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Section 8. Philology
best possible evidence that great art can emerge from utilitar- The exigencies of the times — print culture, increased literacy
ian presuppositions. Once the norm is established, writers like and use of the vernacular, less emphasis on the Classics, the
Congreve and Swift achieve fine effects by artful deviations rise of science, and Enlightenment thinking — all contributed
from it. Before the Restoration there is no settled norm at to the development of a more pragmatic, less rhetorical prose
all.Attempting to locate a specific point of origin for major style with less need or time for copiousness and redundancy
changes in discursive practice is probably an illusory quest. associated with the needs of the orator.
References:
1. Salzman Paul. An Anthology of Elizabethan Prose Fiction/Paul Salzman. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.
2. Pooley Roger. English Prose ofthe Seventeenth Century 1590-1700/Roger Pooley. - London; NewYork: Longman, 1992.
3. Barish Jonas A. Ben Jonson and the Language of Prose Comedy/Jonas A. Barish. - Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967.
4. Vinaver Eugène. Introduction/Eugène Vinaver//Malory Thomas. Works [ed. Eugène Vinaver] - London: Oxford University Press, 1971.
5. Ong Walter J. Orality and Literacy: the Technologizing ofthe Word/Walter J. Ong. - London; New York: Methuen, 1982.
6. The Pelican Book of English Prose. Volume 1: From the beginnings to 1780/ed. Roger Sharrock. - Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970.
7. Partridge A. C. Tudor to Augustan English: A Study in Syntax and Style from Caxton to Johnson/A. C. Partridge. - London: André Deutsch, 1969.
8. LylyJohn. Selected Prose and Dramatic Work/John Lyly [edited and introduced by Leah Scragg] - Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1997.
9. Scragg Leah. Introduction/Leah Scragg//Lyly John. Selected Prose and Dramatic Work [edited and introduced by Leah Scragg] - Manchester: Carcanet Press, 1997.
10. Sidney Philip. The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia/Philip Sidney [edited with an introduction by Maurice Evans] - Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1977.
11. Evans Maurice. Introduction/Maurice Evans//Sidney Philip. The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia [edited with an introduction by Maurice Evans] - Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1977.
12. Adolph Robert. The Rise of Modern Prose Style/Robert Adolph. - Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The M. I. T. Press: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1968.
Matbek Nursulu Kurmanbekkyzy, Candidate of Philological Science, Senior Teacher Ibrayimova Zhibek Тungyshbaevna, Candidate of Philological Science, Senior Teacher Ibragimova Meruert Nurhjigitovna, teachers of history Nusupbaeva Saltanat Adirovna, teachers of history, Al-Farabi KazNU, Almaty, Kazakhstan, the Faculty of Pre-University education E-mail: ibragimova.meruert@mail.ru
Tuvan literary language
Abstract: This article briefly reviews spread area, history of foundation, characteristics and usage area of Tuvan language which belongs to Uyghuric group of languages.
It also studies status of the modern Tuvan language in country and its public and social function. Keywords: state, folklore, literature, writing, phonetics, native language.
Tuvan language is the literary, national and official language for Tuvan people. Its old name is Uriankhai, but Tuvan people called it like Tuva, Tuba, tyva, Kizhi. Tuva language belongs to the Uyghuric group of the Turkic languages and it
closely related to Oguz, ancient Uyghur, Sakha languages. Tuva language is mainly spread in the Republic of Tuva which is situated in the south part of Siberia. According to 2002 census data, about 240 thousand people speak into Tuvan language.
Tuvan literary language
They are indigenous citizens of the Republic of Tuva (a constituent entity of the Russian Federation) and people which live in Tuva and neighboring areas. Also Tuvans live in southern part of the Krasnoyarsk region and their low-numbered Diaspora live in China and Mongolia. In China's Xinjiang Ui-ghur Autonomous Region live about 3 thousand 400 people, up to 27 thousand in Mongolia according to different sources.
