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Бюлоггчний вгсник МДПУ iмет Богдана Хмельницького 6 (2), стор. 259-267, 2016 Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 6 (2), pp. 259-267, 2016
ARTICLE UDC 574.633.1
TRIBE TRITICEAE L. AND THE BIOCENOTIC MECHANISMS OF ADAPTABILITY
T.Z. Moskalets
Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, Bila Tserkva, Ukraine. Email: shunyascience@ukr.net
The cultural species in the process ontogenesis and phylogenesis to favorable and unfavorable environmental conditions produce a number of biological mechanisms (molecular genetic, physiological, biochemical, morphological, biocenotic), plants identification behind them reflects the degree of their ecological of adaptability, plasticity and stability. Studying the and comparison of morphological parameters and relations with consort-species and representatives of tribe Triticeae allowed to find out what plants differently realize their life potential. Which are based on structural and functional features biocenotic mechanisms that manifested in adaptive properties. On example cultural cereal species shows that the basic mechanisms of adaptability are: mechanisms of functional sustainability, morphological tolerance and ontogenetic avoidance. The first group is associated with functional parameters forming and manifestation life potential of plants (accumulation protein, accumulation gluten, duration assimilatory ability flag leaf; erection leaves the upper tier; depth of node tillering; strength of the stem, ie the, low penchant to lodging; total tillering plants; synchronicity growth of main stem; the intensity fading ear after full ripeness. The second group includes mechanisms of morphological tolerance (hairiness of leaves, stems; wax-colored bloom; plaza of leaf; type of bush; density head; beardedness; glossy coating of leaf, culm; glaucous color of leaf, culm; placing spicate of scales near granule; plant height). To mechanisms of ontogenetic avoidance relating such as mismatch of pathogen, phytophage and plant; photoperiodic sensitivity; duration interphase periods in particular florification, ripening; duration of vegetation period; duration of primary dormancy (latent period); multivariation of synontogenesis; photoperiodic sensitivity. Knowing the biocenotic mechanisms formation of adaptability cultural species discloses up new opportunities in clarifying the fundamental bases of adaptation and is of practical importance in the management of vitality and seed productivity.
Key words: biocenotic mechanisms, drought resistance, adaptability, Triticeae.
The basis of the fundamental bases adaptation, developing approaches to obtain resistant varieties and plant forms to pathogens, phytophages, especially in the present global warming and arid climate (Parent et al., 2016; Keeley, 2012), underlying of plant response as response to abiotic and biotic prolonged stressors and (Voelckel and Jander, 2014; Tavares et al., 2015; Field, 2014). Question of forming of appliance and sustainability of the crops (Hancock et al., 2015).
Adaptability (from the Latin. «adapto» - adapt) as a property of living organisms characterizing adequacy (conformity) plant genotype real conditions of existence for quite a long time to maximum realization of potential opportunities in the environment (Genkel, 1978; Cellular mechanisms of plant adaptation ..., 2003; Bita, Gerats, 2013). The conducted analysis of of literature in recent years demonstrates the significance achievements of problems in the study of adaptability and adaptation of plant populations (Hrytsyna, 2011; Ermakova, 1979; Kyyak, 2014; Suley, 1989) and prompts it to further development of analytical approaches, including the comparison of of vital functions occurring between different organisms in biocenosis not only of rare, relict and endemic plants, but also cultural species (Moskalets, Rybalchenko, 2015).
Citation:
Moskalets, T.Z. (2016). Tribe Triticeae L. and the biocenotic mechanisms of adaptability. Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University, 6 (2), 259-267.
Поступило в редакцию / Submitted: 09.07.2016 Принято к публикации / Accepted: 19.08.2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/201656
© Moskalets, 2016
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The sharp aggravation of environmental situation as a result of anthropogenic impact induces to search for new forms of crops and the ways of realization their sustainability (Kolesnichenko, 2012; (Moskalets et al., 2016b). To resist extremal conditions can genotypes highly plastic, tread properties are determined by genetic, morphological, physiological and biochemical and biocoenotic mechanisms (Shpylchyn et al., 2010; Moskalets et al., 2016a). The success of the spread of new species and forms of plants is determined by the presence of reliable criteria of stability and protective mechanisms for competitive (parasitic, trophic) relations (Hancock et al., 2015).
In this connection, the purpose was to find out biocenotic mechanisms of adaptiveness that are already produced and that shape the representatives tribe Triticeae L. the negative impact of pathogens, phytophages, segetal plants for new growth conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The objects of research were sorts and lines of tribe Triticeae, in particular: Triticum aestivum L. (common wheat), Secale cereale L. (winter rye) and winter triticale (Triticum trispecies Shulind.) Nosivska selection and research station of Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS of Ukraine (Table 1).
