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65ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
TYPES OF EMOTIONS AND EMOTIONAL PROCESSES Abduvakhabova D.N.
Abduvakhabova Dilnoza Nurmakhamatovna - Senior Lecturer, FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT, TASHKENT UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES NAMED AFTER MUHAMMAD AL-KHWARIZMI, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: this article is devoted to the classification and types of emotions and how emotional processes play a different role in regulating the activity and communication of a person with people around him. Moreover, this article represents emotional processes that play different roles in regulating the activity and communication of a person with people around him. Keywords: emotion, emotional process, affects, stress, feeling, mood, passion, fear.
Emotion is a special class of subjective psychological states, reflected by direct experience, a sense of acceptance and unacceptability, a person's relationship to the world and people, the process and the results of his practical activities. Classifications and types of emotions include: feelings, moods, affects, passions and stresses. These are the so-called "pure emotions", they are included in the mental processes and human states [1, p. 436].
EMOTIONS are a partial attitude of the subject to the environment and to what happens to it. The mechanism of the emergence of emotions is closely related to the needs of human motives. Therefore, we can state the double conditioning of emotions, on the one hand, our needs, on the other hand, the peculiarities of situations. Emotions signal the subject about the possibility or impossibility of meeting his needs in these conditions.
AFFECTS is the most pronounced emotional reaction. A strong, turbulent and relatively short-term condition that can completely capture the human psyche. This condition is associated with uncontrollability, reducing the possible conscious control of a person for their actions. Affect develops in unexpected, dangerous situations, in which the subject is unable to find an adequate way out. Affect can accompany positive emotions: ecstasy, enthusiasm, unrestrained fun and negative - rage, horror, despair, fear, anger. After the affect, there may be a breakdown and repentance.
STRESS - occurs in an extreme situation and requires the mobilization of all body resources and neuropsychic forces. Weak effects can not cause stress, because it occurs when the effect of the stressor exceeds the adaptive capabilities of the body. A small level of stress is even useful, because it is necessary for physical and mental activity. Stress occurs as a result of prolonged psychological stress, which causes emotional overload.
G. Selye - the founder of the study of stress, identified three stages of stress:
1. "anxiety reaction" in which the defenses of the body are mobilized;
2. the stage of resistance - full adaptation to stress;
3. Stage of exhaustion, which occurs if the stressor is strong and affects a person for a long time [3, p. 156].
It should be noted that severe stressors are: natural disasters, transport disasters, military actions, accidents, violent events, death, fire and others. Not always a person reacts only to a real danger, sometimes a threat or a reminder of it. Hence the conclusion that man is the initiator and he accumulates stress.
PASSION - is another kind of complex emotion that occurs only in humans. This is a deep, strong, dominant emotional experience. Passion can capture a person completely, it can be detrimental, and can be great. SL Rubinstein wrote: "Passion is always expressed in the concentration, concentration of thoughts and forces, their focus on a single goal ... Passion means a rush, enthusiasm, orientation of all aspirations and forces of the individual in a single direction, focusing them on one goal."
Actually EMOTIONS - in comparison with affects a longer and less intense condition. In contrast to affect, they do not appear at the end of the action, but shift towards the beginning, as if anticipating the result. This reaction has an evaluative character for the accomplished, possible and remembered events, actions, situations.
FEELINGS - in comparison with emotions, more stable mental states that are objective in nature and express an attitude towards objects, imaginary or real. A person is not able to experience a feeling without a relative, but only to someone or something. For example, a person is not able to experience a feeling of love, if he does not have an object of attachment. [2, p. 68]. Feelings fulfill a motivating role
in the life and activity of man. In relation to the world around you, people are guided by positive emotions and experiences to strengthen or reinforce their positive feelings. Depending on the direction of the feelings are divided into: moral, this is a person's relationship to other people; on aesthetic feelings when perceiving art, the phenomena of nature; intellectual feelings associated with cognitive activity; moral or aesthetic feelings express the attitude of a person to himself, his motherland, family, other people; and practical ones that are related to human activities.
MOOD - a stable, relatively mild emotional state. It gives an emotional color to all human behavior. The mood depends on the relationship between people, on the perception of the events of their lives. It can be either positive or negative.
All these kinds of emotional processes play a different role in regulating the activity and communication of a person with people around him. In addition, each of the described types of emotions has subspecies, which are estimated according to the following parameters: origin, duration, intensity, impact on the body, depth, awareness, dynamics of development, mode of expression, and others. In the history of psychological research, there was the idea of combining emotional states, into a more compact system. Wundt believed that "the whole system of feelings can be defined as the variety of three dimensions in which each dimension has two opposite directions that exclude each other."[4, p. 443].
Various emotions that arise in a person serve for him as an internal signal that guides and directs subsequent thoughts and actions. In this case, the subject is not always aware of the true causes and nevertheless remains confident in their grounds.
In the structure of emotional phenomena, we can distinguish three components: the subject, emotional experience and need.
The subject of the emergence of emotional experience is any phenomenon, event. An example of this can be: the actions of other people, natural phenomena, their own thoughts and so on. The subject defines the emotional experience and is not always realized.
Emotional experience is a subjective reaction that occurs when a person collides with an emotional situation. Examples are: joy, experience, fear, surprise, delight, and others. Emotional experience arises involuntarily and is not always realized by the subject. It is able to change consciousness and inner perception of the world, for example, perception, attitude, attention, thinking, imagination, memory. It affects the physiological processes of the whole organism, for example, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive.
