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7Russian Journal of Nonlinear Dynamics, 2019, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 457-475. Full-texts are available at http://nd.ics.org.ru DOI: 10.20537/nd190405
MSC 2010: 37J60, 37J15, 70E18
Two Integrable Cases of a Ball Rolling over a Sphere in Rn
B. Gajic, B. Jovanovic
We consider the nonholonomic problem of rolling without slipping and twisting of a balanced ball over a fixed sphere in Rn. By relating the system to a modified LR system, we prove that the problem always has an invariant measure. Moreover, this is a SO(n)-Chaplygin system that reduces to the cotangent bundle T*Sn-1. We present two integrable cases. The first one is obtained for a special inertia operator that allows the Chaplygin Hamiltonization of the reduced system. In the second case, we consider the rigid body inertia operator Iw = Iw + wI, I = diag(I1, ...,In) with a symmetry I1 = I2 = ... = Ir = Ir+1 = Ir+2 = ••• = In. It is shown that general trajectories are quasi-periodic, while for r = 1, n — 1 the Chaplygin reducing multiplier method does not apply.
Keywords: nonholonomic Chaplygin systems, invariant measure, integrability
1. Introduction
1. Chaplygin systems. Let (Q,L, D) be a nonholonomic system, where Q is a configuration space and D a nonintegrable distribution of constraints. Assume that the Lie group G acts freely Q, L is G-invariant, the quotient space N = Q/G is a manifold, and D is G-inva-riant, transversal and a complement to the G-orbits (D is a principal connection of the bundle Q — N = M/G). Then the nonholonomic system is G-invariant and reduces to the tangent bundle of the base manifold N. The reduced Lagrange - d'Alembert equations take the form
Received June 26, 2019 Accepted August 28, 2019
This research was supported by the Serbian Ministry of Science Project 174020, Geometry and Topology of Manifolds, Classical Mechanics and Integrable Dynamical ¡Systems.
Borislav Gajic [email protected] Bozidar Jovanovic [email protected]
Mathematical Institute SANU,
Kneza Mihaila 36, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
where the reduced Lagrangian Lred is obtained from L\D by the identification TN = D/G, and £(X,Y,Z) is a (0,3)-tensor field on the base manifold N, skew-symmetric in Y and Z, which depends on the metric and the curvature of the connection. The system (Q, L, D, G) is referred to as a G-Chaplygin system, as a generalization of classical Chaplygin systems with Abelian symmetries [2, 12, 14, 34].
For £ = 0 the equations are not Hamiltonian. Chaplygin proposed a remarkable Hamil-tonization procedure as follows [14]. Consider the time substitution dr = v(x)dt, and denote x' = dx/dr = X/v. Then the Lagrangian function transforms to L*(x',x) = Lred(X,x)\±=vx'. The factor v is a Chaplygin reducing multiplier if in the new time t the reduced system (1.1) transforms into the usual Euler-Lagrange equations of L*(x',x). In particular, in the cotangent bundle formulation, the original system has an invariant measure and it is conformally symplectic (see [3, 12, 20]).
The aim of this survey is to provide an example of a system with an invariant measure, such that the reduced system in the first class of metrics can be solved by using the Chaplygin reducing multiplier method, while for the second class it does not allow a Chaplygin multiplier, but is still solvable. Our exposition follows the results published in [24, 27, 30, 33].
2. Motivation. One of the basic classical nonholonomic problems is rolling without slipping of a nonhomogeneous balanced ball over the fixed horizontal plane. Chaplygin derived the equations and reduced the problem to the Poisson sphere. He also proved that the system is integrable using sphero-conical coordinates (see [13]). After [13], a balanced ball (with the inertia operator that is not proportional to the identity operator) is usually referred as a Chaplygin ball.
There are several possible generalizations of this system. For example, the higher-dimensional variant of the problem is considered in [21, 28]. On the other hand, the problem of rolling of the Chaplygin ball of radius p over a fixed sphere of radius a is considered in [7, 8]. It is shown that the system possesses an invariant measure. However, for different moments of inertia (h = = I3), its integrability is proved only when parameter
e = (1-2)
a ± p
equals —1. This remarkable case represents the rolling of a spherical shell over a fixed sphere placed inside, such that the radius of the shell is twice the radius of the sphere.
The problem of rolling of the Chaplygin ball over a fixed sphere with the additional condition that the angular velocity of the ball belongs to the common tangent plane of the ball and the sphere (rubber rolling) is introduced by Ehlers and Koiller in [17].
Let I = diag(I1,I2,13), t, m be the inertia operator, angular velocity, and mass of the ball, and let Y be the unit normal on the sphere at the point of contact. In the vector notation, the equation of the system can be written in the form
m = m x t + xy, Y = eY x t, (1.3)
where
m = (I + mp2E)t = It, X = — (m, I-1(m x t))/(Y, I-1Y). (1.4)
The density of an invariant measure in coordinates (t, y) reads
Ate(7) = (I"17,7)i (1-5)
(see [17]). As in the case of nonrubber rolling, when the moments of inertia are different, Borisov and Mamaev proved the integrability for e = —1 [9]. In order to reduce both problems (with
and without rubber condition) to quadratures, in [8, 9] the special nonholonomic deformations of the sphero-conical coordinates are constructed. Note that in the limiting case, when e = 1, the above equations coincide with the equations of nonholonomic rigid body motion studied by Veselov and Veselova [39, 40]. Also, in a symmetric case I1 = I2, the system is integrable for all e [4].