Tuvans have been cattle-herding nomads. They have lived in yurts and hovels that they relocate seasonally as they move to newer pastures. The first information about tuvans was appeared in Ill century in written artifacts of China. Tuvans were subjects of the Uyghur Khanate during the VIII-IX centuries. Uyghur dominance was broken by the Yeniseian Kyrgyz in 840 AD. Tuva as constituent entity of Russia in XX century was changed its own status on several occasions. 1921-1944 years — independent Tannu Tuva People's Republic. Until October 1993 — Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. From 1993 — the Republic of Tuva. According to Constitution of the Republic of Tuva which was adopted on 1993, its official language is Tuvan. Russian is the common federal language [1]. Tuva language is principally divided into four dialect groups; Western, Central, Northeastern, Southeastern. Norms of Tuva literary language was formed after 1920 year on the basis of Central dialect and folklore. On Mongolia's south-east border Tuvan-Mongolian bilingualism is spread. Also people who live in this area are used three languages: Tuvan, Russian and Mongolian.
Until 1930 Tuvan language didn't have written script so ancient Mongolian language was used as an official language and so all writings was in it. From the mid 1920 tuvans in own correspondent relationships and in publishing industry used literary Mongolian language based on ancient traditional Mongolian writing.
In 1926, the Government of Tuva People's Republic made a request for Soviet scientists to create tyva alphabet. The first Cyrillic-based alphabet for Tuvans was devised in1924 by Buzykaev and Bryukhanov. This alphabet consists of the following letters: Aa, B6, Bb, Br, Aa, Ee, yKac, 33, Hh, Hh, Kk, Aa, Mm, Hh, Hr, Oo, Oo, nn, Pp, Cc, Tt, Yy, Yy, Xx, Hh, fflm, Hh [2]. It was the first Tyvan's alphabet. But this project didn't develop farther. The Latin-based alphabet (Common Turkic Alphabet - Yanalif) for Tuvan was introduced in 1930 year. In this work take part staff headed by A. A. Palm-bah who was a professor at Scientific Committee of the Tuva People's Republic. Cyrillic-based alphabet with additional letters was created in 1941. Developed alphabetic system went into effect in 1943. It is the modified version of the Russian alphabet, with three additional letters; e, y, R. In Tuvan language letter r isn't used at the beginning of words. Tuva literary language was formed in 1930. The Cyril-based alphabet was used from 1943. Tyvan writing system from 1930 year based on Latin, from 1941 on Cyril alphabet. Tuva language has 24 vowel phonemes and 22 consonant phonemes. Vowels in Tuvan exist in three varieties: short, long and short with low pitch. Long vowels have a duration that is at least twice
as long as that of short vowels. In Tuva phonetics short, long and guttural vowels are influenced on meaning of a word. For example: at (name), aat (lull a child asleep), a't (horse). One of the main differences of Tyvan language from other Turkic languages its specific long and guttural vowels. For this reason vowel harmony, especially labialisation has very significant effect on common Mongolian and Tuvan words.
Difference of Tuvan morphology in using subjunctive forms of complex verbs and future tense suffixes as -kalak, -kelek. Modern Tuvan language has many words borrowed from Russian [3].
Linguistically Tuvan language conjugated like North East Turkic languages. It is closely related to Khakas and Altay languages. Lexis of Tuvan language is mainly based on origin Turkic words. But there is you can find many words adopted from Russian and Mongolian languages. Also some special suffixes are borrowed from Mongolian language. Besides that Tuvan language has words adopted from Tibetan, Manchu and Chinese languages.
Tuvan language is used in the different fields ofeconomic and social life. It has rich literature which was formed in 1920-40s. Past historical period of Tuvan's social life is characterized by Tuvan-Mongolian bilingualism.
The number of schools in the mid - 1940s comparison with period Tuva People's Republic in was increased more than 30.
Until the present time in Tuvan schools mainly are taught children in their native language. Nevertheless, Russian widely used by city inhabitants. Therefore in 50-s bilingualism is begun to spread among the native citizens of Tuva. There are 3 types of secondary schools in Tuva like in other constituent entities of the Russian Federation: Tuvan School, Russian School and mixed.
Native-born children studied in Tuvan Schools. In these types of schools at 1-7 grades Standard Course of Study is held within Tuvan language (only in this language). Russian language as the subject is studied from reception class till 11th grade. Tuvan children who studies in Russian Schools have a loose command of the native language or absolutely don't know it. The language of instruction in mixed Schools is defined in depending on number of children. It can be Tuvan or Russian. According to data collected in the 2003 total number of schools in Tuva is over 167: including 34 — Tuvan, 7 — Russian, 26 — mixed.
