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ULTRA-WEAK ELECTROMAGNETIC HORMESIS AS THE BASELINE OF
GURWICH'S WORK
Pierre Madl
Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
Hormesis is a biological phenomenon usually associated with a potentially harmful substance or stressor having beneficial effects at low doses. This biphasic dose-response relationship is a key feature in pharmacology (principles developed by Arndt-Schulz) and physiology (principles elaborated by Weber-Fechner). Until now, radiation hormesis has only been considered relevant in the context of ionizing radiation. However, since hormesis is also at work in the non-ionising part of the electromagnetic spectrum, this short review will highlight selected examples that show how hormesis is also at work in the non-ionizing spectrum. Beginning with Alexander GURWICris pioneering work on ultra-weak effects of mitogenic radiation in the UV range, Fritz-Albert POPP's biophotonics in the visible range, Nikolay DEVYATKOV's observation of low-dose biological efficacy in the mm-wavelength range (THz radiation), and completing it with the low-level effects documented by Michal ZHADIN in the ELF range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The paper concludes with a description of the underlying quantum electrodynamic principles at work with the aqueous phase in biota as the common denominator. Needless to say, such an interpretation is not possible when relying on the 1st quantisation, but only within the framework of the 2nd quantisation.
DOI:
INTRODUCTION
Hormesis is based on the biological principle of the biphasic dose-response pattern (Figure 1). The idea is that small doses of a stressor (such asionizing radiation, certain chemicals, or physical stressors) stimulate beneficial, adaptive responses, while larger doses can be harmful has intrigued conventional pharmacologists and toxicologist salike. The Arndt-Schulz principle (ASP) - developed in the late 19th century - which states that weak stimuli can activate or stimulate a biological response, moderate stimuli can inhibit it, and strong stimuli can suppress or even damage it[1], provides an early conceptual basis for the biphasic dose-response observed in hormetic effects. Physiologists, on the other hand, consider hormesis to be of paramount importance in the organism's interactions with its environment. As with ASP, psychophysiological principles are now known as the Weber-Fechner Principle (WFP)[2], which describes the relationship between stimulus intensity and perceived response. It suggests that the perceived change in a stimulus is proportional to the logarithm of the actual stimulus intensity; i.e. response intensity doesn't increase linearly with stimulus intensity, because larger changes in stimulus are required to achieve the same perceptual change. However, there is a notable difference between them in that the ASP provides a descriptive framework for the biphasic dose-response of hormesis (low doses stimulate and higher doses inhibit), whereas the WFP suggests that biological sensitivity decreases with increasing dose intensity.
In the field of ionizing radiation protection, experts have proposed the Linear No-Threshold (LNT) theory. It assumes that any exposure to a harmful radiation will cause damage
at a rate proportional to the dose; i.e. the relationship between dose and effect is assumed to be linear, which implies that there is no safe dose. According to this assumption, adverse effects (e.g. cancer risk, DNA damage) can be expected even at very low doses, thus ruling out any safe threshold. Hormesis challenges the LNT model by arguing that low exposures can have adaptive, beneficial effects on health, such as improving immune function or increasing resistance to stress, while high doses have the opposite effect. Indeed, numerous studies have shown that low levels of radiation exposure stimulate protective biological responses (such as DNA repair) rather than being strictly harmful [3,4,5,6].
Fig.1. Hypothetical dose-exposure-response regimes in terms of efficacy, as envisaged within 1st quantization, usually relate the mass of an incorporated substance to the exposed unit body weight [7]. The potency (solid line) is shown as a blue trend approaching lethal doses. The various parameters along the trend line represent characteristic
markers that characterize the observed effects (see text). Hormesis is the hallmark of the 2nd quantization as it deals with extremely weak stimuli resulting in a measurably response of the exposed organism (dashed line).
The beneficial effects of ultra-weak electromagnetic radiation have been extensively studied by the pioneering work of Alexander Gurwich. After conducting 1000s of experiments over several decades [8], he defined the concept of mitogenetic radiation (MGR), which eventually became the basis of cell-to-cell communication [9]. These experiments showed that cellular information is transmitted electromagnetically to stimulate cell division in nearby cellsthat absorb this radiation [10].MGR was registered for its specific ability to induce mitosis
in cells [11]. During mitotic events, photonsin the UV-range of 190-326 nm are emitted at a
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very modest rate of 0.1 k-10 k-s- •cm- [12] - see also Figure 2.
Back then, characterizing these photon emissions was a difficult task, both quantitatively and qualitatively (photomultiplier tubes, PMTs, were inaccessible before 1930)[13]. Therefore researchers have used living organisms to properly detect them, which - apartfrom being a laborious task - isremarkable in that the interpretation of such results is far from straightforward). In fact, the intensity of the photons emitted is extremely low, equivalent to the
light of a candle seen from a distance of about 20 km [14].These photons can indeed be considered as single event units of an electromagnetic field, whose energy is absorbed by living matter (or nowadays, with modern means, by detectors such as a PMT).
scotopic
HUMAN VISUAL FUNCTION
_mesopic__photopic
UPE
spontaneous induced
Absolute threshold
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Damage possible
photons s ^cm2
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W-cm3at 555 nm I 1 1 1
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Fig.2. Radiometric and photometric units comparing ultra-weak photon emission intensity with that of common light
tons s_1-cm"2, rad tric units that ar details in [15].
phenomena. First three axis (photon flux [photons s_1-cm-2, radiant flux [W-cm-2], photon flux or irradiance in Einsteins ([mol of photons s_1-cm"2) are radiometric units that are easily inter-convertible from one to another -
Contemporary biophotonics considers MGR, as defined by GurwicHs of being a special case in the much broader field of ultraweak-photon emission (UwPE). No longer is UV the only spectrum used in em-mediated bio-communication. The phenomenon nowadays extends to include the entire visible spectral range. Fritz-AlbertPOPP contributed significantly to low level photon emissions from living organisms [16], which later became knowns as biophotons (BP), deliberately distinguishing them from the special case of MGR. The biophoton concept does not exclude the possibility that photonic emissions outside the optical range are possible - such as in the infrared or microwave range - but it maintains the point of view that the coherence principles must be more or less the same. In fact, Günter AlbrechtBuehler further extended the spectral range into the near-infrared region [17,18], and, as will be shown later, Nikolay DevyatkoV s clearly demonstrated that such conditions are fulfilled even in the mm-wavelength range[19]. As outlined in more details below (see Figure 4) the mode of action beyond the IRrange (shorter wavelengths) differs in that it follows a steady dose-response pattern (Wien region), whereas below the IR-range (longer wavelengths) it characterized by a sharp yes-or-no pattern (Rayleigh-Jeans region).
From the Cittert-Zernike theorem it is known [20], that during photosynthesis the incoming solar photons have an extraordinarily high degree of coherence. Solar radiation is coherent within an area of 1.9 mm (corresponding to a cross-sectional area encompassing 100-1000s of prokaryotic or 10-100s of eukaryotic cells). The energy within this area is therefore available to build and maintain living structures, rather than being converted to heat.
