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Uneven development of Russia regions as economic security factor
Section 16. Economics and management
Kopein Valeriy Valentinovich, Kemerovo institute (branch) of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (Moscow), Dr. Sci. (Econ.), The Associate Professor
E-mail: valkem2@mail.ru Filimonova Elena Anatolyevna, Kemerovo institute (branch) of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (Moscow), PhD, The Associate Professor
E-mail: eaf007@mail.ru
Uneven development of Russia regions as economic security factor
Abstract: The article refers to the problem of growing unevenness of regional development as an impartial trait of the modern growing economy, and its impact on the economic security. Some changes in understanding of the economic security are identified, namely, shifting of focus on achievement of the maximum self-sufficiency of a region in the light of a shift in the security enhancement priorities.
Keywords: economic security, region, differentiation of regions.
The economic science has gone a long way in fulfilling its cognitive function to study the territorial zoning problems. Much work has been done towards accumulation of vast knowledge, generalization of knowledge systems that have encompassed the results of research of many Russian and foreign scientists. Each country has developed its own administrative grid system. However, the debate on the issue has not settled down, and amidst the global economic recession only became more relevant. What number can be considered optimal, what are the zoning principles and conditions? These and other questions have not received a comprehensive and substantiated response yet. Based on the results of empirical analysis, modern researchers note that interregional differentiation in Russia goes up when the economic activity concentration increases [1]. After liquidation of administrative command economic system in Russia the shortcomings in the existing territorial division into regions emerged. Contribution of this factor to slowing down of complex development of the center and regions, efficient use of resources, and economic transformation became real [2]. From the cognitive science perspective an important research goal is determination of the parameters of sustainable growth and security of economic agents in the light of new economic and political risks. “Economic security" notion in today’s mainstream research is given as an economic system state characterized by sustainable development and ability to withstand the impact factors (mainly negative towards the development goals). The practical aspect of economic security can be viewed as a country population’s assessment of its economic situation under the current economic conditions using a number of vital indexes [3]. These researches show steady decline in the economic security of the US citizens over the past 25 years,
and acceleration of this process in the past several years. The global financial crisis has amplified similar trends in just about all countries.
Russia, being a part of the global economic system, has suffered the impact of the global economic crisis in full. Regions adapt to the new conditions, each seeking for its own stabilization opportunity [4; 5]. The majority of Russian regions, especially in the European part of the country, are administrative units without a distinct specialization, sufficient resource base, which does not promote creation of the conditions required for complex development and diversification of the economy. At the same time, in the western part of Russia there are cities and regions (Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Moscow region, etc.) capable of showing high rates of economic growth. Interregional differentiation is an objective property of Russian economy, where values of individual indexes (gross domestic product, average salary, production volume etc.) can differ by a substantial margin. Differences in regional socioeconomic development indexes were always there, even during relatively calm periods of Russian history. This is confirmed by numerous Russian scientists based on the results of analysis of economic and social parameters of regional administrative-territorial units in Russia [2; 6; 7]. There is a clear pattern of significant gaps in indexes values and predominance of regions with low values, which cannot be explained just by natural, territorial and climatic conditions.
Comparative analysis of the main socioeconomic indexes gives a consolidated description of the economic situation and identifies the emerging trends. There is a plenty of the indexes (absolute, relative) (number of economically active population, consumer spendings per capita, capital assets involved in the economy, gross regional product (hereinafter — GRP),
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Section 16. Economics and management
balanced results of companies’ operations, amount of investments in fixed assets, amount ofshipped own-production goods by different areas ofthe economy, and others). The Russian Federation subjects’ interregional comparison method using GRP allows for development of an empirical basis for studying of the regional development problems.
This index is somewhat limited, as its value cannot be used to gain information on the structure of growth sources, production potential and other factors. Generalization and grouping of regions by GRP per capita level will always be subjective and will not disclose the entire depth of economic processes [8]. One group might include regions with different production specialization, output, demographic and other conditions. However, such estimates are not encumbered by excessive mathematic calculations, can be easily summarized and allow to form indicative alerts for administration on the markers’ level. Monitoring of indexes is important for evaluation of security of regions and the country. Determination of the socioeconomic development unevenness limits, which can be followed by an uncontrollable crisis is a special interest from the scientific and practical perspectives carriers. Since 1998 over 75 % of Russian regions were in the zone below 100 % of average Russian level. The 40-80 % area covered over 55 % of all regions.
On the one hand, these indexes reflect apparent problems in the Russian economy, development of market-based economic conditions, on the other — demonstrate segregation of the regions. Fledging period of market type Russian economy (until 2007-2008) is characterized by a growing number of regions with ailing economy, but relatively stable growth. A specific feature of that period was the fact that the number of regions with 40-60 % of average Russian GRP level per capita has increased by 25 % since 1998 and reached 50 %. This can be interpreted as increase in the number of economically weak regions. The number of regions with gross regional product per capita level significantly higher (by factor of 2 and more) than average Russian level has decreased. Number of the regions where GRP per capita level differs from average Russian value insignificantly has not changed (about 20-25 %) [9].
By 2009 the zone with 40 to 80 % of average Russian GDP per capita included about 65 % of the regions with simultaneous decrease in the number of regions with high GRP per capita indexes. Their share has dropped from 55 to 20 %, while the number of “poor” (underdeveloped) regions has increased. In our opinion, this is mainly explained by delayed impact
of the global crisis and its penetration into deeper economic layers. Interesting to note that in 2012 we observe the opposite trend — number of the regions with average indexes experienced insignificant decrease, while share of the regions exceeding average Russian GRP increased from 20 to 35 % while the number of underdeveloped regions decreased. Analysis of such phenomenon is a separate scientific task that requires detailed review of the regions’ economic structure, demographic issues, multifactor situation analysis.
