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Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity = Infektsiya i immunitet Инфекция и иммунитет
2022, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 765-770 2022, Т. 12, № 4, с. 765-770
TYPE OF CERCARIA IN FRESHWATER SNAILS AT TUNGGU PAMPANG RESERVOIR, MAKASSAR CITY, INDONESIA
A.R. Jabala, D. Mutiasaria, H. Akbarb, M. Arfahe, Marhanie, Rinie, N.A. Sobake, A.J. Pisue, A.I. Toemona, A. Ratnasaria
a Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Indonesia b Graha Medika Institute of Health Technology, Kotamobago, Indonesia c Megarezky University, Makassar, Indonesia
Abstract. The Tunggu Pampang Reservoir is one of the reservoirs located in the city of Makassar. The functions of the reservoir area was tourist attractions and fish farming locations so that the local community uses them for swimming, fishing, selling, and gardening. The existence of various types of freshwater snails in the reservoir has the potential to act as intermediate hosts for trematodes in animals and humans. This study aimed to analyze the type of cercariae in freshwater snails. This research is a descriptive survey to determine the distribution of trematode larvae. The stages of this research began with the snails were collected from Tunggu Pampang Reservoir, Makassar City. Freshwater snails were collected at several points in the reservoir. Freswater snail collection using hand collecting method. The snails were put into a plastic bag with different types of snails and site of collection. The collected samples and cercariae were examined in the Tropical Disease Laboratory of the Study Program of DIII Medical Laboratory Technology, Megarezky University, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Freshwater snails are placed on a petri dish and their shells were gently crushed with a stamper. Dropped with aquadest on the crushed snail shell. The next step was observed using a microscope to determine the presence of cercariae. Cercariae found then identified according to morphological classification as previously study. A total number of 500 freshwater snail were collected in Tunggu Pampang Reservoir. The results showed that overall snails infected with cercariae was 33,4%. The highest prevalence of cercariae in Indoplanorbis exustus was 94.3%. Total of Echinostoma cercariae found (n = 224) compared to furcocercous cercariae (n = 5). Cercariae of Echinostoma sp., Fasciola gigantica, Fasciolopsis buski living in Tungu Pampang Reservoir can cause diseases in humans and animals. Larval trematodes can be controlled in snails using reducing parasite contamination, monitoring surveillance, information dissemination, and preventive education.
Key words: cercariae, freshwater, snail, reservoir, Makassar, Indonesia.
ТИП ЦЕРКАРИЙ В ПРЕСНОВОДНЫХ УЛИТКАХ ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩА ТУНГУ ПАМПАНГ, ГОРОД МАКАССАР, ИНДОНЕЗИЯ
Джабал А.Р.1, Мутиасари Д.1, Акбар Х.2, Арфах М.3, Мархани3, Рини3, Собак Н.А.3, Пису А.Д.3, Тоэмон А.И.1, Ратнасари А.1
1 Университет Палангка Райя, Палангка Рая, Индонезия
2Институт технологий здравоохранения Граха Медика, Котамобаго, Индонезия 3Мегарезский университет, Макассар, Индонезия
Резюме. Водохранилище Тунггу Пампанг — одно из водохранилищ, расположенных в городе Макассар, являющегося туристической достопримечательностью и местом разведения рыбы, используемым местным
Адрес для переписки:
Ариф Рахман Джабал
73112, Индонезия, Палангка Райя, Jl Йос Сударсо, Университет Палангка Райя.
Тел.: +6282252301538. E-mail: arifrjabal@med.upr.ac.id
Для цитирования:
Джабал А.Р., Мутиасари Д., Акбар Х., Арфах М., Мархани, Рини, Собак Н.А., Пису А.Д., Тоэмон А.И., Ратнасари А. Тип церкарий в пресноводных улитках водохранилища Тунгу Пампанг, город Макассар, Индонезия // Инфекция и иммунитет. 2022. Т. 12, № 4. С. 765-770. Со1: 10.15789/2220-7619-ТС1-1700
© иэЬэ! Д.Я. е1 а1., 2022
Contacts:
Arif Rahman Jabal
73112, Indonesia, Palangka Raya, Jl. Yos Sudarso, Palangka Raya University.