3. Outline. The system (1.3) suggests that it is natural to consider Euler-Poincare equations with constraints on Lie algebras with modified Poisson type equations. This is performed in [30] where it is proved that the corresponding flows possess invariant measures (Section 2). Further, the papers of Borisov, Mamaev and Ehlers, Koiller were our motivation for the study of the rubber rolling of a ball over the fixed sphere in Rn (see [33]). It is shown that the system is a 50(n)-Chaplygin system with an invariant measure (Section 3).
For a special choice of inertia operator, combining the Chaplygin reducing multiplier and the Maupertuis principle, in [24] the reduced system is transformed to the zero-energy level set of a natural mechanical system on a sphere endowed with the standard metric and the potential V(x) = — (A-1 x,x)-1/e, with A = diag(ai,...,ara). In particular, we have integrability in the limiting case e = +1 when one gets Braden's potential [11], and for e = —1 when one gets a celebrated Neumann's potential [35] (Section 4). In [27] the same system is considered with the rigid body inertia operator Iw = Iw + wI, I = diag(I1, ...,In). In a symmetric case I1 = I2 = ... = Ir = Ir+1 = Ir+2 = ... = In, the reduced system is quasi-periodic over two- and three-dimensional tori. It is interesting that additional integrals, even if they are similar to the Noether integrals, are not obtained from the nonholonomic version of the Noether theorem. Moreover, the system does not admit the Chaplygin multiplier for r = 1,n — 1 and e = 1/2 (Section 5).
2. Modified LR systems
1. Definition and an invariant measure. Let g be a n-dimensional reductive Lie algebra, with an invariant scalar product (■, ■), which we use to identify g and g*. Let I: g ^ g be a positive definite operator. As the ball-sphere problem (1.3) suggests, it is natural to consider eLR system on the space gfc+1(w, e1 ,...,ek) defined by the equations
k
e,;
i=1
e; = e[ei,u], (2.2)
m = [m,w]+A, A = ^ e,, m = I(2.1)
i = 1,...,k. The term A can be interpreted as a reaction force and it is determined from the condition that the trajectories (w(t), e1 (t),..., ek(t)) satisfy constraints
= (w, ei) = Ci = const, i = 1,...,k. (2.3)
By differentiating (2.3), we obtain the linear system
e([ei,w],w) + (ei, I-1[m,w]) + Aj = 0, Aj = (ei, I-1 ej), (2.4)
j
and we get the Lagrange multipliers in the form
\i = ~Y,(ej, I-1[m,u])Aij. (2.5)
Here Aij is the inverse of the matrix Aij = (I 1 ei, ej}, i,j = l,...,k. In particular, A does not depend on e.
Theorem 1 ([30]). The eLR system (2.1), (2.2), (2.5) has an invariant measure
dw A de1 A ... A de^ (2.6)
where the density is given by
fi€ = (A)i , A = det(Ay) = det((I_1ei, e3)), i,j = l,...,k. (2.7)
For e = 1, the system is known as the LR system (see [39, 40]) and the density (2.7) reduces to the one given in [40].
2. Momentum equation. It is clear that we can also consider the eLR system (2.1), (2.2), (2.5) on the space
M = {(w,ei,...,e,n) e flra+11 (ei,ej} = Sy},
simply by taking i = 1,...,n in Eq. (2.2). Then the system has an invariant measure
dw A de1 A ... A den\M. (2.8)
Moreover, on M we have well-defined orthogonal projections pr%, prD (pr% + prD = E) onto the complementary subspaces
H = span{e1,..., ek}, V = span{ek+1,..., en},
which, according to (2.2), satisfy the equations
d d
—prv = e[prP,adw], — pin = e[prW)adw]. (2.9)
Note that, with the above notation, we can express A in (2.1) as
A = -A-1prnI-1 [Iw,w],
where A-1: H^H is the inverse of the mapping A = I-1\% = pr% o I-1: H^H. Following [20], let us introduce the momentum
m = prD Iw + pr^w = Jw, J = prD I + prH = E + prD (I — E).
Proposition 1 ([30]). The eLR system on M has the following form:
m = e[m,w] + (1 — e)prD [Iw,w], ei = e[e; ,w], i = 1,...,n. (2.10)
In the case e = 1, the first equation in (2.10) reduces to the momentum equation (2.7) of [20]. Also, as in Theorem 3.2 [20], we have
det I • det A = det I • det(I-1H) = det J = det(I\p), (2.11)
where I\d = prp o I: V^V. Therefore,
dw ,
¿te dw = ¡jl€ det —— dm d m
i
= (det(I_1|^))2e (detJ)_1dm = (detI)"A(detJ|p)A_1dm.