Photosynthetic efficiency has been observed to approach 90-95 % at certain stages of energy transfer from light-harvesting complexes to reaction centres, leaving only a few percent of light energy to be thermalized (converted into heat) [21]. In photosynthesis, single quanta of light are used to lift the energy clusters of chlorophyll embedded in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts to synthesize sugars [22]. Another peculiar example regards the biochemical enigma of benzo(a)pyrene (BAP), which differs dramatically from benzo(e)pyrene (BEP) in its optical properties [23]. While the more benign BEP is transparent to blue-violet light, BAP absorbs blue-violet light, distorting its colour and partially re-emitting it in the infrared. More worryingly, this property of BAP interferes with the photo-repair mechanisms of cells (which is also in the blue-violet spectral region) and thus interferes with the otherwise efficient elimination of UV-induced chromosomal damage within a few hours when the cells are exposed to weak light of the same wavelength [24]. This property, together with photosynthesis, can't be explained properly by a purely chemical interpretation of 1st quantization.
The cell, with about a 100 k of chemical reactions per second [25], poses serious puzzles to biochemists, who have no way of explaining who or what organizes them. As these reactions take place at exactly the right time and place, the only orchestrating entity capable of doing so (at least according to current knowledge) are (bio)photons as they are able to catalyze all biochemical reactions within a cell. Every chemical reaction can only take place if at least one of the molecular partners has been electronically stimulated. This activation energy must be provided in the form of photons. The biophotons that do this in the cells are returned to the electromagnetic field immediately after the chemical reaction and are thus available for the next reaction [26].
BIOPHOTONS - AN INFORMATION CARRIER
Given the high precision and site-specificity of the interaction, the field must be able to generate a dynamic spatio-temporal pattern. This pattern provides the information that a cell can generate and share with neighboring cells and tissues of an organism, telling them what to do at what time and where. Molecules involved in chemical reactions resonantly absorb single photons within nanoseconds, energetically decay and re-radiate them back into the field, allowing other molecules to prepare for their part in the cascading chain of chemical reactions [27]. Such a single photon, shared in a social manner, engages in resonant coupling modes of an entire ensemble of the molecular pool involved (as in the case of the citric acid cycle in mitochondria). A single photon becomes an autocatalytic messenger for a complex chemical reaction that cannot be resolved by considering biochemical parameters alone. With reference to Figure 2, the light-matter interaction results in photon-matter resonance conditions that can be
hormetically induced with just a few photons.
Since a high degree of coherence is extremely important in biota, it also implies that photons can be superimposed. Every living entity - from the single cell to the multicellular organism (and beyond, including at the biome level) - produces light and, as such, is entangled in a network of biogenic photon fluxes. However, it is not the intensity of the photons that is important, but rather a very high degree of coherence that matters. For example, the coherence time of a good quality laser is about 1/10th of a second [28], but the coherence time of biological system is at least in the order of days, weeks or even longer [29,30]. The very high degree of coherence enables biological systems to communicate with the greatest possible efficiency. Accordingly, coherence is characterized by an extremely high degree of order, which is the opposite of entropy, enabling photons to become superimposed. This ensures that the message sent by a few photons is quite «clear». It is like speaking - the lower the surrounding noise level around, the more efficient the communication becomes. Biophotons are very clear signals, and are in complete contrast to thermal radiation (which is also part of the electromagnetic spectrum), but have a very low degree of coherence [31]. Only with a sufficiently high degree of coherence is it possible to «transmit» information and engage in rudimentary biocommunication (as in chemical reactions, or more complex information exchange such as finding a common «identity» in a cluster of cells - which, by the way, is almost non-existent in cells with cancerous properties [32]. The lower the noise, the lower the intensity and the higher the efficiency of information exchange becomes - which is more difficult when cells are disturbed electromagnetically, as is the case in people suffering from electromagnetic hyper sensitivity (EHS) [33].
A comprehensive overview of a century of biophoton research can be found in VAN WijKs monograph [34], along with an online resource that highlights the various aspects of biophotonics and its possibilities [35].While elevated biophoton flux' are a hallmark of chronic distress symptoms such as in tissues undergoing uncontrolled growth, alterations in the homeostatic properties are characterized by deviations for the normal photon flux observed in «healthy conditions» [36]. Biophoton theory establishes that organisms ideally consist of coherent states and remain at a «laser»-threshold. On doing so it creates a reference system against which health and disease can be measured [37]. Health in this model means (dynamic) stability in the vicinity of this phase transition, where on average all frequencies of the myriad coupled oscillators that make up the organism are excited with equal probability. In this way, it can respond to all stimuli with the highest possible sensitivity (equivalent to the hormetic principles) and gradually expand its communication possibilities in order to realize the maximum development of its possibilities (evolution). Health is therefore the ability of the
organism to regulate itself at all times, to maintain its stability and identity by constantly reacting sensitively and flexibly to all the challenges posed by environmental signals, and at the same time to develop and transform itself by integrating these stimuli - it means openness, learning ability, vitality, holistic functioning. Health, then, is an indicator of the intensity with which an organism engages with its environment [38].Thus, the important role of GurwicHs radiation of degradation (as a reminder of MATTEUCCls and Robert Becker's subtle «current of injury») [39,40], is rooted in the simple observation that it acts as a messenger to signal to the surrounding it's general state of uneasiness (Figure 3).
Photon counts X104 |s -1
Fig. 3. Reduced biophoton emission in a living (top left) vs euthanized (top right, taken 30mins after the event) mouse; effect of stress (plugged and injured leaves - cut in leave are visible as bright streaks) in a modular organism
such as in Heptapleurum sp. (bottom) [41].
When a living organism is subjected to severe perturbations, such as rapid cooling, heating, anaesthesia, or poisoning, the intensity of the photons increases dramatically [42]. A relatively intense burst of biophotons as a result of abiotic stress can be observed in scleractinian corals (such as Montipora sp.) when exposed to temperatures beyond their normal tolerance range. Such conditions are known to induce abiotic tissue bleaching (TBL), which is commonly observed during massive bleaching events in tropical coral reef ecosystems (left pane of Figure 3). Biophoton emission as a result of exposure to urban polluted air (Tedlar bag samples loaded with combustion aerosols) can also be observed in lichens, considered ideal bioindicators for monitoring clean air [43]. The right pane of Figure 4illustrates how the initial exposure within the first two weeks indicates a coping strategy of the organism (suppressed biophoton emission compared to clean air conditions), while in subsequent weeks the organism began to show signs of stress (as indicated by the elevated biophoton emission rate). Although these preliminary test results have their limitations, they prove that living organisms constantly sense
their environment and perceive the slightest changes by reacting immediately and dynamically [44].
Fig.4. Biophotonic radiation of degradation in a tropical scleractinian coral and an epiphytic lichen community.
Left: abiotically induced tissue bleaching in Montiporasp. under laboratory conditions[45]. The abscissa shows the spontaneous emission (SE) intensity of the photon flux, while the x-axis evidences the different temperature conditions at which these fluxes were observed. The encircled section highlights the temperature stress induced by the peak emission. Inset: in vitro and light microscopic documentation of shed endosymbionts after 72 hrs.
Right: Spontaneous biophoton emissions due to diesel exhaust aerosol exposure of the lichen Lobaria sp. repeated over a period of 8 weeks. On weekends, the lichen was given a recovery period (clean air incubator), which enabled the organism to rebound to previous levels. Before commencing diesel exposure, the organisms was screened to obtain a «prior» data set (green plots made on mondays); thereafter the lichen was exposed to 30 L diesel exhaust particles for 30 min each day before returning it to the clean air conditions (red data plots) yielding the «after» measurement which where don on Fridays[46].
