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УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ «СИНТАКСИС АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА» ПРИ ИЗУЧЕНИИ ГРАММАТИКИ В ВЫСШЕЙ ШКОЛЕ
А.А. Егурнова, О.В. Чибисова
Кафедра лингвистики и мужкультурной коммуникации Комсомольский-на-Амуре государственный технический университет ул. Ленина, 27, Комсомольск-на-Амуре, Россия, 681013
В статье представлен проект учебного пособия по изучению раздела «Синтаксис» дисциплины «Практическая грамматика», предназначенного для студентов-лингвистов. Представленные упражнения разнообразны и расположены по мере возрастания трудностей. Материал подобран из аутентичных аудиокурсов VOA и BBC.
Ключевые слова: синтаксис английского языка, сложноподчиненные предложения, «Голос Америки», «Би-Би-Си».
Предлагаемое учебное пособие предназначено для студентов I—II курсов, обучающихся по основной образовательной программе подготовки бакалавров по направлению 035700 «Лингвистика» и подготовки специалистов по направлению 031200 «Лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация» всех форм обучения.
Учебное пособие содержит упражнения по синтаксису английского языка и состоит из семи разделов (Compound Sentence, Complex Sentence, Subject clause, Predicative Clause, Object Clause, Attributive Clause, Adverbial Clause), каждый из которых включает в себя лексико-грамматические упражнения на тренировку рассматриваемого грамматического явления в различных ситуациях иноязычного общения. Материал для упражнений подобран из аутентичных книг VOA и BBC Programme Highlights и взят с одноименных сайтов.
Представленные упражнения охватывают широкий спектр форматов (сопоставление, заполнение пропусков, исправление ошибок, множественный выбор, трансформация, составление предложений, перевод, творческие упражнения), что позволяет рассматривать их как комплекс, достаточный для проведения обобщающих аудиторных занятий и (или) самостоятельной работы студентов по указанной теме.
При существующем в настоящее время разнообразии учебных программ и учебных пособий не представляется целесообразным согласовывать лексический и грамматический материал с какими-либо конкретными разговорными темами и учебниками по практике речи. В то же время в каждом разделе упражнения расположены по мере возрастания трудностей, что дает возможность подбирать упражнения в соответствии с языковым уровнем обучающихся. Переход от навыков к умениям обеспечивается упражнениями, в которых активизируемое грамматическое явление нужно употребить без языковой подсказки в соответствии с речевыми обстоятельствами.
Приведем сокращенные примеры нескольких видов упражнений из пособия.
I. Упражнения репродуктивного характера
Exercise 1. In the following sentences find the subjects and explain what they are. 1. Being the first woman president of Harvard did matter to a lot of people. 2. Her mother, who never worked outside of the home, was not one to encourage Faust to higher ambitions. 3. It was anticipated that probably I would marry and be a wife and mother. 4. That Faust's mother didn't live to witness her daughter's success is a pity. 5. That the cost of an education at the elite private university does not prohibit talented applicants from attending makes sense.
Exercise 2. Find and correct the mistakes in the following abridged dialog. If a sentence is correct, put a tick (l). If it has a word that should not be there, write this word on the line.
Bamboo Clothing V
THE HOST: Now, bamboo until recently was something you made furniture 0
out of it or watched a panda bear chewing into for a snack. But now this is 0 it
solid substance is being re-cast as a fabric for the future. Silky feeling, softer 1
than cotton, bamboo cloth is even being recognized for its antibacterial quali- 2
ties. Rich Delano is founder of Bamboo Textiles. He says why he was the first 3 .
to create the cloth and expanded himself to the BBC's Natalie Resrahee how 4 .
he has came up with the idea. 5 .
Exercise 3. Peruse the given statements and select the word from the box below that best completes the sentence.
whether that what how when where what who why how if who who whichever that
1. Gallagher says ... police and National Guard troops are sometimes deployed to convince elderly people to leave their homes and come to a shelter until conditions improve. 2. Some political experts say ... candidate wins two of those three states will win the election. 3. Researchers also believe that state and local air-quality regulations will have to be adjusted to take into consideration ... traffic patterns affect pollution. 4. It's a great pleasure to push towards the unknown and see ... you can go beyond the borders of what we know now. 5. He says, "If you ask the average American ... is hungry, they are thinking it is a homeless person."