Proceeding from the fact that the origin of the weekend parent forms have a wide habitat of geographical origin important for disclosure biocoenotic of mechanisms adaptability in different areas of their introduction, identify marker adaptive characteristics and properties. Research carried out during the 2008-2015 in central part of Ukrainian northern Right Bank Forest-Steppe zone with periodically erratic humidification (the research field NSRC of Bila Tserkva NAU), soil - chernozem typical deep argillaceous sand; Polissia-Forest-Steppe insufficient moistening zone (Nosivska selection and research station of Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS of Ukraine, Chernigiv region), soil - chernozem low humus and easy argillaceous sand and Zhytomyr Polissya the wet zone (Institute of Agriculture Polissia of UAAS (Zhytomyr region, Korestenskyy district, Hrozyne), soil - sandy loam sod-medium podzolic. Characteristics of weather and climate conditions are presented in tables 2,3.
Morphological studies of plants performed by I.G. Serebryakov (Serebryakov, 1964). The number, species composition and strategy functioning of the segetal vegetation - using modified methods A.Ph. Chenkin (Chenkin, 1994), Rabotnov (Rabotnov, 1993). Phytopathogenic assessment of crops was carried out by conventional method (Babayants et al., 1988). Counts entomophages - according to the recommendations Polyakov (Polyakov et al., 1984). For determination of species composition of of arthropods used appropriate auxiliaries used (The determinant of agricultural pests ..., 1976). The calculations of pest were carried out according to phenophase of crops. Statistical data processing conducted by B.A. Dospehov (Dospehov, 1985).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
According to data the observations we is marked that the structure of trophic and parasitic connections of winter cereal crops a leading place occupy: Sitobion avenae F., Schisaphis graminum Roind, Eurygaster integriceps Put., Aelia acuminata L., Phyllotreta vittula T. This is the most numerous representatives of phytophages II-IV, IX-XI stages of organogenesis members of the tribe Triticeae. According to the literature (Stryhun, 2015) on crops of wheat and other crops in Ukraine there are more than 300 species of phytophagans, including practical importance are 132 species of these insects class includes - 111 species of arachnids - 6.
In autumn in the formation of of increase cone, its intense differentiation of laying nodes, internodes, stems and leaves, stems injury influences these formative processes and to frost-, winter hardiness of plants. Crop during damage weaker accumulate plastic material, much of which is spent on regeneration processes of damaged tissue, and as a consequence the plants lose their resistance to unfavorable abiotic factors. So, as a result of effects of harmful parasite entomofauna on the plant as a whole organism, results in to the manifestation of physiological processes both in the direction of increasing protective mechanisms and in the direction of weakening..
Differentiation of representatives of tribe during the growing season for protective mechanisms to phytophages, enabled to single out a link between the intensity of display entomophytoparasitism and the photoperiodic sensitivity. Established that plants with weak development of the herb of the autumn
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Table 1. Characteristics of research objects
№ Variety, line of species Triticeae Pedigree of sort, line Physical geographic origin The approximate zone regionalization
Triticum aestivum L. (common winter wheatj
1 Noshpa 100 i.s. of Л 41-95 UA FS
2 Zoriana Nosivska Ç (ÇObriy х ¿Maris Yuntsman) х ¿Maris Yuntsman UA, GB Pl-FS
3 Yuvivata 60 i.s. of Л 4639/96 UA Pl
4 KC 1 Ç Donska n/k х ¿К-6477/91 RU, CN FS
5 KC 5 Ç Donska n/k х ¿Zoriana Nosivska RU, UA FS
6 KC 7 ?Л 00239 х ¿ Donska n/k RU FS
7 KC 14 ÇMaris huntsman х $ (ÇKyianka х ¿Pony) CN, UA, US FS
8 KC 16 ÇKyshynivska intensyvna х $ (Ç Poliska 87 х $ Kyianka) MD, UA FS
9 KC 17 Ç (ÇNorman x ¿Florida) x ¿Myronivska 61 GB, DE, UA FS
10 KC 21 Ç Zoriana Nosivska х ¿ Poliska 29 UA FS
11 KC 22 Ç Zoriana Nosivska х ¿Myronivska 61 UA FS
12 Ä 41-95 (ÇMyrleben х ¿ Poliska 92) UA Pl-FS
13 Ä 59-95 Ç Donska n/k х ¿[Ç(ÇMaris Madler х ¿Pony) х ¿ Donska n/k] RU, US, GB Pl-FS
14 Ä 3-85 -//- -//- FS
15 Ä 4639/96 Ç Poliska 90 х ¿Мирлебен) х ¿ (ÇHolger х ¿11111 296) UA, GB, RU Pl
16 Daushka Ç(ÇDonska n/k х ¿Maris Hunstman) х¿ Donska n/k RU Pl-FS
17 Zirka Nosivska Ç Poliska 90 х ¿К 6407 UA, CN Pl-FS
18 Prydesnyanska n/k i.s. of Л 59-95 RU, US, GB Pl-FS
19 Ariivka i.s. of КС 1 UA FS
Secale cereale L. (winter rye)
20 Borotba Ç Sangaste х ¿ Saratovska 4 EE, RU Pl-FS-St
21 Olimpiada 80 ÇKustro х ¿Pantserne DE, PL Pl -FS
Triticum trispecies Shulind (winter triticale)
22 Vivate Nosivske i.s. of Pshenychne UA FS
23 ПС 1 12 Ç Slavetne х ¿Pshenychne UA FS
24 ПС 2 12 Ç Slavetne х ¿Pshenychne UA FS
25 УП 1-12 ÇUragan х ¿Pshenychne UA FS
26 Д_5_2010 Ç (ÇAvgusto х ¿NE 312) x ¿№1364/93 UA, СА Pl-FS
Note: n/k (napivkarlykovyy) - semi dwarf, i.s. of - individual selection of, Pl - Polissia, FS - Forest-Steppe, St -Steppe.
