laws and patterns of systems development" [5]. In this paper, the author tries to adapt this system for the development of business systems. To this end, the author uses the method of analogies, analysis of the literature on this topic, as well as the experience of colleagues and his own.
This system was tested in specific projects for the development of certain business systems by the author and his students. The proposed system for the development of business systems has shown its effectiveness on specific business systems.
In the future, the author will try to develop this system of laws and patterns for other types of business systems.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
In [6], different models are considered for different cases, for example, "created for", "sold" or"forced".
In [7], an innovative system of business model templates and a program suggesting which template to use in which case are considered.
The work [8] contains a series of articles under the general editorship of Professor Robert Winter on the topic of using patterns in programming and the experience of transferring them to business.
In [9], a comparison of business processes and IT systems is made. An integral business process pattern and structure has been developed that covers the entire value chain, with methods adapted to small and medium-sized companies.
Work [10] considers business intelligence systems.
The work [11] presents the results of the analysis of the functional completeness of ten intelligent video analytics systems. It is shown how the video analytics systems selected for comparison have similarities or differences according to the criterion of functional completeness.
The paper [12] shows the advantages of a network-centric company management system, which is a universal info communication environment.
Works [6] - [12] represent the prehistory of identifying and using the laws and patterns of development of business systems.
In [13], an attempt was made to apply Altshuller's laws of development of technical systems to business systems. Its author only indicated the names of the laws without defining them, describing patterns and trends, and gave some examples for each of the laws.
In this article, the author tried to apply his system of laws and patterns to business systems.
3. SYSTEMACITY
3.1. General view
The concept of systemacity follows from the systemic approach.
Systemacity is a property that consists in coordinating all interacting objects, including the environment.
Such interaction must be fully balanced.
An object will be made a system if and only if it meets the following system requirements.
1. The system must meet its purpose.
2. The system must be viable.
3. The system should not negatively affect nearby objects and the environment.
4. When building a system, it is necessary to take into account the patterns of its development.
3.2. Purpose of the system
The purpose of the system is described by the main function of the system, satisfying a certain need.
3.3. Viability
The viability of the system is determined by its operability and competitiveness.
The system will be viable if it is operable and competitive.
Operability is the ability to keep a piece of equipment, a system or a whole industrial installation in a safe and reliable functioning condition, according to pre-defined operational requirements (Operability - material from Wik-ipedia).
In other words, operability is the qualitative functioning of the system, i.e., the qualitative performance of the main Junction of the system.
In addition to the high-quality functioning of the system (including reliability and durability), ergonomic parameters can also be attributed to the operability parameters (characterize the compliance of the product with the properties of the human body).
Operability is determined by the presence of the necessary elements with the required quality, the presence, and quality of the necessary connections between the elements, and the organization of the necessary flows with the required quality.
The competitiveness of a product is the ability of a product to be attractive compared to other products of a similar type and purpose, due to a better correspondence between its quality and consumer assessments.
The competitiveness of a particular system is determined by comparison with a competing system. Competition depends on:
- on the quantity and quality of the functions performed;
- the cost of this system;
- the timeliness of its appearance on the market.
In addition to technical functions, aesthetic and psychological ones should also be taken into account.
One of the main aesthetic parameters is the design of the product and packaging, including the color scheme.
The psychological parameters include prestige, attractiveness, accessibility, etc.
3.4. Do not negatively affect the environment
Failure to take into account negative influences can not only adversely affect the performance of the system but also adversely affect the surrounding systems, the supersystem, and the external environment.
3.5. Accounting for the patterns of system development
Systemicity also takes into account the laws of the historical development of the object under study. This is the last requirement of the systemicity. It is taken into account when predicting the development of the object of study by taking into account the identified trends in the historical and logical development of this object and taking into account the general laws of system development. As a result, a general trend in the development of the object under study and a conceptual representation of its next generations are obtained.
Thus, systemicity has components: the purpose of the system, consisting of purpose, need, and function; viability, consisting of efficiency and competitiveness; no negative impact on the environment; and taking into account the patterns of development. This represents the structure of the law of increasing the degree of consistency.
4. THE STRUCTURE OF LAWS AND PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS SYSTEMS
The system of laws and patterns is divided into unconditional and non-conditional. The unconditional will be called laws, and the non-conditional - patterns.
Unconditional - these are those, the non-observance of which leads to the inoperability of the system. Unconditional - these are patterns that are realized only under certain conditions, and under other conditions may not be realized.
