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АРХИТЕКТУРА
TYPOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF PUBLIC SPACES OF CITIES Sergazy D.K.1, Samoilov K.I.2 Email: Sergazy17148@scientifictext.ru
'Sergazy Daniyar Erlanyly — Bachelor of Arts, Undergraduate, SPECIALTY: ARCHITECTURE;
2Samoilov Konstantin Ivanovich — Doctor of Architecture, Professor, ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT, KAZAKH NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER K.I. SATPAYEV, ALMATY, REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract: studies of the modern city show how the cultural environment of modern cities is being transformed: all types of public spaces are changing, classic spaces are disappearing or changing, transitional types of spaces are appearing and functioning, and new types of citizens' activities are appearing. This in turn creates the need to describe all types of public spaces, since it is their appearance, content and cultural functionality that most accurately reflect the cultural life and functionality of the urban environment. Keywords: city, public space, environment, typology.
ТИПОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗНООБРАЗИЕ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ПРОСТРАНСТВ ГОРОДОВ Сергазы Д.Е.1, Самойлов К.И.2
'Сергазы Данияр Ерланулы - бакалавр искусства, магистрант, специальность: архитектура;
2Самойлов Константин Иванович - доктор архитектуры, профессор, кафедра архитектуры, Казахский национальный исследовательский технический университет им. К.И. Сатпаева, г. ААлматы, Республика Казахстан
Аннотация: исследования современного города показывают, как трансформируется культурная среда современных городов: все типы общественных пространств меняются, классические пространства исчезают или изменяются, появляются и функционируют переходные типы пространств, появляются новые виды деятельности граждан. Это, в свою очередь, создает необходимость описания всех типов общественных пространств, поскольку именно их внешний вид, содержание и культурная функциональность наиболее точно отражают культурную жизнь и функциональность городской среды. Ключевые слова: город, общественное пространство, среда, типология.
UDC 72.05
The ratio of public spaces to types can become a multi-layered process, as they are ultimately relative. Before classifying the public spaces of modern urban culture, we pay attention to the characteristics of classical and modern forms of public urban spaces [1]. Interest in the problem of researching public spaces was formed at the end of the last century. One of the first works entirely devoted to public spaces (their forms, characteristics and features) is considered to be "Vita activa or about an active life" by H. Arendt. Foreign studies of the public sphere and public spaces are also presented in the works of J. Habermas, which addresses the problematization of the emergence and disappearance of public spaces from a political point of view. An analysis of public spaces in Europe in historical development was carried out by R. Sennet in his work "The Fall of a Public Person". Summarizing the views of these researchers, we can distinguish the following signs of classical public spaces: accessibility, comfort, understandable functionality, activity, equality of participants, free access to space, security, space should occupy a specific urban area and give the opportunity to meet strangers [2].
Based on the research, it can be assumed that in the modern city there are the following types of public spaces: classic public spaces; transitional public spaces; non-classical public spaces. Classical public spaces still not only continue to exist in cities, but also re-emerge. Squares, squares, embankments, beaches, parks, city streets, cafes are still popular among citizens, although they no
longer occupy a dominant place in the hierarchy of places for spending leisure time. Hybrid public-private spaces are a unique phenomenon, the occurrence of which became possible only at the present stage of urban development. The concept of "third place" R. Oldenburg, provides a detailed classification of urban areas that are transitional from classical public spaces to new forms of publicity. Third place is a generic term for a wide variety of public places in which regular, informal, voluntary, joyfully expected meetings of individuals outside the framework of home and work take place [3].