Combining the expression of the invariant measure (2.8) and the above identity, we get the following statement:
Theorem 2 ([30]). The eLR system (2.10) has an invariant measure
fle dm A de1 A ... A den\M,
where the density is given by
Jie = (detJ|p)A_1 = (det.((Ie-i, e^))) A-1, i,j = k + 1,.. .,n.
3. Rolling of a ball over a sphere in Rn
1. Definition of the system. We consider the Chaplygin ball type problem of rolling without slipping and twisting of an n-dimensional ball of radius p in the following nonholonomic problems (see [33]):
(i) rolling over the outer surface of the (n — 1)-dimensional fixed sphere of radius a (see Fig. 1);
(ii) rolling over the inner surface of the (n — 1)-dimensional fixed sphere of radius a, a > p (see Fig. 2);
(iii) rolling over the outer surface of the (n — 1)-dimensional fixed sphere of radius a, but the fixed sphere is within the rolling ball (a < p, in this case, the rolling ball is actually a spherical shell, see Fig. 2).
Consider the space frame Rn(x) with the origin O at the center of the fixed sphere and the moving frame Rn(X) with the origin C at the center of the rolling ball. The mapping from the moving frame to the space frame is given by x = gX + r, where g £ SO(n) is a rotation matrix and r = <od is the position vector of the ball center C in the space frame (see Fig. 1). The configuration space Q is the direct product of the Lie group SO(n) and the sphere S = {r £ Rn \ (r, r) = (a ± p)2}, where we take "+" for the case (i) and "—" for the cases (ii) and (iii).
Fig. 1. The rolling without slipping and twisting of an n-dimensional ball of radius p over the outer surface of the (n — 1)-dimensional fixed sphere of radius a (the case (i)). O, C, and A denote the center of the fixed sphere, the center of the rolling ball, and the contact point, respectively.
We additionally assume that the ball is balanced, i.e., the mass center C coincides with the geometrical center. Then the Lagrangian of the system is given by
= + ^m(r,r), (3.1)
where (•, •) is the Euclidean scalar product in Rra, (•, •) = — i t.r(-o-) is proportional to the Killing
form on so(n), w = g-1g is the angular velocity of the ball in the moving frame, m is the mass of the ball, and I: so(n) — so(n) is the inertia operator. We use (•, •} to identify so(n) and so(n)*.
2. Dynamics and an invariant measure. Let T = oX/\ol\ = —L. r be the direction
of the contact point A in the space frame, and y = g-1r be the direction in the frame attached to the ball (see Fig. 1). The latter is invariant under the diagonal left SO(n)-action:
a • (w, r,g,r) = (w,ar,ag,ar), a e SO(n). (3.2)
The action defines the SO(n)-bundle
SO(n) Q = SO(n) xS Sn-1 = Q/SO(n) (3.3)
with the submersion n given by y = n(g, r).
The contact point A of the ball in the moving frame is Xa = —(±py). The condition that the ball is rolling without slipping is that the velocity xa of the contact point in the space frame is equal to zero
d
o = xA = — (gXA + r) = + r = =fp{gg~l)gi + r (Xa = 0). This leads to the constraint
r = ±—— Qr, i.e., f = pQr, (3.4) a ± p
where Q = Adfl w = gg-1 is the angular velocity in the space frame. From the constraint, we get the kinematic equation for y
7 = ^-Ag-^T +g~1t = -g-lgg~lV ± -?—g-lSlT = ±
dt a ± p a ± p
By introducing parameter (1.2) we can write it as a e-modified Poisson equation
Y = —ewY. (3.5)
It is convenient to use orthogonal projections prB7 and pr^7 to complementary subspaces = y A Rn and = (o7)x, given by
£ ——> (Cy) a y = Cy ® Y + Y ® yC, and £ ——> £ — (£y) A y, respectively. Then we have
= e[PrB7)ad^, = e[prb7,adw] (3.6)
where [•, •] is the standard Lie bracket in the space of linear operators of so(n).
No twisting at the contact point can be written as Q £ r ARn, e.g., w £ 7 ARn (the angular velocity matrix w has rank 2 and the corresponding admissible plane of rotation contains the normal vector 7 to the rolling ball at the contact point). Therefore, the constraints determine the (n — 1)-dimensional constraint distribution
= {(w, r, g, r) | r = Adfl(w)r, pr^w = 0}
which is a principal connection of the bundle (3.3). The Lagrangian is SO(n)-invariant as well. Thus, it is a SO(n)-Chaplygin system and reduces to the tangent bundle TSn-1 = V/SO(n).
Firstly, we will write the equations of the nonreduced problem. After imposing the constraint (3.4), we have a natural phase space of the problem
G = {(w, g, 7) £ TSO(n) x Sn-1 \ pr^w = 0}.
