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Kamalova D.Z., PhD (arch) associate professor Azimova D.A. graduate student department of Theory and History of Architecture Samarkand State Institute of Architecture and Civil Engineering
TYPOLOGICAL BASES AND FEATURES OF HEALTH CENTERS
Annotation: This article focuses on the study of the history and characteristics of the formation of the typological basis of health centers in Eastern and Western countries.
Key words: ancient hospital architecture, hospital, yatreyya, asclepion, portico, propylon.
The priority of the state policy in our country is the creation of quality health care complexes that will protect and improve the health of the population, the creation of conditions for the upbringing of a healthy generation. It is expedient to study the formation of health complexes, their location in cities, their place and role among the people, the history of their construction, the design of the project and the study of its ecological basis on the example of the Samarkand City Health Center. The history of medical facilities is an integral part of the history of mankind as a whole.
The medical facilities of each period shape and determine the place of the population in the social life. When we study the history of medical facilities, we can see that it was first formed from the period of primitive society before our era. By the Bronze Age (3-1 thousand years), great changes in the life of primitive society began slowly, new tools of labor and hunting weapons were perfected, and human exchanges took place. It is for these reasons that the era of slavery came into being, as a result of which nations turned to shamans for healing and temples came into being. If we take ancient Egypt from the medicine of the ancient Sharks (Babylon, Assyria, Egypt, India, Khorezm and China), the methods of healing were practiced in temples 4000 BC. Cochineal physicians in Egypt had a great reputation at that time. An example of this is the Mansuri Kabir Hospital, known as the Qolov Hospital, built by Sultan Mansur Sayfuddin Qolov.
The peoples of the East have been using various medical institutions and hospitals since ancient times. In the countries of the Middle East, the service of folk medicine was first organized during the formation of Zoroastrianism (VI century BC) under the auspices of this religion. In the framework of the fires in the cities, first there was a pharmacy, and then services for the treatment of patients [1].
Zoroastrianism differs from other religions by its closeness to life. According to the book Avesto, people can create the best living conditions for
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themselves in the real world with their cocktails and live a healthy, long life. In Zoroastrianism, the four elements are pure earth, water, fire, and air. Thus we can know that strict adherence to medical hygiene was observed. It is known, that the first Oriental medicine developed here. Speaking of Oriental medicine, it is impossible not to mention the hospitals of the Islamic era. Historians say that the first hospitals in Islamic society were mobile hospitals that appeared in the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). These hospitals, were relocated along with the Muslim army. This tradition has been preserved throughout the history of Islamic civilization. In Damascus, the first hospital was built in 706 by the Umayyad caliph Al-Walid. It was also possible to treat patients with various diseases (including the blind and even lepers) in this hospital. Hospitals were originally known as "hospitals".
During the Islamic period, great figures and great physicians contributed to the construction of public hospitals in Baghdad during the reigns of Harun al-Rashid, Azuddawla ibn Buwayq, and Nuriddin Shahid in Damascus.
The first hospital in Cairo was established in 872 in Fustat, during the reign of the city governor ibn Tulun. In Morocco, the Emir of the Faithful, Mansour Abu Yusuf, built one of the most famous hospitals. Inside the hospital were planted various fruit and ornamental trees, flowers and shrubs, various vegetables. Water circulated through all the rooms of the hospital. He decorated his courtyard with a pool of four marbles. In Morocco, every poor and needy person was easily treated there, and his provision was entirely at the expense of the hospital.
When we talk about the development of medicine in the ancient western countries, one comes to mind one of the most involuntary countries is Greek medicine. Legends and cultural riches about ancient Greek medicine (frescoes, mosaics, amphorae, sculptures) can tell us how advanced medicine was. In ancient Greece and ancient Rome, the first institutions, such as hospitals, appeared in cities. The healing places of Greece were called "yatreyya" and "asclepion" [2].
In addition to treating patients at the facility, Asclepion taught the secrets of science and medicine from medicine. Usually the asclepionas are located next to the temple dedicated to Asclepius, the god of medicine. The Asclepion Treatment Center in Pergamum, located in the northwestern part of Asia Minor, is well known. The lower part of the ancient Pergamum is located in the south-western part of the city limits of the sacred path leading to Asclepion. Doctors at the old medical center would confirm that the patient's physical and mental condition was inevitable. Therefore, in addition to treatment, patients could pray, visit the theater, and read and relax in the olive grove. According to Asclepion's planning principles, portico- (Latin. Porticus - awning, gallery, ie galleries, ie columns on both sides of the entrance corridor) galleries were created: strong propylon-(Greek. Propylaion - gate, entrance to the city, the central gate to large architectural ensembles, a lush corridor), a library, a theater, the Church of Asclepius, a council hall, a hospital. In the center of the complex are three pools for therapeutic resources: springs used for bathing and drinking. It is a place of rest for patients and opportunities for individual stay in the area.