Tel.: +6282252301538. E-mail: arifrjabal@med.upr.ac.id
Citation:
Jabal A.R., Mutiasari D., Akbar H., Arfah M., Marhani, Rini, Sobak N.A., Pisu A.J., Toemon A.I., Ratnasari A. Type of cercaria in freshwater snails at Tunggu Pampang reservoir, Makassar City, Indonesia // Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity = Infektsiya i immunitet, 2022, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 765-770. doi: 10.15789/2220-7619-TCI-1700
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-TCI-1700
населением для купания, рыбалки, продажи и садоводства. Существующие в водоеме различные виды пресноводных улиток может выступать в качестве промежуточных хозяев для трематод у животных и людей. Настоящее исследование было направлено на анализ типа церкарий у пресноводных улиток. Это исследование представляет собой описательный обзор для определения распределения личинок трематод. Исследование заключалось в сборе улиток в нескольких точках водохранилища Тунгу Пампанг, город Макассар. Сбор улиток пресной воды осуществлялся ручным методом. Улиток помещали в полиэтиленовый пакет с разными видами улиток из определенного места сбора. Собранные образцы и церкарии были исследованы в Лаборатории тропических болезней Программы исследований БШ Медицинской лаборатории технологий, Университет Мегарезки, Южный Сулавеси, Индонезия. Пресноводных улиток помещали в чашку Петри и осторожно измельчали их раковины с помощью ступки, капали вакуумный испаритель на раздавленную раковину улитки. Далее под микроскопом определяли наличие церкарий, которые были идентифицированы в соответствии с морфологической классификацией, как в предыдущем исследовании. Всего в водохранилище Тунгу Пампанг было собрано 500 пресноводных улиток. Результаты показали, что общее количество улиток, инфицированных церкариями, составило 33,4%. Самая высокая распространенность церкарий у улиток Indoplanorbis exustus составила 94,3%. Всего обнаружено 224 эхиностомных церкарий по сравнению с 5 фуркоцеркозны-ми церкариями. Церкарии Echinostoma яр., Fastiola gigantica, Fastiolopsis ЬшЫ, обитающих в водохранилище Тунгу Пампанг, способны вызывать заболевания человека и животных. С трематодами личинок у улиток можно бороться с помощью снижения заражения паразитами, мониторинга, распространения информации и профилактического просвещения.
Ключевые слова: Cercariae, пресная вода, улитка, водохранилище, Макассар, Индонезия.
Introduction
The Tunggu Pampang Reservoir is one of the reservoirs located in the city of Makassar. The reservoir is used as a water catchment area. The reservoir is located in Manggala Sub-district, Makassar City. Other functions of the reservoir area was tourist attractions and fish farming locations so that the local community uses them for swimming, fishing, selling, and gardening. According to Selmi et al. (2019) anthropogenic loads such as ammonia (0.4127), nitrite (0.0397), lead (0.002), cadmium (0.003). Measurement of water temperature of 25—27°C, pH 8.3, Dissolved Oxygen (Do) of 5.9 mg/L [20]. All parameters are classified as normal in the Tunggu Pampang Reservoir. Apart from fish, there are several species of snails found in the reservoir. Several species of snails as intermediate hosts of helminth in animals and humans [14].
This infection occurs through a water medium. Snail species that can be intermediate hosts, such as Brotia sp., Gyraulus sp., Bellamya sp., Melanoides sp., Indoplanorbis sp., Lymneae rubiginosa and Biomphalaria sp. [1, 7]. Helminth that can infect snails are one of the trematodes. This infection occurs through the intermediary of water. According to Malatji et al. (2019), lymnaedae species snail is an intermediate host for trematodes in humans and livestock, especially Fasciola sp. [15].
Trematode larvae residing in the snails are spo-rocysts, redia, and cercariae. Various types of cer-cariae that infect on snails. According to Ngern-Klun et al. (2006), type of cercariae is virgalate, lophocercous, monostome, and wer [18]. According to Chontananarth and Wongsawad (2013) type
is furcocercous cercaria, megalurous cercaria and gymnocephalous cercaria [7].