The need or motive serves as an internal criterion for the emotional determination of the significance of something. The importance of different situations is always related to the urgency of the needs. Therefore, in their absence, emotions are impossible. For example, if a person is frozen, he has a lot of emotional emotions associated with this created by the corresponding situation. Once a person is warmed, the corresponding situation ceases to be meaningful. From this example, one can conclude that emotional experiences can be considered as subjective reactions to vital situations that are meaningful to meet the needs and motivations of a person.
The variety of emotional experiences in a person led to the need to differentiate them. Thus, for example, the German philosopher I. Kant distinguished two types of emotional states in terms of the degree of activity: sthenic emotions - experiences that increase the activity of the individual, and asthenic - experiences that reduce the activity of the individual. Spinoza also said that emotions "... increase or decrease the ability of the body itself to act, favor it or limit it." Indeed, in an upbeat mood, the matter is arguing faster, the energy overflowing us helps to cope with a large amount of work and with much everything turns out, "work is boiling and the matter is arguing". In a bad mood on the contrary, you do not want to do anything, apathy arises, you lose confidence in your abilities, "everything falls from your hands".
Nevertheless, often there is a combination of these two types, so you can not divide them into positive and negative by the influence they have on the body, increase or decrease its vital activity. The emotional state under different conditions can be sthenic and asthenic.
So fear usually contributes to the mobilization of all the resources of the body, after a time comes a breakdown. Dissatisfaction with perfect actions, feeling guilty first cause a decrease in activity, and then can stimulate the growth of activity, through the desire to improve the situation.
Emotions serve to reflect the subjective attitude of a person to himself and the world around him.
In conclusion, emotions are important psychological tools for ensuring the social life of a person. They arise in man, as a necessary part of his psychic life. Emotions have an impact on the physiological functions of man, because they form together with him a single psychophysical system. In this regard, emotions are accompanied, to varying degrees, by changes in the functions of the body. In addition, the possibilities for the emotional regulation of physiological functions
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are manifold. Being complex internal mental processes, emotions are well developed in the outside, in facial expressions, gestures, movements, actions and other things. All this makes it possible to understand the emotional state of other people, establish contact with them and communicate more effectively with them.
References
1. Nemov R.S. General principles of psychology, 1998. 688 p.
2. Stolyarenko L.D. Fundamentals of Psychology, 1997. 136 p.
3. Makarova I. V. Psychology, 2004. 233 p.
4. Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology, 2000. 480 p.
ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОЕ СРАВНЕНИЕ В СОЗДАНИИ ЖЕНСКОГО
ОБРАЗА Нагаева С.Р.
Нагаева Светлана Раисовна — магистрант, кафедра английского языка, Институт филологического образования и межкультурных коммуникаций, Башкирский государственный университет им. М. Акмуллы, г. Уфа
Аннотация: в статье анализируются семантические особенности художественного сравнения: выявляются наиболее частотные тематические группировки сравнений, способствующие созданию женского образа в англоязычной литературе.
Ключевые слова: женский образ, художественное сравнение, объект сравнения, тематическая группа.
Изучение творческого наследия выдающихся авторов всегда привлекало внимание широкого круга исследователей, лингвистов и литературоведов. Особый интерес представляет изучение средств и приемов, используемых авторами художественной литературы для создания образности своих произведений и эстетического воздействия на читателя. Все это достигается благодаря тому, что к чисто логическому содержанию произведений добавляются различные экспрессивно-эмоциональные оттенки.
Усиление выразительности речи может достигаться с помощью различных средств, в первую очередь к ним относятся тропы, так называемые лексические средства создания образности, которые по определению В.П. Москвина, представляют собой «семантически двуплановые наименования, используемые в качестве декоративных средств в художественной речи» [2, с. 77].
Одним из наиболее распространенных тропов является образное сравнение. Оно придает речи особую выразительность. Особый интерес представляет анализ образных сравнений в произведениях художественной литературы, способов, с помощью которых они раскрывают взгляд автора на различные предметы, явления и героев, то есть выявление особой роли образного сравнения в отражении художественного замысла писателя. В нашем исследовании мы придерживаемся определения М.Д. Кузнец и Ю.М. Скребнева, которые определяют образное сравнение как «сопоставление двух предметов, имеющих какой-либо общий для них признак, в целях более яркой и наглядной характеристики одного из них» [1, с. 145].
Настоящая статья посвящена рассмотрению случаев употребления художественного сравнения при создании образа женщины. Материалом исследования послужили романы "The secret dreamworld of a Shopaholic" by Sophie Kinsella, "Eat, Pray, Love" by Elizabeth Gilbert, "The Devil wears Prada" by Lauren Weisberger, "The fault in our stars" by John Green, "The Princess Diaries" by Meg Cabot. Методом сплошной выборки нами были отобраны и проанализированы 122 случая употребления образных сравнений.
Сравнению могут подвергаться самые различные объекты. В качестве сравниваемых могут выступать единичные вещи и явления, их совокупности, общие понятия, представления и восприятия, а также один и тот же объект в различных пространственных положениях и временных состояниях. Все это позволяет автору употреблять образное сравнение в художественном тексте для яркой и многосторонней передачи женских образов. В связи с этим