The development of any objects of the material world, nature, various areas of knowledge, activity, and thinking occurs according to its own specific laws.
Laws are objective in nature, expressing the real relations of things, as well as their reflection in the mind.
The laws and patterns of development of systems can be:
1. General - these are universal laws that are valid for any system, regardless of its nature, due to the unity of the material world. The most common of them are the laws of dialectics and the pattern of S-shaped development;
2. Laws and patterns of development of systems inherent in all anthropogenic systems;
The most general of the laws of dialectics are the law of the transformation of quantity into quality, the law of the unity and conflict of opposites, and the law of the negation of the negation.
The laws and patterns of systems development, inherent in all anthropogenic systems, determine the requirements for construction and system development. They have two groups: the laws of building systems (determining the performance of the system) and the laws of evolution of systems designed to create a new workable system.
The laws of building systems (determining the system performance).
The laws of building systems include: the law of conformity, the law of completeness and redundancy of the system, the law of conduction of flows, and the law of minimum coordination.
Patterns of system evolution:
- pattern of changing degree of ideality;
- pattern of changing degree of controllability and dynamicity;
- pattern of coordination - discoordination;
- pattern of transition to supersystem and subsystem;
- pattern of transition to micro-level and macrolevel;
- pattern of convolution - deployment;
- pattern of balanced - unbalanced system development.
In addition, the system includes patterns of development of needs and patterns of changes in functions, which will not be considered in this paper. They can be found in [5].
5. GENERAL LAWS AND PATTERNS
5.1. Dialectic laws
5.1.1. Law of the transition from quantitative to qualitative
The law of the transition from quantitative to qualitative changes reveal the general mechanism of development.
In the process of development, quantitative changes in the system occur continuously. When a certain limit is reached, qualitative changes are made. The new quality accelerates the growth rate.
In this case, quantitative changes are made gradually (evolutionary), and qualitative changes -are in leaps and bounds (revolutionary). The nature and duration of the jump can be varied - long and short, stormy and relatively calm, with and without an explosion, etc.
Example. Shopping centers
First, trading shops appeared in various directions, food, clothing, shoes, haberdashery, etc. Further, the shops united into shopping centers, then into malls, which contained not only shops, but also cinemas, training halls, coffee, game rooms, etc.
Example. labor cooperation
Labor cooperation, that is, the union of disparate producers, is a qualitatively new form of production. Quantitative changes here turn into a new quality. In turn, this new quality, i.e., the cooperation of labor, creates a higher productivity of labor than can be developed by isolated workers. Thanks to the cooperation of labor, the productive power of each individual worker, whose labor is part of the whole, is also increased. This means that qualitative changes cause new quantitative changes.
5.1.2. Law of the unity and conflict of opposites
The law of unity and conflict of opposites is that everything that exists consists of opposing principles, which, being one in nature, are in struggle and contradict each other (example: day and night, hot and cold, black and white, winter and summer, youth and old age, etc.).
The law characterizes one of the basic concepts of TRIZ - contradiction.
Example. Business systems develop in the most intense competition; therefore, the identification and resolution of contradictions is required constantly and in the shortest possible time.
5.1.3. Law of the negation of the negation
The essence of the law of the negation of the negation is that the process of progressive development occurs in three stages:
- initial state of the system;
- negation of this state and transition to another state;
- negation of this state (negation of negation) and return to the original state, but, as a rule, at a higher level with the application of new principles of action, elements, materials, technologies, etc.
The development process takes place with relative repetition, as if along the steps traversed -in a spiral.
Example. Trading places
Initially, trade was carried out in shops and small shops. Then there were markets where they sold products and things. Those. shops and markets have become markets.
Then specialized stores reappeared and finally they were merged into shopping centers and
malls.
5.2. Pattern of S-shaped development
At first, the system develops slowly (stage I), upon reaching a certain level, development accelerates (stage II), and after reaching a certain higher level, the growth rate decreases and, ultimately, the growth of the system parameter stops (stage III). This is a stage of stagnation that can continue for a very long time. Sometimes the parameters begin to decrease (stage IV) - the system dies (this is shown by the dotted line on the graph).
Such curves are often called S-shaped or logistic.