We define the modified inertia operator
I = I + DE,
where E is the identity operator on so(n) and D = mp2. Let m = Iw. The equations of a motion in the variables (w,g,7) read
m = [m,w]+A, g = g ■ w, 7 = —ew7. (3.7)
The Lagrange multiplier A £ is determined from the condition that the angular velocity w satisfies the no-twisting constraint w £ = 7 A Rn.
The reduction of the left SO(n)-symmetry (3.2) induces a system on the space Go = = G/SO(n) = {(w, 7) £ so(n) x Sn-1 \ pr^7w = 0} given by
m = [m,w]+A, 7 = —ew7. (3.8)
The proof of the next theorem follows from the expression (2.7) for the modified LR system (see [33]). Let Q be the standard invariant measure on TSO(n).
Theorem 3 ([33]). The problem of the rubber rolling of a ball over a sphere (3.7) and the reduced system (3.8) possess invariant measures
(7) Q A d7\q, He(7)dw A d7\Go, respectively, where the density ¡i,e (7) is given by
Ate(7) = (detI"1|fl7)A. (3.9)
3. Momentum equation. Next, by introducing the momentum
m = prB7Iw + pr^7w = w + 7 ® 7 (Iw — w) + (Iw — w) 7 ® 7, (3.10) we can describe the system (3.8) in the form
m = e[m, w] + (1 — e)prB7 [Iw,w], 7 = —ew7. (3.11)
It can be considered also on the whole space so(n) x Sn-1 (w, 7), or equivalently on the space so(n) x Sn-1(m,7). According to Theorem 2, it leads to the dual expression for an invariant measure.
Theorem 4 ([33]). The extended system (3.11) in variables (m,7) has an invariant measure f!e dm A d7,
Ml) = ( detlL)*-1. (3.12)
Fig. 2. The cases (ii) and (iii) in the space frame: the rolling of a ball over the inner surface of the sphere and the rolling of a spherical shell over the outer surface of the fixed sphere.
4. The reduced Lagrange —d'Alembert equation. As we have already mentioned, the system reduces to the tangent bundle TSn-1 = V/SO(n). The procedure of the Chaplygin reduction for rubber rolling over a sphere for n = 3 is given by Ehlers and Koiller [17].
Recall that the vectors in D(g,r) are called horizontal, while the vectors in ker dn(g,r) vertical. The horizontal lift jh of the base vector Y e TY Sn-1 to the horizontal space D at the point (g, r) e n-1 (j) is the unique vector in D(g,r) satisfying dn(jh) = j. The horizontal lift Yh\(g,r) = (w, r) of j is given by
1 . a ± p
lo = -7 A 7 =-7 A 7,
e a
r = (a ±p)jt(9i) = (o- ± p)(gi + gi) = (0-± p) (0^(7 A7)7 + gi
= (<t±p)(i- i) gi = -w ± p) gi.
Therefore, the reduced Lagrangian is
Lred = L(ih\(g^r), g, r))(fl,r)e7r-1(7) = ¿(1(7 A 7), 7 A 7) = -¿(1(7 A 7)7,7)-
The reduced Lagrange-d'Alembert equations take the form (1.1), where a (0,3) tensor field £ depending of the curvature of connection D is given by (see [33])
S7(X, Y, Z) = tr(I(7 A X) o (Y A Z)) = ^^(1(7 A X)Y, Z).
As a result, we obtain the following statement.
Theorem 5 ([33]). The Lagrange - d'Alembert equations describing the motion of the reduced system are given by
(e|(l(7A7)7)+(l-e)I(7A7)7,e) =0, £ G T1Sn~1. (3.13)
Note that when the radii of the sphere and the ball are equal (e = 1/2), the curvature of D vanishes and £ = 0 — the reduced system is Hamiltonian without a time reparameterization (for n = 3 see [10, 17]). Also, if I is proportional to the identity operator, then £ = 0 (the reaction forces vanish, although the curvature of D is different from zero).
5. Almost-Hamiltonian formulation. Consider the Legendre transformation
9Lred _ ^ dY e2
The point (p, y) belongs to the cotangent bundle of a sphere realized as a symplectic submanifold in the symplectic linear space (R2n(p, 7), dpi A dYi + ••• + dpn A dYn):
(7,7) = 1, (7,p) = 0- (3.15)
Note that here we have identified the tangent bundle TSn-i and the cotangent bundle T* Sn-i by means of the Euclidean metric in Rn (see Fig. 1). The reduced flow on T*Sn-i takes the form
7 = X7 (P,Y), P = xp (P,Y), (3.16)
where X7 = L-i(p) is the inverse of the Legendre transformation (3.14) and
Xp = ^^ (I (7 A X7)) X7 + ((I (7 A X7)) X7,7) 7 - 2Hy (3.17)
(see [33]). Here
H(p, 7) = (P, 7) = 2(^7
is the Hamiltonian function of the system.