Tuvan is the language of instruction in 60 % of preschool facilities. In other Russian or mixed preschool facilities children learn Tuvan language. In specialized and vocational colleges, also in private, republican lyceums Tuvan language is taught twice or three times a week. In the Faculty of Philology of Tuvan State University only subjects belonging to Tuvan philology are taught in Tuvan language. But in other faculties subjects aren't taught in Tuvan. Besides that, in higher education institutes all subjects are taught in Russian.
In early 2000 radio broadcasts in Tuvan language are increased from 2 till 3 hours, teleshows are increased from 1.5 till 2.5 hours respectively, therefore these parameters equal
Section В. Philology
to 60-65 % of broadcast time. At the present day 10 periodicals are published in Tuvan, other 4 — in Russian respectively [4].
In the late 80 and early 90s tuvans pay great attention on their own cultural background. Especially the rising generation increased their activities focused on development of Tuvan language. Since that time improvement of the status of Tuvan language had became one of the main items of the agenda.
In December 1990, the law «On languages in Tuvan ASSR» was ratified. On the basis of this law, question about status of the Tuvan language was solved. Adoption of the language law was coincident with the period when Tuvans pay great attention on their own cultural background. It should also be understood that all of these events and the adoption of the Declaration of Independence had a great influence on content of the language law. As a result of this Tuvan is ratified as the state language and status of the language is recognized by Tuvan Constitution (was adopted in 1993). Under section 33 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tuva which was adopted in 1993: Tuvan is the state language and Russian is language of international communications, subject for study cultural mentality of different nations and also it is used in all federative area. It should be remembered that Russian was the state language in USSR with functions of international
communication. So it's also used in social-political and economical life of tuvans. All of these factors are influenced on practical execution of the section 33 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tuva. The major focus of this law isn't solved, because only 0.6 % of Russian population of Tuva knows Tuvan language.
For implementation of the language law it is need to introduce Tuvan language curriculum in kindergartens, schools and higher education institutions. Capital shortage and expertise scarcity don't give possibility to open courses for groups of people who are interested in studying Tuvan language.
We know that Tuvan and Russian Languages are used in equal grounds in Tuva. But their status is not fully defined. Lexical norms of Tuvan language are changed under the influence of Russian Language. For example: historically the name of the republic is Tyva (as the name of native persons who live in this area). But according to the Constitution which was adopted in 1993, Russian version of the name of the republic is introduced. As the result «Tyva» and «Tuva» officially used on equal grounds as the name of the republic.
According to the New Constitution (was adopted in 2001) official languages of the Republic of Tuva are Tuvan and Russian languages.
References:
1. Constitution of the Republic of Tuva.- 1993.
2. Mongush D. A. Tuvin alphabet and its development//Tuvan alphabet and its development//Items of improvement of the alphabets of Turkic languages in USSR. - Moscow.: Science, 1972. - P. 140-148.
3. Kazakhstan. The national encyclopedia. Senior Editor: B. Ayagan. - Almaty, 2006. - P. 609.
4. [Electronic resource]. - Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_language
Malakhov Sergey Viktorovich, candidate of historical sciences, associate professor E-mail: svmalakhov@mail.ru
Three names of Paris
Abstracts: Three (of the five) names of the present-day capital of France contain such semantics as «logged, lu-tose, plashy». «Marshy places » and «people who live at swamps » — that's what these oikonyms most likely implied.
Keywords: toponyms of France, toponyms of Paris, coat of arms of Paris, history of Paris, coins of the Parisii
Малахов Сергей Викторович, кандидат исторических наук, доцент E-mail: svmalakhov@mail.ru
Три названия Парижа
Аннонтация: В трёх из пяти названий нынешней столицы Франции заложено значение «топкий, болотистый, грязный». «Болотистые места» и «люди, живущие у топей» — вот что они, скорее всего, передавали.
Ключевые слова: топонимы Франции, топонимы Парижа, герб Парижа, история Парижа, монеты парисиев.
Эта работа выполнена методом: а) подборки для б) с последующим выбором вариантов, наиболее полно со-
каждого из рассматриваемых ойконимов блока слов из ответствующих своеобразию города, нынешней столицы
индоевропейских по преимуществу языков, релевантных Франции, отражённому в других источниках. Выводы от-
им по своим фонетико-семантическим характеристикам; мечены звёздочками.