Irena Cosic's physico-mathematical approach, known as the Resonant Recognition Model (RRM), further enriching the field of biophotonics. It consists of representing the primary structure of a protein as a numerical series. Her approach is based on the Informational Spectrum Method (ISM) [47], which makes use of the electron-ion interaction potential (EIIP) of a given molecule [48]. Since each amino acid is assigned a physical value (specifically the energy of delocalized electrons for each amino acid) relevant to the biological activity of the protein, she obtained characteristic RRM frequencies for different functional groups of proteins and DNA regulatory sequences, yielding long-range interactions between biomolecules and their unique electromagnetic signature [49]. By converting spatial information into frequency domain data (in the VIS-NIR range), the RRM identifies periodic patterns that correspond to specific resonance frequencies that match specific biological activities of the molecules [50]. This type of frequency-based matching provides the means for cellular communication and recognition, thereby providing insight into phenomena such as protein-ligand interactions, enzyme-substrate binding and signal transduction. RRM is able to predict which molecules might interact based on their resonant frequencies, which could help to understand complex biochemical pathways
and networks - an practical application already applied medicine concerns Crigler-Najjar
syndrome (CNS). This disease is characterized by a lack of UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase 1-A
expression (affecting bilirubin metabolism), thus resulting in non-hemolytic jaundice; currently
incurable, but treatable with electromagnetic exposure in the visible range (human UDP has a
specific peak at fRRM = 0.3799 ±0.0072, which converts to several narrow bands in-between 51991
539 nm[51], at intensities <8 p,W-cm- •nm-) [52]. This is in accordance with Frohlichs longrange ordering principle, where it is not the intensity that matters, but the EM-induced resonance that establishes coherence (phase correlation) within soft matter[53].
COHERENCE IN THE THZ-REGION
rd
At the 3 Alexander Gurvich Conference in 2004 a major novelty was introduced, which concerned the extension of biophotonics from its traditional UV-VIS range to include even lower electromagnetic frequencies and stationary fields [54]. Suddenly, biophotonics partially merged with bio-electromagnetism, introducing into the latter the concept of coherence, which allowed to explain hormetic effects not only within the UV-VIS-IR, but also of much lower frequencies. The incorporation of coherence into molecular interactions - apart from its heuristic power - is crucial not only for bio-electromagnetism per se, but even more so for the concept of the living state in general - from the basic unit of the cell up to the highest taxa and their physiology.
At wavelengths longer than IR, known as the Rayleigh-Jeans region, the situation is somewhat different, as there is no longer a gradual dose-response pattern. Instead, one is faced with a sudden «step response» characterised by the attainment of a certain threshold. The sudden response - independent of a gradual increase - led Yulia Chukova to speak of the Devyatkovlaw, rather than one based on Weber-Fechner [55].
The non-thermal effects of millimeter-radiation were already observed five decades ago [56]. These effects have a very strong dependence on the absorbed power, which can be considered as extremely weak in intensity and is graphically shown in the left part of Figure 5. For h-f >> kB-T the dominant noise is quantum noise, whereas for h-f << kB-T the dominant noise is thermal in nature. In order to maintain the clarity of the transmitted information, a minimum number of quanta must be transceived, i.e. the energy requirement for efficient information exchange increases proportionally with frequency. Since h-f in the mm-range is approximately just one order of magnitude lower than kB-T [57] and given that the wave propagation velocity vg is very small (about 106 times smaller than in free space), it is an ideal frequency window for living organisms to efficiently exchange information while at the same time requiring little energetic effort (close to minimal) to induce oscillatory resonance [58].
Fig.5. Hormetic effects below the IR-range are dominated by the Rayleigh-Jeans region, which covers radio frequency bands, including extremely low frequencies. These two regions are separated by the infrared radiation boundary. Here, kBTdenotes thermal oscillation; p the distribution function indicating the number of photons in the quantum state; hv the energy equivalent of the radiation; and Ev the spectral density (adapted from [59]).
According to the Kiev School, electromagnetic fields in the mm-range are intrinsic to all
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living things and therefore effects can be induced by exposing tissues to 10-10-21 W/Hz •cm within a wavelength range of 1.7 to 8.0 mm. Due to the limited depth of penetration of these wavelengths, the primary target of mm-radiation are not compartments, organelles, plasma membrane or the entire cell per se, but the aqueous phase of the skin (including the water matrix of the fascia). The excitation induced in the aqueous phase is then transmitted as an information signal to the transmembrane protein level [60].
The Moscow School, on the other hand, adheres to the radiophysical approach, according to which the effects of mm-waves are associated with the excitation of acoustoelectric waves in the membranes of cells with signs of pathology. The exposed cells respond by the generation of control signals to induce restorative processes [61]. For a proper radiophysical analysis one must know how EMF propagates in, penetrates through, and interacts with biological tissues (tissue properties such as dielectric constant and conductivity are therefore essential in the understanding of how microwaves are absorbed or reflected). The acustoelectric waves resulting from EMF stimulation arise from piezoelectric/semiconductive-like effects in biological structures. Even solitons (self-reinforcing, localized wave packets that maintain their shape while propagating at a constant speed) are generated as a secondary effect of this EMF-biomatter interaction. In biological systems, solitons propagate efficiently without losing coherence, especially in non-linear dielectric environments such as cell membranes [62].
Analysis of the dependence showed the existence of narrow frequency resonance bands, indicating that the effect could be either positive, or negative over short frequency intervals. Even the power dependence is quite abrupt, leading scientists to coin the term «step on power». This effect was clearly demonstrated in the colicin induction of E.coli, where varying the power
2
flux density by a factor of 100 (from 0.01 to 1.00 mW/cm ), had no effect on the induction coefficient, while a further reduction to 10 ^W/cm resulted in a sharp decrease in the biological effect [63]. As a result, the number of cells synthesizing colicin increased by an average of 300 % when irradiated with wavelengths of 5.8, 6.5, and 7.1 mm, whereas the neighboring wavelengths of 6.15 and 6.57 mm, showed no such effect. As shown in Figure 6, experiments carried out in the mm-wavelength band, using power flux densities of only few mW/cm only, revealed that exposure effects are:
a) strongly depend on the microwave frequency used;
b) visible within certain power ranges and only dependent on power variation (by several orders of magnitude), and
c) are significantly time-dependent (chronobiology affects irradiation outcome).
Fig.6. Experimental studies involving Rhodotorula rubra (left) and Candida (bottom) performed in the millimetre range, at very low microwave energy flux densities (few mW/cm2). The cell division rate of R.ruba during 15 hours of exposure at 7.16, 7.17, 7.18, and 7.19 mm, showed a strong frequency dependence with a sudden increase at 7.18 mm and slight decrease at the other wavelengths. Irradiation of a Candida sp. culture with those wavelengths showed a similar trend compared to the control, with 7.17 mm waves showing a marked boost in cell division [64].
The results obtained are of great scientific and practical interest, since different wavelength ranges and different irradiation conditions induce either positive or negative effects. Given that water predominates in the chemical composition of the human organism and its ability to absorbs electromagnetic radiation in the mm-range, provides favorable conditions of coherent modes (hf << kB-T). In this case, the relation of probability of induced vs. spontaneous transitions is much higher than one: Pind/Pspon ~ kB-T/h-f >> 1 [65].
As already emphasized by the work of Devyatkov, and corroborated by Fröhlich [66], Webb [67], Gründler [68] and Belayev [69] - to name but a few - the physical properties of cellular and sub-cellular structures serve as a source of electromagnetic radiation in the 10101011 Hz range. In this line of thought, the macroscopic stability of the organism is considered to
be determined by its functionally coherent microwave field, [70] which allows the emergence of the following peculiarities [71]:
1. Hormetic doses of mm-range power densities are sufficient to induce a diverse
(biochemical and physiological) response in the organism. Well reproducible biological effects
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can be observed at 10- W-Hz- •cm- - a value that is well below thermal noise (at physiological temperatures) and thermal radiation fluctuations.