Let w be the canonical symplectic form on T*Sn-i:
w = dpi A dYi + ... + dpn A dYn \T*Sr—i. (3.18)
At the points of T*Sn-i, the system (3.16) can be written in the almost Hamiltonian form
x = Xh = (XpX7), ixH (w + a) = -dH, (3.19)
where a is a semibasic perturbation term determined by the tensor £ (see, e.g, [12, 16, 36]). The form w + a is nondegenerate, but, in general, it is not closed.
6. The momentum equation and an invariant measure. Alternatively, the reduced equation (3.17) can be derived by using the momentum equation (3.11), since, after the reduction to the sphere Sn-i, we have
m = i (1(7 A 7)7) A 7l7=xT(/Vy) =^Y Ap.
Also, the mapping
(Y,p) ^ (y, m), m = eY A p,
together with w = ^7 A 7, maps the reduced system (3.16) to the subsystem of (3.11), and the pull-back $*(dm A dY) is the standard volume form wn-i on T*Sn-i (up to the multiplication by a constant). Now, from Theorem 4, we get the following statement.
Theorem 6 ([33]). The reduced equations (3.16) has an invariant measure
(detlL ^"V"1.
4. Hamiltonization and integrability for a special inertia operator
1. Chaplygin Hamiltonization. The Chaplygin multiplier is a nonvanishing function v such that w = v(w + a) is closed. Then the Hamiltonian vector field Xh of the function H on (T*Sn-1, w) is proportional to the original vector field:
XH = -¿xh, ixH™ = ~dH-
Thus, after the time reparameterization dr = vdt, the system (3.19) becomes the Hamiltonian system
d v —x = Ah-
dr
On the other hand, a classical way to introduce the Chaplygin reducing multiplier for our system is as follows (e.g., see [14, 20]). Consider the time reparameterization dr = v(j)dt, and denote j = dj/dr = j/v. Then the Lagrangian function transforms to L*(j',j) = Lred(vj', j). The factor v is a Chaplygin reducing multiplier if in the new time t, the reduced system (3.13) transforms into the usual Euler-Lagrange equations of L*(j', j).
To relate both descriptions, define the new momenta p = dL*/dj = vp. Then v is a Chaplygin multiplier if in the new time Eqs. (3.16) become Hamiltonian with respect to the symplectic form
w =dp1 A dj1 + ... + dpn A djn \
=vw + dv A (p1dj1 + ... + pndjn) \ T*Sn-1
(e.g., see [3, 12, 14, 20, 25]). In other words,
va = dv A (p1 dj1 + ... + pndjn) \
T*Sn-1 •
Here we consider a special choice of an inertia operator
I(Ei A Ej) = (a,ia,j - D)Ei A Ej i.e., I(X A Y) = AX A AY, (4.1)
where A = diag(a1,..., an), when the density (3.12) significantly simplifies, and it is proportional to (see [20, 30])
(7,A7)(A-1)(ra"2}. (4.2)
The reduced Lagrangian Lred and the reduced equations take the form
Lred = ¿2 ((A7,7)(A7,7) - (A7,7)2), (4.3)
d
e-((A7,7)^7 - (A7,7)^7) = (e - 1) ((A7,7)^7 - (^7,7)^7) + A7, (4.4)
respectively. The Lagrange multiplier A is determined by the condition that a trajectory j(t) belongs to the sphere (j,j) = 1.
The existence of a Chaplygin reducing multiplier v(j) implies that the original system has an invariant measure vn-2wn-1 (e.g., see Theorem 3.5, [20]). From the expression of the density (4.2), we get that a possible Chaplygin multiplier should be proportional to (A7,7)A_1. Indeed, we have:
Theorem 7 ([33]). After the time reparameterization dr = 2/(7) = 6(^7,7) 2e 1 dt, the reduced system (4.4) becomes the geodesic flow of the metric defined by the Lagrangian
L*(7',7) = -(^7,V)2)- (4-5)
Let us mention that in the three-dimensional case the system is always Hamiltonizable due to the fact that it has an invariant measure and that the reduced configuration space is 2-dimensional. For n = 3 all inertia operators can be written in the form (4.1) and Theorem 7 reduces to the one given in [17], where the procedure of reduction for rubber rolling over a sphere for n = 3 is given.
2. Integrability for p = 2a. In [9], for n = 3, Borisov and Mamaev proved the inte-grability of the rubber rolling for a specific ratio between the radii of the ball and the spherical shell p = 2a, i.e, e = —1. In the new coordinates
,4 2 ^
x = 7 (4.6)
VUhn)
the Lagrangian (4.5) transforms to L*(x',x) = ^(x,A~lx)~~(x',x') on the sphere (x,x) = 1. Together with L*(x',x), we consider a natural mechanical system with the Lagrangian
Using the Maupertius principle and the Chaplygin time reparameterization one gets:
Proposition 2 ([24]). The trajectories 7(f) of the rolling of a rubber Chaplygin ball over a spherical surface determined by Eq. (4.4), with the unit kinetic energy Lred(Af,7) = 1, under the transformation (4.6) and a time reparameterization
ds = e{A~lx,x)l+^dt (= e(A^, 7)"1_Adi),
are mapped to the zero-energy trajectories x(s) of the natural mechanical systems with the Lagrangian Le:
d 2 , 1 N-i-i ,1 . . 2 , -, (dx dx\
~r^x = —(A x, x) e A x + Xx, X = -(A x, x) e — —, — . ds2 e v y e v \dsdsj
Among the potentials V€, there are two exceptional ones determining completely integrable systems: for e = +1 we have Braden's [11] and for e = —1 Neumann's potential [35].