Exercise 4. Match the parts of the given complex sentences and translate them.
1 That's a disease that a has culminated today with the signing of the protocol on Moscow's accession to the World Trade Organization.
2 72 percent of Africans live in slums, most of which b is trying to balance school life with work life and with her parents.
3 There are moments when c lack basic services and infrastructure.
4 We have been in the process of difficult and elective work, five years of intense effort, which d it's made me want to cry, because they don't speak the language, and yet they know every word to the songs.
5 We have a student who e causes kidney failure.
Егурнова А.А., Чибисова О.В. Учебное пособие «Синтаксис английского языка»... II. Упражнения продуктивного характера
Exercise 5. Make complex sentences with attributive clauses from the sentences below.
Examples: Greg's sister is a police officer. She is fond of comedies.-► Greg's
sister, who is a police officer, is fond of comedies.
1. ... we are a little naïve about the vast amount of information gathered about us today.
2. Can you give us any examples of future technology used to gather information about people? 3. ... the information held within the phone can identify you, it can identify the types of things you're interested in or maybe the type of coffee you like in the morning when you go to the café bar on your way to work. 4. One of the things I would like to talk about is the graffiti scene emerging and been emerging in Barcelona.
Exercise 6. Complete the second sentence using the word(s) in bold. Use two to five words including the word(s) given. Do not change the word(s) given. The first sentence has been done for you.
0 More than two hundred million children worldwide are forced to work, mostly on farms.
Estimates Estimates are that more than two hundred million children worldwide are forced to work, mostly on farms.
1 Brian Johnson is a police officer. The victim was abducted by her babysitter. believes Police.....................................the victim was abducted by her babysitter.
2 We are a little naïve about the vast amount of information gathered about us today. is being We are a little naïve about the vast amount of information
.....................................gathered about us.
3 Over time, the church grew, especially after nineteen eighty. The new minister was a clergyman named Lon Solomon.
when Over time, the church grew, especially after nineteen eighty.
..................................... a clergyman named Lon Solomon became the new minister.
Exercise 7. Finish the following main clauses so that you can give proper and full answers to the following questions.
1. You wouldn't have so many accidents ... (Under what conditions?). 2. It was a mistake to go out without an umbrella... (Why?). 3. Some teens are using words that used to be found only in text-messages, such as, LOL, BRB, ... (When?). 4. Her new dress fitted her ... (In what way?). 5. It was such an interesting match ... (What is the result of the action?).
Exercise 8. Give proper and full answers to the following questions. Name the types of subordinate clauses used in your response.
1. Do you know who the first to shoot a movie was? 2. Whose prophecy was not believed in until Atlantis had sunk? 3. Can you forgive those near and dear to you for whatever they say in a bad temper? 4. What do you call a process when the force of attraction moves bodies towards the center of a celestial body? 5. Can we be absolutely sure that police of-
ficers are always able to make out who the real offenders are? 6. Is whoever loves money never satisfied with income?
III. Творческие упражнения
Exercise 9. Compose your own complex sentences from the words below. Ask your classmates to translate them.
Model: It is apparent that the asteroid belt took shape early in the formation
of the solar system, about four and one-half billion years ago. is/was apparent, clear, critical, disconcerting, disgusting, distressing, due (to),
evident, essential, important, indisputable, inevitable, obvious, remarkable, significant, striking, suggestive, true, undeniable, vital, worrying Model: The thing is I don't remember how I left her place.
noun + be a fact, an aspect, a reason, a miracle, a result, a news, a problem, a thing, (+ connective/ a principle, a policy, an issue, a matter, a point, a challenge, an outcome, conjunction) a sign, a case, a concern, a worry
Exercise 10. Compose your own complex sentences with attributive clauses from the words below. Ask your group to translate them.