2. A sharp-resonant character of the interaction (see upper part of Figure 6). It manifests itself at organism-specific frequencies and diminishes with detuning by 0.1-0.01 % (frequency offset). In addition, the resonance band narrows as the radiated power decreases. Such sharp resonances in condensed soft matter (at T = 300 K) is thermodynamically impossible, implying that it is a purely quantum property of matter.
3. Corporal skin-areas sensitive to mm-range EMR correspond to biologically active points (BAPs) and are aligned along «specific channels» (similar to meridians in traditional Chinese medicine), that are most sensitive to low-level mm-EMR stimulation. The refractive index within such a channel is n=1, compared to 5-6 outside these channel areas. Usually, in dysfunctional tissues the disorders are related to a specific channel. In this case, the radiation is completely absorbed (similar to a black body) without being reflected. In order to reach deeper regions within the exposed tissue, the propagation of the mm-wavelength stimuli can only be mediated via the induction of solitons [72].
4. The biological effect of mm-range EMR on diseased tissue induces a shift of the disordered functional microwave field, to a more coherent state (see Figure 7) - such reshaping of the Landau-Haken potential induces spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB), which also generates propagating solitons. Their detection allows the identification of characteristic (eigen)frequencies, with each organism having its own unique set. Thus, the revealed effect of resonant mm-radiation EMR not only offers new perspectives for medical diagnostics and therapy, but also introduces a new criterion of what it means to be «healthy» [73].
ION CYCLOTRON RESONANCE (ICR) AT EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCIES
Michail ZHAD/Nexperimentally demonstrated the effects of extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields of low intensity combined with a static magnetic field on ion mobility in aqueous solutions [74]. Abraham L/boff on the other hand, developed a theoretical model that the Earth's geomagnetic field could play a role in biological systems through ICR [75]. His theory postulated that ions in biological membranes or fluids could resonate with naturally occurring electromagnetic frequencies. Together they contributed to the so-called L/boff-Zhad/n Effect (LZE), which states that living systems are sensitive to certain
electromagnetic frequencies due to ICR, providing a possible explanation for the bioeffects of weak magnetic fields.
Within the LZE framework, charged particles (ions) move in a static magnetic field (such as the Earth's geomagnetic field) by absorbing energy when exposed to a weak alternating magnetic field with an ion-specific frequency. This frequency f is given by the equation: fc = q-B-2'1n'1m'1 (where q is the charge of the cation, B is the static magnetic field strength, and m is the mass of the ion) [76]. Exposure of the accumulated cations to the combined effects of a strong static and an ultra-weak alternating magnetic field results in a current surge when the frequency of the alternating field is at a characteristic value typical of the cationic species (see Figure 8).
Fig.7. The healthy ground state of the organism (green), represented by the Landau-Haken (LH) potential [ 77 ]. v(q)=kq2/2+k1q4/4 (k<0, ^>0). The metastable (diseased) state of the organism, with a deformed LH potential (red). The way to restore the metastable state is shown by the application of Microwave Resonance Therapy (arrows) [78].
Fig.8. LZE - Current surge through the glutamic acid/HCl solution (2.24 mM, pH 2.85) upon exposure to a combination of both a static (BDC 40 ^T) and an alternating magnetic fields (BAC is 50 nT) along with an electric potential of 80 mV [79]. Note that the static magnetic field corresponds to the geomagnetic field, whereas the electric potential is close to that one observed across cell membranes.
This rather simple relationship makes it possible to organize long-range cationic transporteven across cell membranes. This phenomenon is maximized under coherence conditions resulting in magnetically driven electric currents [80].
The underlying mechanism by which the ICR effect manifests itself can be found within the framework of quantum electrodynamics (QED) of aqueous solutions [81]. As will be
outlined in the following section, water must be considered at least as a biphasic system, allowing the existence of a coherent and a non-coherent fraction; an assumption already expressed a century ago by Conrad WilhelmROENTGEN who had a vague suspicion based on empirical observations, that there must be an additional water phase, somewhere between the solid and the liquid state [82].
More recently, it has been observed that LZE can be induced without immersing electrodes, under an appropriate static electric field[83].This observation appears to be crucial in explaining the ionic currents in the cytoplasm of the cell, which can be approximated in shape as a spherical capacitor [84]. Upon exposure of cells to the ICR-frequency of Ca++a net flux of these ions out of cellular organellesinto the cytoplasm was observed (see Figure 9). This simple demonstration shows that LZE has far-reaching implications that extend well beyond electrochemistry, cytology and biology in general.
Similar observations in cell dynamics as a result of weak alternating field induction (in the order of 13 nT) have feen found in human fibroblasts that responded with increased resilience [85]. So did keratinocytes infected with a fungus resisted the infection without showing signs of degradation [86].
Fig.9. LZ Effect - labelled Calcium chromophores in the organelles of a human lymphocyte under a microscope exposed to AC- and DC-coils to generate the necessary magnetic field conditions. Powering up both coils to generate both the static magnetic field and the cyclotron ion resonance frequency of Ca++ ions (13.5 Hz), within minutes resulted in a net efflux of these cations from the cell organelles into the cytoplasm (arrows)[87].
Water is the major constituent of living matter (not so much by weight, but especially by number) and exceeds the amount of all other species by orders of magnitude - see the case of E. coli, Table 1). This table lists also the most prevalent ionic species along with their corresponding ICR-frequencies for selected cations. These frequencies are normalised by the magnetic flux intensity to account for the different geomagnetic field intensities at a given location, resulting in slightly different fICR values for a given location. The correct vertical field component of a given location must be measured in the field (e.g. using an NFA 1000 handheld instrument with an externally attached magnetic field probe MS3-NFA) or can be retrieved from
an online geomagnetic field strength calculator [88].
The LZ Effect can therefore be considered as a biophysical mechanism governed by hormetic principles, especially in systems influenced by ionic and electromagnetic processes. It stimulates adaptive cellular processes (e.g. ion homeostasis or signaling) that are consistent within the hormesis framework.
Table l.Details of the ion composition of E. coli in their molar concentration and total number (sorted by their abundance). Potassium alone is far more abundant than all the other ions combined, underlining that ion transport is one of the most important processes in metabolic functions of any organism at any phylogenetic level [89]. A detailed list can be found in Ch.3, p.131ff in [90]. Cyclotron resonances are reported from [91], [92] (those flanked by an asterisk represent theoretical values only); furthermore, no values are assigned to anions, since only cations can co-resonate in mixed water CDs. The case of NH4+ is special, as it is usually present in the extracellular space
and is only assimilated during certain metabolic processes. Table adapted from [93].