Theorem 8 ([24]). For an inertia operator (4.1) and p = 2a (e = —1), the reduced problem of the rolling of a rubber Chaplygin ball over a spherical surface is completely integrable: under the transformation (4.6) and a time reparameterization
ds = —{A~lx, x)^dt (= -(A^/rñ'^dt),
the solutions 7(f) of (4.4) with the unit kinetic energy Lred(Y, 7) = 1 are mapped to the zero-energy trajectories x(s) of the Neumann system with Lagrangian L-\.
Equation (4.4) for e = 1,
d
- ((A7,7)- (A-y,7)Ai) = A7, (4.8)
coincides with the reduced equation of the nonholonomic Veselova problem studied in [20]. In the 3-dimensional case the paper [40] established a relation between the Veselova problem and the Neumann system. This result was generalized in [20] as follows. Under a time reparameterization
ds^J^^-^^dt V (^7,7)
the solutions x(t) = 7(t) of (4.8) transform to solutions of the Neumann problem with the potential V(x) = ]^(A~lx, x),
d ._i /._i \ ( dx dx \
—jX = —A x + Ax, A = (A x, x) — -—, -— , ds( \dsi dsi)
which belong to the invariant set ^' A(Ax, x) - ^Ax, ~(Ax, x) = 0. Proposition 2
gives another trajectory isomorphism.
Theorem 9 ([24]). Under the transformation (4.6) and a time reparameterization ds = = (A~lx,x)^-dt, the unit kinetic energy trajectories 7(i) of (4.8) are mapped to the zero-energy trajectories x(s) of the Braden system with the Lagrangian L+\.
3. Separation of variables in the case p = 2^. Let us assume a\ > a2 >... > an > 0
and e = —1. In the three-dimensional case Borisov and Mamaev constructed separating variables of the system as a deformation of sphero-conical coordinates [9]. A similar type of deformations are used in [8, 37, 38], where they are called nonholonomic deformations of sphero-conical coordinates or quasi-sphero-conical coordinates. Separation variables of the Neumann system explains, in some sense, the unusual choice of variables given in [9].
For an n-dimensional Neumann system, the Hamilton-Jacobi equation can be solved by the separation of variables in standard sphero-conical coordinates u\,... ,un-\ (see [35]). Using Theorem 8, after a time reparameterization, the rolling ball system separates in coordinates ui,... ,un-i. In the case of the potential V(x) = — (A-1x,x) they are defined by the equations (see [35])
n 2 n—1/\ n
i=i i i=i w j=i and a-i <ui < a-i <u2 < ... a-!i < un-i < a-i. Formulas for xi are [35]:
x2 = K"1 - m)Krl - ^2) • • • K"1 - Un-l) ^ i = l K"1 - OK"1 - a2 1)---K~1-a«1)'
Therefore, one gets
2 = K1 - m)K1 - U2) • • • (a~1 - Un-I) i = 1,..., n, (4.9)
i aiV2(a-i — a-i)(a-i — a-i)... (a-i — a-i)'
where v2 = (A-ix, x) = (A7,7)-i = ai-i + a2-i + ... + an-i — ui — u2 — ... — un-i
In the three-dimensional case, the modified operator I corresponds to the matrix J = diag(J1,J2,J3) used in [9], where J1 = a2a3,J2 = a1a3,J3 = a\a2. In [9] the separating coordinates u, v are defined by the equation
if_i_=_(z-u)(z-v)_
r?2 (Jj - z)Ji JlJ2.h(Jl - z)(j2 -z)(J3-z)' K ■ '
where 0 < J1 < u < J2 < v < J3, and rj2 = (J-1y,7). From (4.10) it follows that [9]
2 = 2W1 ~u)(Ji -v) 71 1 {Ji-J*){Ji-JsY
Since rj2 = (a1 a2a3)-1v-2, the expressions (4.11) and (4.9) (for n = 3) coincide, where u = a1a2a3u1 and v = a1a2a3u2.
4. Noncommutative integrability of a symmetric case. For any pair of equal parameters ai = aj, the geodesic flow of the metric given by (4.5) (for any value of the parameter e) has the additional Noether integral
/ / x dL* dL* ,t .