and early spring of to vegetation significantly less are affected insect pests (mechanism of «ontogenetic avoidance»), than varieties and lines with weak or neutral photoperiodic sensitivity. In 2009, 2010, 2012 increase in populations of Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Hemiptera, Aphidina significantly impairs the the performance of seed plants, and considerably reduces the yield and impairs grain quality. Our conclusion is supported by the research of other authors (Hancock et al., 2015; Sumarokov, 2001; Voelckel and Jander, 2014) whose data indicate a deterioration of the phytosanitary state and seed productivity.
Important mechanisms that reflect the protective properties of cultural plant to harmful insects are morphological characteristics producers (Strygun, 2015; Sumarokov, 2001; Felman et al., 1997). In particular, resistance to insects caused by dense fit of spicate of scales to fit grains (which prevent colo-
Table 2. The characteristic temperature regime of the research areas, including most extreme
Zone I n d e x e s
a/l t, °С air the sum of tempera-tures above, °С the duration of periods with t, above, days max, t, °С min, t, °С the depth of soil freezing, cm
1O 5 O 0°С 5°С 10°С
FS 7,6 265O 3O1O 327O 256 215 168 +42 -37 85
Pl-FS 6,9 254O 2980 313O 249 2O6 157 +38 -34 89
Pl 6,7 246O 2960 3090 245 2OO 153 +38 -32 44
Note: a/l - the average longstanding.
Table 3. Characteristics of weather-climate conditions of the research areas
Zone I n d e x e s
rainfall duration, day HTI the total radiation kkal /cm2 the total FAR, temperatures for the period, MJ/m2
a/l g/s g/s f/f p >5°С >10°С
FS 538 3OO-34O 2OO-21O 16O-17O 0,9-1,2 95-107 16OO-175O 146O-147O
Pl-FS 575 35O-4OO 2OO-2O5 155-165 1,5-1,6 90-95 161O-164O 1370-1480
Pl 614 4OO-42O 190-205 16O-165 1,5-1,7 86-94 1635-165O 141O-1435
Note: HTI - hydrothermal coefficient, g/s - growing season, f/f p - frost-free period.
nization colossus phytophages insects, thrips, aphids cereal for wheat Spelta, Turhidum and wheat-rye amphidiploid: ПС_1_12, ПС_2_12, УП_1-12, Д_5_2010, in them genome are genes the aforementioned wheats). It was found that lack ligula in the vagina determines of the leaf lesions plants of Phyllotreta vittula Т. (mechanism of «morphological tolerance»). Most wheat, in which the presence of liguly and its snug fit to the stem significantly reduced parasitizing development as Phyllotreta vittula T. and Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze the autumn and early spring, in peak of puberty.
Another morphological feature - as element the protective mechanism of individual groups of phytophages, in particular, to Sch. graminum, E. integriceps, A. acuminata, P. cruciferae are: density head (ear), beardedness, their location along the length ear, which is typical for Noshpa 100, Л 41-95, Prydesnyanska napivkarlykova, Л 59-95, Ariivka, КС 1. Not less an essential morphological feature that provides resistance to insects of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae) are medium and strong hairiness of stems under ear and floral scales (that is inherent to Vivate Nosivske, ПС_1_12, ПС_2_12, УП_1-12, Д_5_2010). Plant height and strength of the stem are also a leading elements of plant resistance to the undesirable phenomena (including lodging), which is a precedent for intensive development of unwanted entomofauna and the decline in productivity and quality of seed seed. These varieties and lines are KC 5 KC 1, L 59-95, Ariivka, Nosshpa 100 that belong to short stemmed. Insect resistance is also associated with following characteristics plants as the beginning and duration earing. It is established that triticale lines ПС_1_12, ПС_2_12 the early occurrence of and short term earing and in its turn reduces the early occurrence of ripening crops reduces on crops the number of adults and grain beetle of injury seed.