Ion Concentration [mM] Number [-] Number [%] f,CR /B [Hz/ßT]
Potassium (K+) 200-250 90 000 000 69.147 0.194
Iron (Fe2+ / Fe3+) 18 7 000 000 5.378 *0.546
Bicarbonate (HCOb~ ) 12 5 670 000 4.356 -
Chloride (Cr ) 6 5 050 000 3.880 -
Magnesium (Mg2+) 10 4 000 000 3.073 1.255
Hydronium (H3O+) 10 - 4.2 3 000 000 2.305 *0.802
Zundel cation (HbO+^O) *0.477
trimer Hydronium (H3O+*2H2O) *0.277
tetramer Hydronium (H3O+*3H2O) *0.209
magic Hydronium cation (H30+*20H20) *0.167
Calcium (Ca2+) 6 2 300 000 1.767 0.761
Dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-) 5 2 107 700 1.619 -
Sodium (Na+) 5 2 000 000 1.573 *0.663
Cuprum (Cu2+) 4 1 700 000 1.306 *0.480
Manganese (Mn2+) 4 1 700 000 1.306 *0.555
Molybdenium (Mo4+) 4 1 700 000 1.306 *0.636
Zincum (Zn2+) 4 1 700 000 1.306 *0.466
Phosphoenol-Pyruvate (PEP3-) 2.8 1 100 000 0.845 -
Pyruvate (CH3COCOO-) 0.9 380 000 0.292 -
Adenosin-Diphosphate (ADP3-) 0.63 270 000 0.207 -
Nicotinamide (NADP3-) 0.63 240 000 0.184 -
-"- (NADPH4-) 0.56 220 060 0.169 -
Ammonium (NH4+) - - - *0.845
Glucose-6-Phosphate (6GP2-) 0.05 20 000 0.015 -
Proton (H+) 0.000063 30 0.000 15.13
Total 125 077 820 100.00
WATER AS THE COMMON UNDERLYING MATRIX
What began with Alexander OuRViCH's MGR concept and rapidly expanded from the UV-range to include the VIS-, IR- spectral windows along with those in the mm-wave (or THz) and extremely low frequency (ELF) spectral window of the electromagnetic spectrum has been shown to be closely relates to hormesis. Low-level stimuli generally elicit beneficial biological responses. While Ourvich's initial work anticipated many of today's ideas about cellular signalling, biophotons, and non-chemical communication between cells, his ideas and concepts by now cover the entire non-ionizing part of the spectrum - and even include the ionizing part (the latter is supported by the fading standing of the LNT theory as it can no longer keep up with contradictory facts). Indeed, Ourvich's extended approach and his hormetic properties
contribute to a deeper understanding of how low-level environmental or cellular signals can influence biological processes, especially in the context of growth, adaptation, and resilience.
Living matter continuously generates energy of electronic excitation due to chemical metabolism, which generates an incessant flow of ROS that excites soft matter into a stable non-equilibrium state as proposed by Ervin Bauer [94] and several decades later by Ilya Prigog/ne [95]. Inthis context, living matter arises spontaneously from inanimate matter to increase its adaptability and ability to resist unfavourable environmental factors that would oppose its self-organizing capacity. Indeed, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, lamented that physiologists have not yet been able to give a definition of living matter. He explained that electronic coupling .... orbital overlap of charge transfer .... lends mobility to .... electrons. These electrons would also increase the bonding of water, that is the hydration of protein. Taken together, leads to a picture of cell life which is vastly different from that offered by a one-sided molecular outlook which allows but one motion, the motion of molecules pushed about by the random heat agitation [96].In doing so, he pointed to the most vulnerable point within the field of life sciences, because life scientists have failed to understand the basic functions of life by focusing on particles (biomolecules, 1st quantization) and neglecting the two fundamental matrices without which biomolecules cannot function: water and electromagnetic fields (the latter belonging to 2nd quantization) [97,98].With regard to Ervin BAUER's definition of life - which is by far the most comprehensive definition available so far - he coined three principles [99]: i) the principle of Stable Disequilibrium (living systems are never in (thermodynamic) equilibrium and use all their free energy to avoid slipping into equilibrium); ii) the principle of Self-Renewal / Self-Restoration(living organisms not only maintain themselves but also have the capacity to repair damage, restore balance, and renew their functions); iii) the principle of Energy Dissipation (living systems must continually dissipate energy to maintain their organized structures and biological processes). All three principles can only be sustained if water and fields are included in vital functions [100].
Indeed, both MGR/BP and longer wavelength fields share three common properties, in that spontaneous photon emissions originate from a step-wise reduction of oxygen (via ROS intermediates); i.e. electrons in sequence react to yield a combustion educt in the form of «water» with the concomitant release of high-density photons (up to -8 eV see equation 13, in [101]), not only that ROS are annihilated during these sequential branching chain reactions (BCR), but also that without ROS life would be impossible [102].
On the other hand, organic matter resembles the working body of a laser (coherence resides in the metastable electronically excited state), which can be induced to transition from the coherent to the perturbative ground state under the action of weak (informational) resonance
signals as found in hormetic response patterns - implying that the emitted radiation is likewise coherent. The so-called delayed luminescence induced by the irradiation of living organisms with a flash of light results from the relaxation of an intrinsically coherent but delocalized electromagnetic fieldthat is closely coupled to metabolic processes [103]. This is consistent with the observation that when a small sample of distilled water (10 mL) is exposed to a low-intensity NIR-laser (5 mW at 1264 nm), after a long latent period, a luminescence in the blue-green region of the visible spectrum develops that lasts for many hours - apparently the coherent light stimulation has triggered electronic transitions within dissolved oxygen from the triplet state to the singlet state [104].
A third aspect combines hormesis with MGR/BP and radiation in the longer wavelength section of the em-spectrum; cells perceive, respond to and emit low-dose stimuli themselves. This is possible because a biological system has a much greater capacity to maintain coherence than is technically possible with conventional lasers. As already mentioned in Section 1, living systems coordinately extract energy from the environment and convert it into free energy via electronically excited states within living matter, using coherence times that extend over a lifetime to ensure coherent coupling of photons, allowing information to be transmitted in an undisturbed manner.
COHERENCE IN LIVING MATTER
For waves to exhibit interference or diffraction, they must be coherent. In fact, multiple waves of different frequencies and wave vectors propagating at the same time will result in a train of incoherent waves that are subject to scattering. Coherence prevents this. Spatial coherence is restored by forcing the waves through a perforated plate or slit, causing wave elements that do not propagate exactly in the direction of the perforated structure to be stopped. The resulting wave train travels in the same direction (spatial coherence) but not at the same frequency (temporal incoherence). Temporal coherence can be achieved by using filters or networks whose function is to allow only one frequency or wavelength to pass [105], after which the train of waves propagates in the same direction and at the same frequency, i.e. maintaining a constant phase during propagation, which, in the case of a laser beam, results in a stable color (monochromatic wave). The spatial coherence of a laser, derives from the property that a very small portion of the propagating electromagnetic field (of the order of microns) makes the beam extremely collimated and energetic (giving it its power density) [106]. This is possible because a technical laser consists of a resonant optical cavity, with reflecting walls and a semi-reflecting exit wall, filled with an active medium, which can be either solid, liquid or gaseous, stimulated by resonant excitation (incorrectly called «pumping»). That such coherence
is a property of matter was indeed answered by Lev Davidovic Landau, who theoretically elaborated the coherent properties in the superfluid state of He-II at 2.17 K [107] -experimentally proven two decades later [108]. Since then, research continued to identify coherence properties in condensed matter even at physiological temperatures - which have been found in mitochondria; their dynode-like amplifications folds (cristae) are capable of transceiving highly coherent radiation [109].
Nearly four decades ago, an explanation for the mechanism of energy storage by water was proposed in the context of quantum electrodynamics (QED), which predicted the existence of Coherent Domains (CDs) - groups (clusters) of in-phase oscillating water molecules - in ordinary water [110]. According to this theory, water at room temperature and pressure can be viewed as a dynamic equilibrium between individual water molecules and water clusters organized as mesoscopic aggregates. The water molecules inside such a cluster are phase-tuned by a trapped magnetic field, whose wavelength determines the size of the cluster. The number of water molecules simultaneously interacting with this field determines both the frequency and the phase of the oscillation. Interestingly, the initial magnetic field oscillation originate either from outer space or from the quantum vacuum as a zero-point fluctuations [111]. Corroboration of the CD-concept came from two studies, one identifying clusters of water molecules in ambient conditions [112], and the other at supercooled conditions [113], similar to those described in superfluid coherent He-II. So, what does this mean?