=7^-7,^7- (4-12)
In other words, the natural mechanical system (4.7) preserves the function
TT:--'- (4.13)
dx \ dxj dxi ds'/ ' 1 ds ' 3 ds
If we have at least three equal parameters, the systems are integrable according to the noncommutative version of the Liouville theorem. More precisely, assume {1,2,...,n} = = I0 u I1 U ... U Ir, Ii n Ij = 0,
ai0 = ao, io e Io, ah = a1, 11 e I1, ... (Mr = ar, ir e Ir,
ai = aj, i = j. Then the geodesic flow of (4.5) and the system (4.7) are 5O(|I0|) x ... x SO(\Ir|)-symmetric with Noether's integrals (4.12) and (4.13), respectively. For e = ±1 they are completely integrable in a noncommutative sense: the corresponding Hamiltonian flows on the cotangent bundle of a sphere Sn-1 are generically quasi-periodic over invariant isotropic tori of dimension
N = r + %{Ii\\Ii\ > 2}
(e.g, see [15, 29], where a detailed analysis for natural mechanical systems on a symmetric ellipsoid is given).
5. Integrability for e = ±1. Note that in the case of 50(n)-symmetry, when A is proportional to the identity matrix, trajectories of (4.4) are great circles for all e. If the symmetry group is large enough, integrability follows from conservations of the Noether integrals and the Lagrangian (4.5). Then the restriction e = ±1 is not essential. Let e be arbitrary.
Theorem 10. For the inertia operator (4.1), where
ai = a2 = ... = ai = = a¡+2 = ... = an, (4.14)
the reduced system (3.13) is integrable: generic motions, up to a time reparameterization, are quasi-periodic over three dimensional invariant tori. For l = 1 or l = n — 1, the invariant tori are two-dimensional.
5. Integrability for a symmetric rigid body inertia operator
1. Rigid body inertia operator. Generally, for n ^ 4, the operator (4.1) is not a physical inertia operator of a multidimensional rigid body. Let q(X) be the density of the ball. The mass tensor I is defined by I = f g(X)X ® XdX, e.g., see [21, 23]. It is diagonal in the moving orthonormal base determined by the principal axes of inertia. Then the rigid body inertia operator has the form
u i—> Iu + uI, I = diag(I1,...,In). (5.1)
Recently, the integrability of the Veselova problem (which can been seen as the limiting case e = +1) with a physical inertia operator (5.1), where
I1 = I2 = ... = Ir = Ir+1 = Ir+2 = ... = In, (5.2)
without involving Chaplygin Hamiltonization has been proved by Fasso, Garcia-Naranjo, and Montaldi [18].
Let us consider the rolling ball over a sphere for the inertia operator I of the form (5.1) as well. Then we can write the modified operator I = I + D ■ E as
I u = e2(Ju + uJ ), (5.3)
where
J = diag(Ji, ...,Jn) = -^2 diag Mi + • • •, In + — ), (5.4)
1 T D D
-^diagl/i + —,...,/„+ —
and the Legendre transformation (3.14) takes the form
p = — J(y A y)y — (Y A y) Jy = JY + (Jy, y)Y — (JY, y)y. (5.5)
It coincides with the Legendre transformation of the Veselova problem considered in [18] (see Proposition 3.4). That is why we can use the inverse
7 = X,(P,7)=C,(P-i^<2»7) (6.6)
derived there. Here
Cy = diag(Ji + (y, JY),...,Jn + (Y, Jy))-1 and (5.6) is the unique inverse of (5.5) for p, y, Y that satisfy (3.15) and (Y,y) = 0.
From (3.17), (5.3), the equation in p becomes
p = Xp = — ((X7, x7) J7 - (7, JX7)X7 - (X7, x7)(7, J7)7) - 2H-y, (5.7)
with the Hamiltonian H
H(p, 7) = = ^(p,C\(p)) - (5-8)
Uv x) - ir» c («)) imvmi:
By comparing Theorem 6 and the expression of an invariant measure of the Veselova problem given by Fasso, Garcia-Naranjo, and Montaldi (see Proposition 3.7, [18]), we get:
Theorem 11. The reduced equations of the rolling of a ball over a sphere without slipping and twisting with the rigid body inertia operator (5.1) are given by (5.6), (5.7), whereas J is defined by (5.4). The reduced system has an invariant measure
l— —
2. Integrals and nonexistence of a Chaplygin multiplier. Assume Ii = Ij, i.e.,
Ji = Jj. Then the Lagrangian Lred and the Hamiltonian H are invariant under rotations in the (Yi,Yj)-plane. We can expect the associated Noether type integral linear in momenta (e.g., see [1, 31]). We have
Theorem 12 ([27]). Let Ji = Jj. Then
<t>a = (Ji + (7, Ji)) W- - 7m)- (5-10)
is the first integral of the reduced flow (5.6), (5.7).
Note that the integral is not the integral given by the so-called nonholonomic Noether theorem (e.g., see [1, 19, 32]), since the generator of the associated SO(2)-action on the configuration space Q is not a section of the distribution D.
For e = 1/2 the system is already Hamiltonian.
Theorem 13 ([27]). Assume that n ^ 4, e = 1/2, and Ji = Jj = Jk = Ji for some mutually different indexes i, j, k, l. Then the reduced flow (5.6), (5.7) does not allow a Chaplygin multiplier.