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In his book The Hippocratic Collection, written by the Greek physician Hippocrates in the 5th and 4th centuries BC, he wrote: "The development of medicine in Greece in two directions; , in the development of applied medicine, wealthy physicians first established small and later larger hospitals to treat patients in their own homes, and they were called "yatreyya". there is also a medical school in the country. Medical-called teachers' yatrolipt data will be written" [3].
Over time, physicians merged, and some cities and countries established medical schools on the islands. Of these we know the schools of Croton, Knidos, Kos. These schools took a deeper approach to medical practice, that is, they created new medicines by adding lime, white soil, and onion. It is clear from this that medical students at that time understood how effective the natural minerals and medicinal plants of the motherland were for medicine.
As we study the history of hospitals, we learn that each period has its own unique treatment facilities. It is also possible to find out that the treatment facilities of other periods not mentioned above occupied a high place in the life of the society as it is written in ancient manuscripts and books. The surroundings and courtyards of the hospitals of that time are involuntarily intriguing. The green lawns, trees, shrubs and flowers planted there, as well as the view of the healing pools and fountains, attract the community.
This master's dissertation is "Study of the ecological basis of health complexes in the conditions of Uzbekistan and the development of project proposals", based on which the study of the typological basis and landscape architecture of the health center located in 59 Forestry Fortress, Samarkand region. Based on the results of research, the Samarkand City Health Center was designed in 1979 by Professor AS Uralov, Doctor of Architectural Sciences of the Samarkand State Institute of Architecture and Construction. At that time, the health center, headed by Colonel Obloqul Temirovich, was a rest area for police officers under the Department of Internal Affairs.
The area of the recreation area is 117790.27 sq.m. which was. Based on the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated December 31, 1994 No. 636 "On general registration of lands" dated March 31, 1997 No. 60-K, the new head of the recreation area was Colonel Samibaev K.M. renamed "Zarafshan Sanatorium" and the area of the treatment center is 5741.98 sq.m. shortened to and bounded by special walls. The area around the sanatorium consists of hills, where various medicinal plants grow, such as dogrose, deer grass, sagebrush, wild mountain mint, ehorn.
Herbal tinctures from these plants are prepared and given to patients against high blood pressure, gastrointestinal tract disease, heart disease and bronchitis. Medicinal spruce leaves and for human health mother and stepmother tree leaves were used as healing baths.
The landscape architecture of the treatment facility is divided into two zones: the main building and the treatment building. Each zone is designed in a contrasting style. The first zone was a regular style, in which this style was used at the front of the institution. It includes a main entrance door, a guardhouse, a lobby
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and a 4-storey building of the institution. The second zone is designed in a free style. This zone consists of a two-storey building. There is a sauna room on the first floor and deluxe rooms on the second floor.
The building is surrounded by a library for spiritual recreation, a lemonade greenhouse (greenhouse), as well as a cinema and entertainment area for cultural recreation. In addition, the quiet area on the north side of the building consists of the Obi-Rahmat whitewash and a fountain. The treatment area is mainly planted with spruce, elm, white poplar and various fruit trees. Among the bushes are planted siren bushes, Japanese quince, shotut bush, lily of the valley, roses of different colors, chamomile and similar flowers.
In 2015, Lieutenant Colonel Norpulatov Rahim was appointed head of the Zarafshan Sanatorium, and the treatment center was renamed the Rehabilitation Center by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Currently, the health center has 116 employees. The rehabilitation center treats 3,600 patients each year.
Over the years, the landscape architecture of the sanatorium has come into a much sadder state. Therefore, it is necessary to re-create it in a modern style, to restore the national direction, as well as to develop a project to solve the ecological foundations.
In the future, we can witness the creation of opportunities for the development of landscape architecture of health resorts throughout the country.
Sources used:
1. Kadyrova T.F. "Typology of Central Asian monuments" Tashkent 2017.
2. Yaremenko I.O. Institutions of the sanatorium type. Overview information. Ser. Public buildings. -1982, issue 6.
3. Rustamova X.E., Stojarova N.K. "History of Medicine" Tashkent-2014.
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