Example. Company development
• stage I - the birth of the company (the emergence of an idea up to the production and testing of a prototype);
• stage II - industrial production of the system and completion of the system in accordance with market requirements;
• stage III - minor refinement of the system, as a rule, the main parameters of the system no longer change, there are cosmetic changes, optimization of parameters and refinement of manufacturing technology, no significant changes in appearance or packaging. At this stage, there is a significant expansion of the sales market and the transition to mass production;
• stage IV - deterioration of certain system parameters, which can be caused by several factors:
- following the fashion, the influence of the economic, social or political situation, religious restrictions, etc.;
- physical and/or moral aging of the system.
As a rule, in section IV the system ceases to exist or is disposed of. 6. LAWS AND PATTERNS OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
6.1. Laws of building systems
6.1.1. Law of Conformity
This law speaks of the need to comply with the structure of the main function of the system.
Example. Company
The purpose of the company is to fulfill its main function to make a profit. Why can it produce and sell a product or service.
6.1.2. Law of completeness
Необходимым условием принципиальной работоспособности системы является обеспечение ее предназначения и наличие основных работоспособных частей системы.
A necessary condition for the fundamental operability of the system is to ensure its purpose and the presence of the main operable parts of the system.
Completeness and redundancy can be functional and structural.
Functional completeness
Functional completeness should ensure the general goal and main function of the system, and perform all the basic and auxiliary functions, that is, fulfill one of the requirements of consistency - purpose.
Example. Trade area
The main goal of a trading company is to get the maximum profit from trading.
The main function is to create the most efficient activity of a trading company for maximum
profit.
There are a lot of main and auxiliary functions in this area. This is how to ensure effective sales, marketing campaigns and marketing research, advertising and its effectiveness, identifying problem areas on the trading floor, determining the most effective store layout and product placement, monitoring staff work, etc.
It is necessary to determine the functional completeness - that is, whether all functions are taken into account and are effectively performed.
Structural completeness
Structural completeness should provide another requirement of systematicity - performance (part of the viability). This is ensured by the presence of the necessary elements (parts) and connections of the system, i.e., ensuring the composition and structure of the system.
Structural completeness can also be considered as the law of structural completeness of the system.
Elements can be:
- substantial;
- energy;
- informational.
The main parts (elements) of the system are:
- Working unit;
- Source and conversion of substance, energy, and information;
- Interactions;
- Control system.
Example. R&D company
The working unit is the developers.
Source - terms of reference.
Connections - Connections between individual developers.
The management system is the management of the company.
6.1.3. The law of conduction of flows
Creating the right flows ensures the required functionality and system performance. The absence of at least one vital flow makes the system inoperable.
Example. R&D company
The company must ensure the passage of the necessary information flows.
6.1.4. Law of minimum system coordination
Example. R&D company
The company must be at least minimally consistent with its structure, connections and flows.
6.2. System evolution patterns
6.2.1. Pattern of changes degree of ideality
Conventionally, there are four possible degrees of system ideality:
1. Appear in the right place at the right time.
2. Self-service.
3. Ideal system - function.
4. Function becomes unnecessary.
Example. The Ideal store.
1. The right product appears at the right time, in the right place, under the right conditions.
2. Products appear without a seller - on their own.
3. An ideal store without salespeople and cashiers. There should not be an ideal store at all, but the sale is carried out.
All these are online stores and fully automated stores without sellers and cashiers.
4.You do not need to buy anything - everything is done on a 3D printer at home, and vegetables, berries and some fruits are grown in automated smart home gardens using aquaponics and hydroponics.
6.2.2. Pattern of changes in the degree of control and dynamic systems
Transition from central control to distributed and self-organizing control (network or network-central control).
The key principle of network-centrism: Solve problems as local as possible and as global as required. Decisions in a network-centric system are formed by coordinating individual decisions of subsystems, each of which works for its own purpose and performs its own tasks. This system has strategic, tactical and operational levels.
Example. Merrill Lynch Company
Merrill Lynch is the world's largest financial services company with a network of over 500 linked brokerage houses. Each of them has direct access to the database and to all the features of the central office. They also have the opportunity to use the results of the company's research centers, as well as direct access to global financial markets. Each financial broker operating at Merrill Linch's affiliate provides a very high level of individual competitiveness.
Example. Visa Co.
An American multinational company providing payment transaction services. It carries out transactions worth trillions of US dollars a year. It is a membership organization, an alliance of tens of thousands of financial institutions. Each company - a member of this organization owns only that part of "Visa", which was created by itself, forming a portfolio of cardholders. Visa doesn't own its members, they own it.