The proof given in [27] is based on the following simple observations. Assume that v is a Chaplygin multiplier and that and Ji = Jj = Jk = Jl for some mutually different indexes i, j, k, l. From (5.9) and the fact that the system has an invariant measure vn-2wn-1, the Hamiltonian (5.8) H (p, 7) = H (p, Y)\p=p/V is invariant under rotations in the planes (pi,p)j ,7-1, Yj) and (pk,PuYk,Yi). Thus, the Hamiltonian flow of H has the Noether integrals = YiPj — YjPi. and $kl = YkPl — YiPk (see, e.g., [1, 31]), implying that the original system has the same integrals, in coordinates (p, y) given by = v(YiPj — YjP-i), ®ki = v(YkPi — YiPk). On the other hand, according to Theorem 12, , $ki are also integrals of the motion. Since e = 1/2, one gets Ji = Jk, which is a contradiction (see [27]).
The above considerations cannot be applied if we assume that n — 1 parameters Ii are equal, for example, Ii = I2 = ... = In-i (SO(n — 1)-symmetric rigid body, multidimensional Lagrange top). Moreover, in that case I is of the form (4.1), where A = diag(ai, ...,ai, an) is defined by
r r a*-D T a* + D
ii — ... — in-1 — —2—' n ~ aian--2—"
Then e(A7,7) is a Chaplygin multiplier and it is proportional to (Ji + (7, J7))2e
In Section 4, for ai = aj, we also used the Noether integral (4.12), which in the original coordinates (p, 7) takes the form = e(A'y,Y)^~1(YiPj j'Pi). These are the examples of the following general statement:
Lemma 1. Let (Q, L, D, G) be a G-Chaplygin system with the base manifold N = Q/G. Assume thai the reduced almost-Hamiltonian system on T*N(p, x) admits a Chaplygin reducing multiplier v and that the corresponding flow of the Hamiltonian vector field XH = (—dH/dx,dH/dp) has the integral f (p, x). Then the original system also preserves the function f (p, x) = f (p, x)\p=vp.
Namely, the vector field Xh of the original system is proportional to the Hamiltonian vector field: XH = Therefore,
d ~ d
-f = df(XH) = udf(XH) = v—f = 0.
Note that we use the same notation for a function f in variables (p, x) and (p, x), having in mind that f (p,x) and f (p,x) represent the same function on the cotangent bundle T*N. The Noether theorem for the reduced Chaplygin systems is also studied in [26].
3. Integrability of a symmetric case. Firstly, recall that in the case of SO(n)-sym-metry, when the mass tensor I (i.e., the matrix J) is proportional to the identity matrix, the (0,3)-tensor £ vanishes and the trajectories of (5.6), (5.7) are great circles for all e. Similarly, as for the Veselova problem [18], we have the following statement.
Theorem 14. For the symmetric inertia operator (5.1), (5.2), the reduced system (5.6), (5.7) is solvable by quadratures and we have:
(i) If r = 1,n — 1, generic motions are quasi-periodic over 3-dimensional invariant tori that are level sets of integrals H, faj, fat, 1 ^ j < i ^ r, r < l < k ^ n.
(ii) If r = n — 1, generic motions are quasi-periodic over 2-dimensional invariant tori that are level sets of H, faj, 1 ^ j < i ^ n — 1 (similarly for r = 1).
For e = 1/2 the system is Hamiltonian and the proof, as in Theorem 10, follows from the theorem on noncommutative integrability of the Hamiltonian systems. The case r = n — 1 is similar: the function 1/(7) = (J\ + (7, J7))2e 1 is a Chaplygin multiplier and the integrability is established in Theorem 10. According to Theorem 13, for e = 1/2 and r = 1,n — 1, the system does not have a Chaplygin multiplier. However, we can apply a variant of the reduction method used for the Veselova problem in [18].
Without loss of generality it can be assumed that n = 4, r = 2 [27]. Since the system is SO(2) x SO(2)-invariant, we can pass to the second reduced space P = T*S3/SO(2) x SO(2). The regular compact connected components of invariant varieties
are 3-dimensional and SO(2) x SO(2)-invariant. Therefore, the reduced invariant sets on P are relative periodic orbits. Hence, we get that generic trajectories are quasi-periodic over 3-dimensional invariant tori (for the reconstruction of relative periodic orbits, see, e.g, [18, 22]).
Thus, for r = 1,n- 1 and e = 1/2, the problem is quasi-periodic, has an invariant measure and, according to Theorem 13, does not allow the Chaplygin reducing multiplier. Closely related, let us note that the rolling of the ball over a horizontal plane without spinning and twisting, where the mass center does not coincide with the geometrical center, provides an example of the system such that the appropriate phase space is foliated by invariant tori, but the system itself does not have an analytic invariant measure and is not Hamiltonizable either (see [3]).
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the organizers of the conference "Scientific Heritage of Sergey A. Chaplygin: Nonholonomic Mechanics, Vortex Structures and Hydrodynamics", Cheboksary, 2-6 June, 2019, for kind hospitality.
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