The very mundane chemical shorthand notation (H2O), does not at all reveal the energetic complexity that it masks at first glance, but which becomes apparent when water is electromagnetically excited (Figure 10). This excitation can also originate from the vacuum that exists between the water molecules [114], which is revealed by the spectacular increase in volume during freezing [115]. According to quantum physics, the vacuum is an infinitely excitable medium capable of generating photons of any frequency.
When the energy level involved in the «self-excitation» (quantum vacuum induced) of the water molecule (at 12.06 eV) meets the appropriate resonance conditions, laser-like amplification can take place[116], leading to the formation of a CD that can contain up to 7 million water molecules [117]. The cohesion of this nanometric-scalewater is ensured by a continuous exchange of Nambu-Ooldstone bosons, resulting in coherent photonic Bose— EiNSTEiN-like condensates at relatively high temperatures, which is the real reason why water is liquid in the temperature range from 0 to 100 °C [118]. In addition, these bosons are forced to remain trapped inside the CDsas they couple with photons of infrared frequency(AOap = 0.16 eV equivalent to 2.695 ^m in the NIR wavelength range, see Figure 11) thereby stabilizing the CDs
[119].
A quantum system (either particle or field) can only fluctuate (as shown by the of the fluctuations of the energy levels of hydrogen atoms, the Lamb shift) [120]. The difference between the measured and calculated values of the hydrogen energy levels, is evidence that a fluctuating (quantized) field - such as the quantum fluctuations of the vacuum oscillation - is present [121].
Fig. 10. Water seen through the lens of quantum physics: composite plot of the photoabsorption spectrum of water in the UV-VIS-range up to 20 eV. The dashed curves are the vibrational bands observed in the photoelectron spectra, while the inset shows the observed fine structure for some of the bands in more detail.[122] The red line indicates the predicted excitation level (5d-orbital corresponding to 12.061 eV) based on the minimum critical density, the
oscillator strength and the coupling constants.
The envelope curve of the broad absorption peak of water, related to the vibration of the O-H bond, lies in the range 2650-3750 cm-1 (2.7-3.8 ^m - see Figure 11). Deconvolution of this curve yields at least three Gaussian distributions; the one with lower energy relates to molecules of the coherent fraction of water, (the coherent ground state (CGS is lower than the PGS - in Figure 12). The higher energy distribution (blue) relates to the non-coherent water fraction; while the intermediate, dominating peak (green) represents the time-averaged fraction of to the integration of all the intermediate aggregates between single molecules and the coherent region (red). The time-averaged configuration constitutes the well-known tetrahedral shape of water
with an H-O-H angle of 104°, which gives it its dipole moment. It is the theoretical origin of the hydrogen bond (HB), which arises as a macroscopic representation of the two main quantum states of water molecules, whose energy gap is 12.06 eV; the oscillation frequency gives v = 2.9-1015 Hz and the proper time t ~ 0.345 fs. The lifetime of a coherence domain (CD) is compatible with the estimated lifetime of HB [123].
As can be seen in Figures 11and12, coherent water has a tetrahedral structure, whereas incoherent water has a planar trigonal structure. It is noteworthy that since coherent water is capable of self-excitation through vacuum to a level 12.07 eV above the ground state energy level, it is only necessary to supply 0.54 eV (4355 cm-1, or an NIR of 2296.21 nm) to extract an electron from a coherence domain, rather than the 12.6 eV required if water were incoherent. Such rather low energy required to achieve ionization would explain why, macroscopically, interfacial water appears slightly negative, since some molecules on the surface of the coherent cluster lose almost free electron thanks to the energy provided by the microscopic peaks of the interfacial surface, but this weak negative charge is not electrostatic, but the result of an electrodynamic equilibrium [124].
Fig.11. FIR spectrum of water measured at T = 25 °C showing the deconvolution of the OH stretching band. The coherent water fraction grouped in CDs has a very short half-life and as it decays, more CDs are formed. The small fraction of isolated water molecules subject to Brownian motion represents the second fraction. On the other hand, the majority of water molecules that are neither CDs nor single molecules make up the third and most dominant population of water: the intermediate water fraction.[125,126]. The sketches inserted represent the molecular orbital configuration of this water fraction [127].
The proximity of the water molecules in a domain allows ionized electrons to circulate by tunneling, creating an interfacial potential of about -100 mV between coherent and incoherent water. Coherent water is therefore reducing and antioxidative. In addition, these electronic supercurrents trapped within the CDs are able to interact with any magnetic field, whether of terrestrial origin, of biological origin via the brain, heart or intestines, or of technological origin.
The origin of the collective molecular interaction induced by the em-field can be estimated as follows: the size of the water molecule is slightly more than 1 A, with a typical
168
energy difference Eexc between two excitation levels is in the order of 10 eV; the photon supplying this energy could be extracted from the environment, at the very least from the quantum fluctuations of the vacuum. The mean size of the photon is determined by its wavelength X = hc/Eexc; for Eexc = 10 eV yields 1240 A, while for Eexc = 12.06 eV yields 1028 A (or ~103 nm). Since the associated photon is about 1 k more extended than the water molecule itself, a single photon can affect 20 k molecules (assuming that water vapor occupies
19 3
2^10 molecules-cm" at boiling point). This impressively demonstrates how the em-field of a feeble single photon is able to interact with a load-full of water molecules and vices versa.
Fig. 12. Em-field Scheme of the energetics of the coherent state of water molecules showing that such a state is the result of a continuous collective oscillation of the molecules between two states, driven by the self-trapped em-field
whose phase (and renormalized frequency) is locked to the phase of the matter-field. Considering the coherent oscillation, the water molecules adopt two limit shapes (excited and relaxed) with different time weights during the oscillation cycle. The value of the energy gap, (AGap pgs-cgs ~ 0.16 eV) in this scheme refers to the latest calculation done for liquid water, neglecting the temperature contribution [128]. The energy spacing towards the ionization
threshold (8E ~ 0.53 eV) is almost a continuum band, with intermediate levels in the order of 10-10 eV, corresponding to frequency differences in the range of few kHz. The occupied level can be shifted upwards by storing external excitations, and determines the reduction potential of the coherent water fraction, since it is an indicator of how much energy has to be supplied to the CD so that an electron is released to a suitable guest level (which can be reached by tunnelling if the distance from the CD surface is short enough) [ 129].
Incoherent water leads to coherent water through its structuring into coherence domains. The result is an internal electromagnetic field that oscillates in phase with the H2O matter field. Depending on the temperature, there is an equilibrium between coherent water with such an internal electromagnetic field and incoherent water where this field no longer exists. The macroscopic field trap representing the variation of the electromagnetic field confined within a CD is reflected by its natural resonance frequency h-ar = 0.165 eV, corresponding to vr = 60 THz (Ar = 7.5 ^m).