The water comes from several sub-districts in the Makassar and parts of the Gowa regency to the Tunggu pampang reservoir. The existence of various types of freshwater snails in the reservoir has the potential to act as intermediate hosts for trematodes. Therefore, a study was conducted on the presence of cercariae in freshwater snails. There is no data on the type of cercariae in snails in Tunggu Pampang Reservoir.
Materials and methods
This research is a descriptive survey to determine the distribution of trematode larvae in the Tunggu Pampang Reservoir. The stages of this research began with sample collection in the field and laboratory examinations. This research was conducted from January to June 2018. This research was conducted at the Tropical Disease Laboratory of Departemen DIII Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Technology, Megarezky University.
Freshwater snails were collected at several points in the reservoir. Snail collection using hand collecting method. The snails were put into a plastic bag with different types of snails and site of collection. Snails identified refer to Chontananarth and Wongsawad (2013) [7]. Freshwater snails are placed on a petri dish and gently crushed by the snail shells using a stamper. Dropped with aquadest on the crushed snail shell. The next step was observed using a microscope to determine the presence of cercariae. Cercariae found then identified according to morphological classification as previously study [6, 9, 23].
Table 1. The number of cercariae infections in snails
Snails species Number examined Infected snails (n) Larva trematode (n)
- + Sporocysts Redia Cercariae
Pila sp. 100 97 3 2 5 0
Bellamya sp. 100 70 30 3 45 1
Lymnaea rubiginosa 100 66 34 19 35 7
Indoplanorbis exustus 100 40 60 6 298 216
Melanoides sp. 100 60 40 16 90 5
Total 500 333 167 46 473 229
Results
A total number of 500 snail were collected at Tunggu Pampang reservoir in Manggala Subdistrict, Makassar. Snails classified into 5 genera, including Ampullariidae (Pila sp.), Viviparidea (Bellamya sp.), Lymnaeidae (Lymnaea rubiginosa), Planorbidae (Indoplanorbis exustus), and Thiaridae (Melanoides sp.) (Fig. 1). All collected snail species found trematode larvae in Tunggu Pampang reservoir. The results showed that overall snails infected with cercariae was 33.4% (167/500).
Species of snails, such as Pila sp., Bellamya sp., Lymnaea rubiginosa, Indoplanorbis exustus, and Melanoides sp., found sporocysts, redia, and cercariae in Tunggu Pampang Reservoir (Fig. 2, see color plate, p. II). The highest prevalence of cer-
cariae in Indoplanorbis exustus was 94.3% (216/229) compared to cercariae in other species of snails (Table 1).
Type of cercariae dominated echinostome than furcocercous. Echinostome cercariae found in Bel-lamya sp., Lymnaea rubiginosa, and Indoplanorbis exustus, while furcocercous cercariae found in one types of snail, such us, Melanoides sp. Total of Echinostome cercariae found (n = 224) compared to furcocercous cercariae (n = 5) in all snail (Table 2).
Discussion
Almost all mollusks that have the role of intermediate host for trematode are freshwater snails. The overall of trematode life cycle begun fecal
Figure 1. Map of the sampling sites
Table 2. Type of cercariae infections in snails
Snails species Type cercariae (n)
Echinostome Furcocercous
Pila sp. 0 0
Bellamya sp. 1 0
Lymnaea rubiginosa 7 0
Indoplanorbis exustus 216 0
Melanoides sp. 0 5
Total 224 5
mammals or human containing trematode eggs in water develop into miracidium. Miracidium enters the body of the snail and transform into spo-rocyst, redia, and cercariae. Cercariae infected humans in water through skin pores or become meta-cercariae and adhere to aquatic plants.
This study was the first known report on cercariae infection in snails freshwater at Tunggu Pampang Reservoir, Makassar City. Species snail found at Tunggu Pampang Reservoir was Pila sp., Bellamya sp., Lymnaea rubiginosa, Indoplanorbis exustus, and Melanoides sp. According to Chontananarth et al. (2013); Chontananarth et al. (2017) and Dodangeh et al. (2019), infected snail species, such as Pila sp., Pomacea sp., Indoplanorbis exustus, Lymnaea auric-ularia, Melanoides tuberculata and Bellamya benga-lensis [6, 7, 8].