And finally, non-classical public spaces. Such spaces include ever new forms of social interaction in modern cities (mainly of a cultural orientation): art clusters, lofts, modern multifunctional city centers and art residences. In modern cities, a new form of space organization, called creative real estate, is emerging and successfully functioning. Industrial real estate is increasingly being transformed into non-standard offices and centers, which are rented by representatives of creative professions. Researchers consider this phenomenon one of the ways to revitalize declining industrial zones [4]. The most common forms of organizing such spaces are "art clusters." The Art Cluster is a cultural community and business association located in the territory of the former industrial zone, which, as a rule, combines an exhibition space, a show room, a theater or cinema venue, seminar rooms, food courts and other similar elements. Existing practices for creating creative clusters are based on the idea of systematicity: each of its parts should work on a common concept and not be out of the general style. The core of the cluster often becomes authentic cultural and historical monuments, around which the infrastructure and service communicative space are formed. The advantage of a cluster lies in the summarized effect of the interaction of all its elements, which, when combined, give a result that exceeds the effect of each of them individually [5]. The reorganization of urban space and urban development is one of the most important mechanisms through which new cultural forms and spaces are approved. The phenomena occurring in the transformation of modern cities have two main characteristics: - the appearance of buildings takes on a dominant role: emphasis is placed on the general image of the facade, on color and decorativeness. - There is an increasing demand for spaces that can be flexible. Postmodern infrastructure strives for multifunctionality. Its main elements are interdisciplinary communication platforms, simultaneously acting as cultural markets: creative clusters and centers in newly constructed or reconstructed buildings, especially for industrial purposes.
Below you can see a table with the types of public spaces of two different (European and Asian-Pacific countries) traditions, where each has its own specific features [6].
Also, according to the formed urban development needs, public spaces can be divided into three types:
1. Specially constructed, designed for a specific functional task. This type of space includes beaches, sports stadiums, technological platforms (from ponds to parking lots), and areas for expositions. The most important component of such spaces is the ability to implement the planned function.
2. Spaces adjacent to volumetric structures. Examples of such public spaces are open areas of administrative buildings, courtyards of residential buildings, the territory of complexes and various structures. These spaces can have both a distribution and recreational function, and independent.
3. Multipurpose space-spatial formations, one of the reasons for their occurrence is similar urban development factors: the need for a public core, the need for a formed communication network of various city institutions and shops, formed monumental development, with a close relationship between the function of the site and its organizing volumes. This category includes: streets, boulevards, squares and squares [8].
All types of urban public spaces, regardless of their artistic qualities and compositional principles, can be divided into three categories (local, district, city significance) with a characteristic level of complexity for each of the volumetric and planning organizations, directly for their urban importance. Also, urban public spaces can be divided depending on their function (consumer activities), dimensions and geometric proportions (linear, local, systems of dissected spaces).
The subsystems of which the environment of urban public spaces is composed: architectural space, ecosystem, which determines the conditions for the ecological balance of the interaction of natural and anthropogenic environmental components; a compositional structure that captures the emotional and aesthetic relationships between different planning components (dominants, conditional fences, major and minor axes); decorative-plastic subsystem, fixing the appearance of urban public space [9].
References / Список литературы
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2. Antonova A.A. Klassifikaciya publichnyh prostranstv v sovremennoj gorodskoj kul'ture // Urbanistika, 2017. № 3. S. 74-80.
3. Antyufeeva O.A., Ptichnikova G.A. Arhitekturno-prostranstvennaya evolyuciya obshchestvennyh prostranstv postsovetskogo goroda // Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Arhitekturno-Stroitelnogo Universiteta. Seriya: Stroitelstvo i Arhitektura, 2017. T. 47. № 66.
4. Butorina S.S. Koncepciya organizacii publichnyh art-prostranstv, 2017. S. 25. [Electronic Resource]. URL: http://sts. osu. ru vk. com/step_to_science/ (date of access: 10.02.2020).
5. Burenina I.V., Ovchinnikova A.A. Problemy formirovaniya klasterov // Al'manah sovremennoj nauki i obrazovaniya, 2010. № 12 (43). S. 173-177.
6. Afanas'ev K.S. Rol' kachestva gorodskoj sredy v formirovanii blagopriyatnogo investicionnogo klimata territorii // Vestnik Leningradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. A.S. Pushkina,
2013. T. 6. № 2.
7. Batalina T.S. Analiz osobennostej formirovaniya obshchestvennogo prostranstva // Biznes i dizajn revyu, 2017. T. 1. № 1(5). S. 11.
8. Moshkova M.Yu. Tendencii formirovaniya dosugovoj sredy obshchestvennyh gorodskih prostranstv // Alleya nauki, 2019. T. 5. № 1. S. 228-232.
9. Potapov A.E. Istoricheskaya periodizaciya razvitiya obshchestvennyh prostranstv mnogocelevogo ispol'zovaniya // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta,
2014. № 1 (42).