Since the energetic stability is not independent of the radial position within the CD, this implies that the energetic profile of the coherent ground state (CGS) within CDs depends on the aggregation state and the thermodynamic conditions. The thermodynamic parameters (such as pressure and temperature) can influence the establishment of other types of coherence, favouring the choice of other excited levels among those available in the electron spectrum of water (to which other field amplitude, oscillator strength, energy gap, coupling constant, critical density, renormalization frequency are associated) [ 130 ]. A mixing angle a, yielding
9..
sin (a) = 0.13 indicates that electrons in water molecules spend 13 % of their time in the excited level (the 5d oxygen orbital), so that coherent water molecules occupy more space than incoherent water molecules. Such a fact can explain (i) the flickering landscape of intermolecular interactions, as well as (ii) the evidence for tetrahedral structures in some regions of the liquid (or as in hexagonal ice and in confined water) [131].
Another important property of the coherent dynamics of water concerns the collective rotative fluxes of quasi-free electrons at the outer boundary region of each CD. As mentioned above, the onset of the coherent oscillation leads to the appearance about 0.13 quasi-free electrons per molecule (or more realistically, 13 quasi-free electrons per 100 water molecules);thus, a CD can be considered as a reservoir of quasi-free electrons that are just below the ionization potential and are therefore easily excitable [132]. Each excitation corresponds to a coherent cold vortex of quasi-free electrons. The «coldness» implies that the vortices cannot decay thermally, so their lifetime depends on the lifetime of the parent CD. Consequently, the coherent excitation of CDs lastsfor a very long time (recall the extensive coherence time in soft matter already mentioned in the introduction) due to the continuous creation of new CDs, compared to the rather short lifetime of a single fluctuating CD.
The ratio of the coherent (Fc) to non-coherent (Fnc) fraction of water is temperature dependent, with temperatures close to 273.15 K (0 °C) shifting towards a hexagonal ice-like (Ih) configuration dominated by the time-averaged coherent fraction (Figure 13) [133]. Due to the interplay with molecular and ionic species, as well as the ubiquitous presence of interfaces, coherent water domains in biological matter are even higher than the calculated trend in the figure [134] and thus further stabilized. Compared to an ordinary liquid, with a fraction of about 40 % at room temperature and pressure, in biota the degrees of coherence are not only numerous and interconnected but also mechanically constrained [135], resulting in Fc:Fnc ratios of at least 50 % [136].
The excitability of the quasi-free electrons in a coherent state, implies that they are sensitive to electromagnetic perturbations. As long as such a perturbation is smaller than the
energy gap (AGap = 0.16 eV), or smaller than the (5E = 0.53 eV), it cannot be received by an individual molecule, but is stored in the CD as a whole, giving rise to a collective excited state, which is still coherent. The spectral analysis shown in Figure 10reveals the existence of a large number of excited states, whose energy spacing extends widely making CDs susceptible to a broad range of frequencies and energies [137] necessary for field-matter interaction mechanisms within the ELF-range, [138] up to the radio-frequency domain [139] as well as the THz-region
[140] together with the coherent interactions in the UV-VIS-spectrum as required for MGR/BP
[141].
0.9
0.8
0.7
1 0.6
к
f 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Solid <—| — Gaseous
\\ i 1 \i
\\ 1 > v\! VlT \ 1 \ lb 1 1 1 1 ........ 1 —i i i
100 200
300
ПК]
400 500 600
Fig.13. The distribution of the structural components of water in the temperature range from 0 to 600 K, where «1» corresponding to 100 % coherence while «0» denotes complete decoherence. The green trend covers a T-range from 0° to 60°C and is derived thermodynamically [ 142 ] within 1st quantization. The two red-blue trends originate from 2nd quantization (red: [143]; blue: [144]).
COHERENCE AND ION CYCLOTRON RESONANCE (ICR)
EM-based ICR is a phenomenon in which charged particles (ions) moving in a static magnetic field (such as the Earth's geomagnetic field) can absorb energy when exposed to a weak alternating magnetic field at an ion-specific frequency has been already presented in the form of the LZE. This effect allows to organize the long-range traffic of ions and the crossing of cell membranes. Exposure of the accumulated cations to the combined effects of a rather strong static magnetic field and an ultra-weak alternating magnetic field results in a current surge when the frequency of the alternating field matches a characteristic value typical of a specific cationic species (see Figure 8). This phenomenon is maximized under coherence resulting in magnetically driven electric currents [145].
To understand the deeper implications of Michael N. ZhadiN's experiment it is helpful to dive deeper into and how coherence affects energy storage and information transfer in water. The presence of interfacial water and its abundance in CDs, combined with dissolved ionic species, enables the formation of ionic current spikes that survive thermal assault by the
Brownian motion of other molecules [146].
Various ionic species are located on the outskirt of a CD and are held in place by the electroweak force acting on the charge/mass ratio (q/m). This force originates from the gradient of the square of the magnetic potential vector A (outside |A|=0, so V\ A |>>0) [147]. So far, the accumulation of charged species outside the CD even seems to conform to the empirically documented exclusion zone (EZ) principle proposed by Gerald Pollack [148]. However, on a closer inspection, a major difference becomes apparent, in that selected ionic species are actually included from interfacial water (rather than excluded) [149]. A more detailed investigation of this aspect in vitro has even revealed that only the molecules of the water close to the electrodes (in biological terms it refers to the cell membrane potential) are involved in the formation of the cyclotron ion-resonant current, which is hard evidence that such interfacial water contains more CDs than bulk water [150]. The lag time of the rising current peak is at
13
least 10 times longer than the normal duration of CD flickering in the water volume away from the surfaces.
Difference to the EZ concept also arise once the phononic (or possibly electronic) resonance between the frequency of the water molecules rn0, and the corresponding frequency rnA, of an attracted ion becomes manifest. The permeability coefficient G - as shown in Figure 14 - is given by G(rn0) = 1/\1-(aA/a0)\ . If the resonance Q-factor is high enough -matching rnA to rn0 - even disastrous resonance can be induced.
Fig.14. Curves of transmissibility vs frequency ratio. The increase in amplitude as the damping decreases and the frequency approaches the resonant frequency of a driven damped simple harmonic oscillator [ 151 ]. When the damping coefficient being «0», the resonance becomes maximum (disastrous resonance) as the transmissibility becomes infinite. If the damping coefficient is slightly offset («=¿0»), the transmissibility decreases at resonance. A visualization of this given by the MfflM pattern. It is created by the overlapping of two patterns of parallel lines (with slightly different spatial periods, slightly offset frequencies) results in a lower «beat» frequency [152].
However, a slightly offset resonance frequency is capable of inducing a
resonant attraction of the ionic species thereby including (rather than excluding) the co-resonating ion [153]. As the underlying theory has been elaborated by AbrahamLiBOFF for cations only [154] - anions seem not to have any ICR-properties. Upon trapping a co-resonant ionic species,the CD ensembles align - very similar to this illustrative demonstration using 32
Frequency ratio (io
metronomes [155] - to eventually vibrate together at a common frequency(vcation = vwater). In fact, the LZE in aqueous solutions is only possible under coherence conditions. The introduction of a weak alternating magnetic field into an aqueous solution inside a static magnetic chamber, in the presence of geomagnetic and static electric fields (such as that of a cell membrane), can be considered as an excited cavity resonator that «vibrates» only when the cavity resonator frequency is injected. Coherence allows an electromagnetic signal to be emitted corresponding to the ionic current. The avalanche of ions that make up the current spike originate from released ions extracted from the edges of CDs. Such laser-like properties of water - involving a stimulating ELF frequency at least 1014 times lower than so-called ionizing radiation - can also be induced when exposing water to other forms of energy, in particular to acoustic waves or magnetic fields at non-ICR frequencies [156], with the emission of a variable magnetic field at the same frequency as the input wave [157].