This study showed that all species of snails found sporocysts, redia, and cercariae. Total prevalence of cercariae infection found in Tunggu Pampang Reservoir (45.8%) as similar to that of the previous report by Anucherngchai et al. (2016) in Chao-Phraya Basin, Central Thailand, which the prevalence of cercariae infection at 5.90% [1]. According to Anucherngchai et al. (2017) overall prevalence cercariae was 7.92 in the snail intermediate hosts from Ratchaburi Province, Thailand [2]. Percentage of prevalence cercariae was 2.57 in Laguna, Philippines [19]. The findings of cercariae in various types of snails in Tunggu Pampang Reservoir because many aquatic plants such as water hyacinth in several sites in the reservoir. The community around cultivated certain parts of the Tunggu Pampang Reservoir. Aquatic plants near the reservoir are feed for freshwater snails.
The highest quantity of cercariae found in Indoplanorbis exustus was 94.3% (216/229). According to Chontananarth et al. (2017), the prevalence of cercariae in the snails Indoplanorbis exustus was 0.64% [6]. Cercariae infected Indoplanorbis exustus snails was 4.9% [1]. According to Chontananarth and Wongsawad (2013), cercariae infected Indoplanorbis exustus was 0.2% [7]. The location of Indoplanorbis
exustus, snail collection is close to an aquatic plant was water hyacinth on the side of Tunggu Pampang reservoir. The existence of Indoplanorbis exustus in the Tunggu Pampang Reservoir probably originated from the water of Pampang canal, Gowa canal, and Perumnas canal that accommodated in the reservoir. The function of the Tunggu Pampang Reservoir prevent flooding in parts of Makassar City and Gowa Regency.
There are two type of cercariae were found in snails. The difference of cercariae based on morphologically, place and number of sucker. The types of cercariae found are echinostome and furcocer-cous. Echinostome cercariae (n = 224) predominated compared to furcocercous cercariae (n = 5) found in snails. Echinostome cercariae found the body snails, such as Bellamya sp., Lymnaea rubiginosa, and Indoplanorbis exustus. Echinostome cercariae body is long shape. The oral sucker is round in shape and position on the sub-terminal part of the body and has collar spines. The position of the ventral sucker is two-thirds down the end of the body. The tail is thin and almost the same length as the body cercariae [6]. According to Martin et al. (2018) the adult trematode species of Echinostome cercariae was Echinostoma sp. found in Barangay Cawongan, Philippines [16]. According to Mareta et al. (2019) Echinostome cercariae causes echinostomiasis in humans and livestock [17]. According to Hairani et al. (2016) and Hairani et al. (2018), Echinostome cercariae confirmed as Fasciola gigantica, Fasciolopsis buski in Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, South Kalimantan [12, 13]. Humans infected Echinostoma sp., Fasciola gigan-tica, and Fasciolopsis buski because of consumption of undercook aquatic plants, fish, snail. Humans are infected with trematode because cercariae entires to skin pores through fishing, swimming, and farming in Tunggu Pampang Reservoir.
In this study, furcocercous cercariae was only found in Melanoides sp. This snail is medically important because they serve as the intermediate host for intestinal trematodes [4]. Melanoides sp. is an intermediate host of paragonimiasis and digestive trematodes. The body of furcocercous cercariae is long, flat, and oval shaped. The oral sucker is located in the front of the body. Position of ventral sucker at two-thirds of its body-length. The tail of this cercariae is longer than the body and divisible into two furca [1]. According to Anucherngchai et al. (2017), furcocercous cercariae found in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand, and Yousif et al. (2010) furcocercous cercariae were also found in Egypt, respectively in Melanoides tuberculata [2, 24]. Furco-cercous cercariae can develop into the trematode of family cyathocotylidae [6]. Adul Trematode stages of furcocercous cercariae are strigeidae, diplosto-midae, schistosomatidae and sanguinicolidae [10].