Model: It is not what he says that annoys me but the way in which he says it.
Antecedent Link
1 man who
2 scientist whose
3 house such ...as
4 letter where
5 life when
Exercise 11. Find two or three expressions that relate to some particular nation and provide a proper explanation, using a subordinate clause (the predicative clause, for example), and translation for them. You may support your mini report with some historical background information.
Model: Many of the Dutch expressions heard in American English were first used in England in the seventeenth century. That was a time of fierce naval competition between England and the Netherlands. At that time, the British used Dutch as a word for something bad or false or mistaken. Some of these expressions exist nowadays.
For example, Dutch courage is when courage is produced by the effects of drinking alcohol, but it is a false feeling. It corresponds to the Russian "храбрость во хмелю, пьяная удаль; ~ море по колено".
Dutch leave was what a soldier took when he left his base without permission. It is a synonym of the word "desertion" and is translated as "дезертирство; оставление поста."
Dutch lunch/supper is, when in a company/group of people (or on a date) eating together, each person pays for his/her meal. We can render it as "угощение, при котором каждый платит за себя".
IV. Упражнения для самостоятельной работы
Exercise 12. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Он выглядел бодрым, несмотря на то, что провел бессонную ночь. 2. Она говорит о Париже так, как будто была там лично. 3. У них была такая свирепая собака, что никто не осмеливался пройти мимо их дома. 4. Он сказала нам сесть на заднее сидение машины, чтобы мы могли поговорить. 5. После того как члены жюри выслушали свидетельские показания, они вынесли приговор. 6. Она была в шубе, хотя день был очень теплый.
Exercise 13. Write an essay of at least 200 words, which explains the meaning of one of the following quotations or proverbs. Find a proper place for at least 5 complex sentences.
1 "If you love life, don't waste time, for time is what life is made up of."
— Bruce Lee
2 A man is known by the company he keeps.
— Proverb
3 "It is a ridiculous thought but it is only when you see people looking ridiculous that you realize how much you love them."
— Agatha Christie
4 That which one least anticipates soonest comes to pass.
— Proverb
5 "In fact, it makes me mad when someone kills snakes or dogs or cats or horses. I don't even like to eat meat — that is how much I am against killing."
— Charles Manson
Пособие предполагает устную работу под руководством преподавателя, который дает необходимые пояснения в аудитории, и последующую письменную работу студентов дома с анализом допущенных ошибок. Кроме того, оно способствует формированию учебных умений и навыков, большей самостоятельности студентов, следовательно, может быть использовано и при самостоятельной работе. Наличие ключей в конце учебного пособия предоставляет обучающимся возможность критически оценить свои знания и наметить пути ликвидации пробелов в них. Это позволяет студентам скорректировать собственный план работы по изучению раздела «Синтаксис» дисциплины «Практическая грамматика», что способствует обеспечению ритмичности учебной деятельности.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
[1] VOA. Voice of America [Электронный ресурс] / URL: http:// www.voanews.com/ (дата обращения: 15.08.2013) [VOA. Voice of America [Elektronnyj resurs] / URL: http://www.voanews.com/ (data obrashheniya: 15.08.2013)].
[2] BBC News [Электронный ресурс] / URL: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ (дата обращения: 15.08.2013) [BBC News [Elektronnyj resurs] / URL: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ (data obrashheniya: 15.08.2013)].
TEXTBOOK «INSIGHT INTO ENGLISH SYNTAX» IN TEACHING GRAMMAR AT HIGHER SCHOOL
A.A. Egurnova, O.V. Chibisova
The Chair of Linguistics and Cross-Cultural Communication The Faculty of Arts Komsomolsk-na-Amure State Technical Universiy Lenin str., 27, Komsomolsk-na-Amure, Russia, 681013
The article is devoted to the project of a textbook on the unit "Syntax" taken in the course of "Practical Grammar," which is intended for the students of Linguistics. Presented exercises are various and are divided into reproductive to creative ones. The material is taken from the authentic audio-courses of VOA and BBC.
Key words: English syntax, complex sentences, VOA, BBC.