Given that a cell consists mainly of water and few ions (see Table 1), it is not surprising that ions in aqueous solutions are sensitive to electromagnetic fields over a wide range (stretching from a few Hz, MHz, GHz, THz and even UV-VIS). Some ions, such as the K+ ion, are actively included (able to penetrate the coherent water around biopolymers), while others, such as the Na+ ion, are deliberately excluded. This implies that the Na/K-ATPase pumps are not there to maintain the ionic gradient across the membrane, but rather to define precise entry and exit points for these ions [158]. This means that a stem cell, for example, is perfectly capable of recognizing the environment in which it is embedded and, accordingly, is able to decide in which form it will differentiate in order to participate as a «social» member of a particular tissue. It should also be noted that, due to the Aharonov-Bohm effect [159], any variation in the electromagnetic potential can change the phase of the matter waves associated with the electrons [160] and therefore have direct biochemical implications. It follows that the cell, due to its high degree of hydration, is sensitive to all waves, whether mechanical (via the piezoelectric effect), electromagnetic or quantum [161]. Since the formal description of the LZE, repeated experiments have been carried out with direct observations of water clusters using cyclotron light [162] or other high-energy radiation [163], which confirm the validity of this phenomenon.
CONCLUSIONS
The interplay between hormesis, biophotons, THz radiation, cyclotron resonance, and coherence domains can be understood through the lens of ultra-weak coupling phenomena that are governed by quantum coherence in biological systems. CDs provide a solid theoretical foundation where the interactions of biophotons, THz radiation, and cyclotron resonance
manifest their effects in a unified quantumbiological framework. Hormesis, of which the unified framework is composed, acts as a driver of coherence, whereby low-level electromagnetic fields (or metabolic fluctuations) trigger adaptive mechanisms that enhance quantum coherence in biological systems. MGR/BP serve as the indicators of coherence as they provide measurable outputs of the system's quantum coherence and hormetic response. Since resonances tune the CDs- here in particular ICR- and THz-frequencies - they allow precise tuning of the interplay between CD and cellular metabolism, thereby enhancing system stability, adaptive capacity and identity finding at the cellular level. Given that both coherence length and time in biological systems are much larger than the geometry of a CD itself, an ensemble of CDs can therefore aggregate into bigger clusters that extend beyond cellular dimensions, forming supercoherent ensembles. Such ensembles ensure that organisms can function even though different organs are responsible for different tasks - simply because supercoherence also acts as a coordinating entity. Macroscopic examples include groups of organisms (swarming school of fish or flocks of starlings) [164], while at the biomic scale the interaction of different ecosystem properties exemplifies coherent principles as can be seen in tropical rainforests or tropical reef ecosystems). These phenomena converge on the idea that biological systems leverage quantum coherence, modulated by external and internal stimuli (e.g., radiation, electromagnetic fields, and hormetic stimuli), to maintain and enhance life processes. This interconnected framework emphasizes the role of ultra-weak coherent energy exchange in biological resilience and adaptation. At the same time it highlights the widespread reluctance in current laboratory practices as well as medical centers to accept «em-crossover talk» between samples and controls (this includes cell culturing in incubators and blood banks that stock transfusion bags). Similarly, em-mediated microbial coherence can spread between individuals by simulating a microbial encounter and thus informing the receiving system (host) in advance.
The reluctance of most Western experts to accept that fields alone, without the mediating effect of a material substance, can act on biota [165], forced Sergey Sitko to reply in the following way: .... the coherent electromagnetic field of organism with its eigen frequencies and «special point» (Poincare) forms the electromagnetic matrix of organism. This matrix enforces the biochemical scenario to sustain the anatomy-morphological structures of the organism (in accordance with the genome) through induction. The coherence field of a medium..exist as different types of space-time structures. There manifest themselves in organism's phase volume as stable limit-cycles which ensure the existence of effective longrange attractive forces of organism and life itself. One could say, that a living organism spends its «coherence power» for stabilization of the field. This is the main reason why living organisms are so stable [166], and detuning them requires repetitive and prolonged (chronic)
exposure to detrimental agents.
The mechanistic view of reality, often associated with classical physics, is a philosophical perspective that views the universe and natural phenomena as operating according to deterministic, predictable laws (once complete knowledge of its current state and the governing laws is known), much like a well-designed machine. This view emphasizes reductionism, the idea that complex systems can be understood by breaking them down into simpler, constituent matter parts and studying the workings of the smallest entity in isolation (1st quantization). While the mechanistic view of reality has been immensely successful in explaining many natural phenomena in fields such as physics, chemistry, and medicine - with successful translations into other disciplines such as sociology, economics, and politics (nationbuilding, national identity, cultural cohesion, and collective values) - it has also been criticized for its limitations. Quantum physics, for example, has introduced a level of unpredictability and uncertainty at the atomic and subatomic scales that challenges the determinism of classical physics.
The fact that during the transition from the micro- to the macro-domain, continuous symmetry breaking events alter the very basic properties of the emerging system. This becomes explicitly visible in biology and sociology, often defying simple reductionism (the whole is more than the sum of its constituent parts) and highlighting the need for more holistic approaches to understanding reality [167].
However, such a broader vision requires a transition from the materialistic view of reality to one that emphasizes relational concepts, as offered by the 2nd quantization that emerged with the birth of quantum physics. While the connection between the hard and soft sciences may be metaphorical rather than direct, exploring these parallels provides insights into the complexity of both processes and the fundamental principles that underlie them. Both involve the construction and organization of systems - whether at the quantum or societal level - and the search for understanding and coherence in a dynamic and interconnected world. Failure to do so will inevitably exacerbate imbalances in global cohesion and threaten social and political stability, with all the risks that entails.
This view of reality is in line with POPP's model of evolution in that it can be understood as a BOSE-like condensation at the phase boundary between chaotic and ordered states. Evolution progresses from the short wavelengths(cellular organelles) to the longer (tissues, organs, organisms) to the longest wavelengths(societies, biomes) and thus informatively conquers ever larger areas of the environment (GAIA). Species specificity is understood as a specific engram of the environmental information on the coherent phase boundary. Corresponding resonance structures are assigned to each wavelength range. In this model,
«competition», «uncontrolled growth», «illness» and «death» would be specific paths back into the past («devolution») [168]. In accordance with the above, the following Table 2 summarizes the opposing models together and how they shape our perception of reality - or rather, our crisis of perception.
Table 2.Differences between 1st and 2nd quantization with reference to the current crisis of perception. While the former focuses on describing the location of particles (matter) are and how they move, the latter focuses on the field aspect of a collective of particles and investigates their collective behavior.
1st Quantization 2nd Quantization
Philosophy [169,170] diaballainS/oSoMiiv (to split, to fragment) [171] sytiballeinouvfiaAeî v (to unify) [171]
Physics [172] particle centered wave centered
Chemistry [173] Stick & ball Energy wells
Biology [174] Neo-Darwinistic Lamarckian
Virology Bacteriology Genetics Cancer Combat re-integrate
Medicine [175] ordinary med. treatment (supress symptoms) holistic approach (source oriented)
Economy [176] Competition Cooperation
Productivity177 GDP (monetary values) Common goods
Sociology [178] Individual Collective
Sport [179,180] Olympics relational dance
Leadership [181] Superheroes Collective efforts
Politics [182] Nation building «UN 2.0»
Military[183] Primacy of state power In service of humanity
Religion [184] Monotheism «Buddha»
ттщт
[185]
i
Decoherence
i
Coherence Л^Лф = %
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