M. tuberculata snails and their potential of zoonosis diseases such as heterophyiasis, schistosoma dermatitis, echinostomiasis, and philophtalmiasis in humans and animals [11].
The presence of cercariae can infect human skin that works in the water of the Tunggu Pampang Reservoir. Diseases caused by cercariae infections such as fasciolopsiasis and echinostomiasis. Symptoms of fasciolopsiasis include minor infections such as anemia, eosinophilia, dizziness, and gastrointestinal disorders. Moderate and severe infections occur when parasites on the colon and stomach. A patient has epigastric pain, diarrhea, nausea, acute ileus, anasarca, leucocytosis with
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Авторы:
Джабал А.Р., бакалавр наук, магистр наук, кафедра паразитологии, медицинский факультет, Университет Палангка Райя, Палангка Райя, Индонезия;
Мутиасари Д., доктор медицины, магистр общественного здравоохранения, кафедра общественного здравоохранения, медицинский факультет, Университет Палангка Райя, Палангка Райя, Индонезия;
Акбар Х., бакалавр общественного здравоохранения, магистр общественного здравоохранения, учебная программа общественного здравоохранения, Институт медицинских технологий вгаИа Ме^ка, Котамобаго, Индонезия; Арфах М., бакалавр по специальности «Медицинские лабораторные технологии», учебная программа «Медицинские лабораторные технологии Р111», факультет медицинских технологий, Университет Мегарезки, Макассар, Индонезия; Мархани, бакалавр по специальности «Медицинские лабораторные технологии», учебная программа Р111 «Медицинские лабораторные технологии», факультет медицинских технологий, Университет Мегарезки, Макассар, Индонезия; Рини, бакалавр по специальности «Медицинские лабораторные технологии», учебная программа Р111 «Медицинские лабораторные технологии», факультет медицинских технологий, Университет Мегарезки, Макассар, Индонезия; Собак Н.А., бакалавр по специальности «Медицинская лабораторная технология», учебная программа Р111 «Медицинская лабораторная технология», факультет медицинских технологий, Университет Мегарезки, Макассар, Индонезия; Пису А.Я., бакалавр по специальности «Медицинская лабораторная технология», учебная программа Р111 «Медицинская лабораторная технология», факультет медицинских технологий, Университет Мегарезки, Макассар, Индонезия; Тоемон А.И., доктор медицины, кафедра паразитологии, медицинский факультет, Университет Палангка Райя, Палангка Райя, Индонезия;
Ратнасари А., бакалавр общественного здравоохранения, кафедра паразитологии медицинского факультета Университета Палангка Райя, Палангка Райя, Индонезия.
Поступила в редакцию 15.03.2021 Принята к печати 17.05.2021
Authors:
Jabal A.R., Bachelor of Sciences, Masters of Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Indonesia;
Mutiasari D., MD, Master of Public Health, Department of Publich Health, Faculty of Medicine, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Indonesia;
Akbar H., Bachelor of Public Health, Master of Public Health, Study Program of Publich Health, Graha Medika Institute of Health Technology, Kotamobago, Indonesia;
Arfah M., Bachelor of Vocation Medical Laboratory Technology, Study Program of DIII Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Technology, Megarezky University, Makassar, Indonesia; Marhani, Bachelor of Vocation Medical Laboratory Technology, Study Program of DIII Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Technology, Megarezky University, Makassar, Indonesia; Rini, Bachelor of Vocation Medical Laboratory Technology, Study Program of DIII Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Technology, Megarezky University, Makassar, Indonesia; Sobak N.A., Bachelor of Vocation Medical Laboratory Technology, Study Program of DIII Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Technology, Megarezky University, Makassar, Indonesia; Pisu A.J., Bachelor of Vocation Medical Laboratory Technology, Study Program of DIII Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Technology, Megarezky University, Makassar, Indonesia; Toemon A.I., MD, Sp. ParK, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Indonesia; Ratnasari A., Bachelor of Public Health, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Palangka Raya University, Palangka Raya, Indonesia.
Received 15.03.2021 Accepted 17.05.2021