High GRP per capita level exceeding Russia’s average value is registered in the Central Federal district (Moscow, Moscow region), North-Western (Saint Petersburg, Leningrad region), Ural, Far Eastern Federal districts. Raw materials oriented regions with high industrial export-oriented potential (Tyumen region, Tatarstan, Komi Republic) also demonstrate high value of this index. Economically weak regions of the Southern Federal circuit (Republics of Kalmykia, Adygea), North-Caucasian Federal circuit (Stavropol Territory, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkar Republic etc.) fall behind the average Russian GDP per capita level (22-44 %). Index methods widely applied in evaluation of dynamics of different processes are also used in economic security monitoring [10].
The growing number of studies dedicated to the economic security and development unevenness problems confirm the acknowledgement of objectivity of interrelation of these economic processes and need for pooling of efforts of scientists from all countries. Complex studies of the security problems are conducted in USA, where one of the aspects is analysis of regions’ (states’) differentiation by ESI (Economic Security Index). This index is used by the researches as one of the economic situation indexes that show its irregularity from the security perspective. Scientists name key demographic and economic properties of states, such as population differentiation by the income level, education, unemployment percentage and others, as the main reasons of unevenness [11]. Unevenness of the regions’ development in its own is not an exclusive economic trait that requires maximum smoothing, but under the systematic global economic crisis conditions this trait is related to instability of development, which in turn defines the limits beyond which destruction of the economic structure becomes possible. This relation is stable and objective, substantiating the need for its scientific study as a property of modern economic systems. Therefore the search for a possibility to manage development and unevenness parameters turns into a practical research objective.
References:
1. Kolomak E. Uneven Spatial Development in Russia: Explanations of New Economic Geography.//Voprosy Economiki. -2013. - no. 2. - Р. 132-150.
2. Kistanov V. V. Association of Regions of Russia (Benefits for Management and Entrepreneurship. The Reform of Territorial Structure. - Moscow: Ltd Economics Publ., 2007. - 151 p.
3. Hacker Jacob S. , Huber Gregory A. , Rehm Philipp, Schlesinger Mark, Valletta Rob. Economic Security at Risk: Finding From The Economic Security Index. The Rockefeller Foundation. - July 2010.
4. Kopein V V Economic security and energy: finding the best value.//Journal of Russian Entrepreneurship. - 2015. -no. 2 (272). - Р. 309-320.
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Mathematical model and algorithms for reasonable power saving management systems
5. Kopein VV., Filimonova E. A. Economy and politics: what comes first for the economic security of the State?//European science review, ISSN 2310-5577. «East West» Association for Advanced Studies and Higher Education GmbH. - Vienna. 5-6 (May-June), 2014. - Р. 200-203.
6. Kopein V. V., Filimonova E. A. Structural Transformation of the Economy of the Region and its Financial Security (for example, Kemerovo Region). - Novosibirsk: Siberian Branch RA.S Publ., 2008. - 384 p.
7. Economic safety of Russia: General course. Tutorial. Ed. V K. Senchagov. - Moscow: Delo Publ., 2005. - 896 p.
8. Filimonova E. A. The problems of economic security methodology in the conditions of economic crisis.//Journal of Russian Entrepreneurship. - 2015. - vol. 16, no. 13. - Р. 1949-1964. doi: 10.18334/rp.16.13.495.
9. Kopein V V., Filimonova E. A., Kopein A. V Regional factor in economic security.//Journal of Russian Entrepreneurship. - 2014. - no. 14 (260). - Р. 13-25. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18334/rp.15.14.983.
10. Kopein VV Modern problems of monitoring food security.//Food Processing: Techniques and Technology. - 2014 -no. 4. - Р. 158-163.
11. Hacker Jacob S., Huber Gregory A., Nichols Austin, Rehm Philipp, Craig Stuart. Economic Insecurity Across the American States: new state estimates from the economic security index. Economic Security Index, The Rockefeller Foundation. - June, 2012.//[Electronic resource]. - Available from: http://economicsecurityindex.org (Dates Views 10.07.2014).
Biryulin Vladimir Ivanovich, South-West State University, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor
E-mail: bir1956@mail.ru, Alyabyev Vladimir Nikolaevich, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor E-mail: alyabev_vn@mail.ru, Larin Oleg Mikhailovich, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor
E-mail: larin77@mail.ru, Gorlov Alexei Nikolaevich, Candidate of Engineering Sciences, Associate Professor E-mail: alexjulia17@yandex.ru, Kudelina Daria Vasilyevna, South-West State University, postgraduate student, Computer Engineering Department E-mail: mary_joy@mail.ru
Mathematical model and algorithms for reasonable power saving management systems
Abstract: The paper deals with models and algorithms for the management information systems of power consumption modes.It shows the problem of the most effective interventions choice aimed at reducing energy consumption given limited funds. It is proposed to use the voltage drop in the power-supply system of industrial enterprise as one of the possible ways of energy saving.
Keywords: management, model, algorithm, power consumption, information systems.
Introduction
The importance of technical, organizational and management energy saving measures, which define and control a highly complex set of administrative decisions in the power system of industrial enterprise is determined by the necessity to consider the complex of production, economical and administrative requirements. On the one hand, there is an increase in energy intensity in industry (46 %), metallurgy, machinery, tools and molds, other production — expansion
of the products nomenclature, the dynamic change of the daily and annual load in the industrial enterprise work. On the other hand, there isa large deterioration of the industrial enterprise power system equipment that leads to significant losses of electricity, which is unacceptable for industrial enterprise in modern conditions (up to 13.5 % of total energy resources production) [1].
A perspective approach of the enterprise internal capabilities activation is to increase the efficiency of the management
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