Transition to digital control.
Example. Digital control
Today, most companies have switched to digital control. There are already shops without sellers and cashiers and cash desks, they have completely switched to digital control.
Digital control is of particular importance in a network-centric control system.
6.2.3. Pattern of coordination — discoordination
The coordination - discoordination pattern includes two patterns.
1. Coordination - discoordination pattern.
2. Discoordination pattern.
The structure of coordination - discoordination pattern is shown (Figure 5.58). It is described below
1. Objects of coordination - discoordination.
1.1. Needs.
1.2. Functions.
1.3. Principle of action.
1.4. System.
1.4.1. Structure:
- elements;
- connection;
- shape;
- substance.
1.4.2. Parameters.
1.4.3. Flows.
1.5. Supersystem.
1.6. Environment.
1.7. Fields. 1.7.1 Energy. 1.7.2. Information.
- data;
- knowledge.
2. Ways of coordination - discoordination.
2.1. In time.
2.2. In space.
2.3. By condition.
2.4. Static (permanent).
2.5. Dynamic (variable). Example. Slim waist.
Women want to be seen with slim waists. However, not every woman has a slender waist at any age.
A corset was invented for molding a figure into an "hourglass" silhouette. A corset pulls the body around the waist and gives the impression that a woman has a smaller waist and an hourglass figure. However, the internal organs are compressed in a tight corset, and this adversely affects woman health.
How can this problem be solved?
One of the solutions - the corset is made of an elastic corset mesh using light elastic regiline bones. This is structural coordination.
6.2.4. Pattern of transition to a supersystem or subsystem Systems are combined into a supersystem, forming a new system.
The combination of systems into a supersystem can take place in two ways:
- Integration into a new more complex system with one function (monofunctional system);
- Transition of the system from multifunctional to multifunctional.
Systems are combined into a supersystem, forming a new, more complex system.
Example. Company
Initially, the company was a country startup and was developing a new product. Further, the technological department was attached, and then the plant for the production of this product. The company has gone super-system.
Transition of the system from multifunctional to multifunctional.
Example. Company
Initially, the company produced only one product. Then she began to produce various products and provide services for these products.
Trend of combining elements
Initially, there is one - mono-system. Then combine two original systems to obtain bisystem. Combine three or more systems to form poly-system at the following stage. The next stage of development is when the bi- and/or poly-system form a new combined system (mono-system), which performs all the functions of its constituent systems. This operation is called convolution.
The creation of a supersystem by combining into a bi- and polysystem may include the following types of elements.
1. Homogeneous
1.1. Identical;
1.2. Homogeneous components with shifted parameters.
2. Heterogeneous
2.1. Alternative (competing);
2.2. Opposing - inverse (components with opposite parameters or functions);
2.3. Additional.
Example. The shops
1. Merged the same stores and got a big store.
2. Merged stores of different companies that sell the same type of products (with shifted characteristics).
3. Merged stores that sell products that perform the same functions in different ways (alternative).
4. Merged stores selling products that perform inverse functions, such as heating or cooling appliances.
5. Merged stores selling products for cleaning the apartment, broom, dustpan, rags, sponges, etc. (additional).
6.2.5. Pattern of the transition to the micro-level and to the macro-level
Transition to the macro-level
In the process of evolution, many systems constantly increase certain parameters.
Example. Shopping centers
Today, the largest shopping centers are located in various countries, including hundreds of shops and restaurants, dozens of cinema halls, sports facilities, swimming pools, medical facilities, etc.
6.2.6. Pattern of convolution — deployment systems
The pattern of convolution - deployment includes two patterns.
1. Pattern of convolution;
2. Pattern of deployment.
Example. Company
Many companies curtail some functions and transfer them to a supersystem - outsourcing. For example, cloud technologies are used, etc.
6.2.7. Pattern of unbalanced — balanced development of systems
Example. Company
Any company and its work must be balanced. Otherwise, she will be ruined.
FINDINGS
The purpose of this work is to show that the TRIZ methodology and, in particular, the laws and patterns of systems development can be used in business.
The system of laws and regularities developed by the author was used as an analogue.
In this paper, the structure of laws and patterns of development of business systems was presented. This system will allow to present the future development of specific business systems most effectively and in the shortest possible time.
Currently, this system has been tested for some types of business systems.
The author would like to draw attention to this very topical topic and continue the study of laws and patterns for other types of business systems.
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