The ability of of plants to rapid regeneration from damage by insects inherent to wide-deciduous varieties and lines such as Nosshpa 100 Yuvivata 60 and others. Thus, in research S.O Triebel is shown that high level of resistance to wheat stem sawflies provides biotypes with high resistance to lodging and to grain beetles - with resistance to shedding (Triebel, 1999).
Stability varieties and lines cereal crops to phytophages O.O. Strygun (Strygun, 2015) considered by the several mechanisms: antibiosis (suppression of pests); antixenosis (unpleasantness plants for egg-laying adults); tolerance (recovery of lost plants without decrease of plant productivity); evasion (development harmful stage of phytophage in invulnerable time phenophase of plants); antibiosis and evasion; antixenosis and evasion; antixenosis, antibiosis and evasion. In the critical period of plant forming - ripening grain (X-XII stages) in agrocenoses wheat number more than ten main types of phytophages of the most
dangerous of bedbugs (6 species) and wheat thrips that damages grains. On IV-XII stages organogenesis of cereals manifested action of a number of defense reactions and mechanisms of plants that suppress the development and reproduction sucking phytophages.
To such mechanisms relating wax-colored bloomon leaves and ears, thickness spikelet scales, their thickness spikelet scales, ear density, flow velocity shaping processes etc. However completely avoid the harmfulness of of the complex sucking phytophages not possible, since each species has adapted to food on organs of places of plants and where the protective mechanisms are weakened. But the compensation for damage in the existing action entomocomplex KC 1, KC 22, Ariivka is prolonged assimilation ability leaf apparat. To Eurygaster integriceps plants confront due to such mechanisms as the stability of precocity, inability seeds to germinate in the ear, the accumulation high protein content and gluten.
Group leaf beetles are the least the numerical. These include CMyracTa Phyllotreta vittula and Oulema (melanopus, lichenis). Damage to IV-VII of organogenesis stages (early output in tube - of earing) when completed intensely shaping processes generative organs occurring and intense vegetative growth processes of plants. During its damage of puff apparatus of is disturbed photosynthesis, which adversely affects the crop capacity and grain quality. Against these phytophages mechanism of resistance varieties were identified in the 30 years of XX century V.A. Megalov, which is opushenist leaves trichomes. Oulema avoided tall varieties with high bushiness and narrow leaf plates and dense nervates. Yet the layers of wax-colored bloom on the leaves promotes the development of larvae Oulema. It is this feature and widely leaves are a fairly common in modern varieties, providing plant drought resistance and high yield, but contributes to reproduction and harmfulness of phytophages. Therefore problems with Oulema, as with Phyllotreta vittula, palpable exacerbated in the last decade (Hancock et al., 2015; Strygun, 2015; Sumarokov, 2001; Moskalets, 2015).
The level of resistance grain varieties to E. integriceps caused by high protein and gluten (>14 i 28 %) (mechanism of «functional sustainability»). Occupancy the stairs in the autumn significantly depends on the shape of the bush and wax-colored bloom (mechanism of «morphological tolerance»). Varieties with half upright and upright bush form and strong waxy bloom in 1,9-2,3 times less settled by than the the flies that are spreading form of the bush (Moskalets, Rybalchenko, 2016; Hof et al., 2011).
Yet another factor decrease, and the loss of vitality cultural cereals are epiphytotics - fungal disease, that take into account interaction mechanisms plant and pathogen in the system «plant - pathogen - environment». Tolerant form of plants (species, subspecies, varieties, lines, cultivar, etc.) have a number of adaptiveappliances, which determine the long preservation stability properties of their growing in different soil-climatic zones. Identification of these features allows to predict future areas of distribution of certain plant varieties.
Among a number of consort-types of cereals are very common pathogen mealy dew - fungus Blumeria gramimis f.sp. tritici (DC.) Speer. Infection of plants pass the temperature 0-20°C and relative air humidity 50-100 %. High air temperature (over 30 °C) retards the development of mealy dew. Incubation period -3-11 days (on average 4-5). Pathogen of mealy dew on susceptible varieties and lines of winter grain crops appears and develops in the early phase of tillering.
Under the conditions of Forest-Steppe and Polissia ecotypes maximum manifestation the pathogen (about 28-34 %) noted that lesions mealy dew, leaf all tiers, including Nosshpy 100, ^ 41-95, Borotba, Olimpiada, which is characterized by high bushiness (intensive formation stems) and not erective flag leaf. In the phase of seed wax ripeness symptoms of the disease marked in on the leaves and stems of plants.. It is known that resistance varieties of of cereals to powdery mildew, created by hybridization is effective for 7 years. At 2008 - 2014 pp. established that varieties wheat common KC 1; KC 5, KC 14, Prydesnyanska napivkarlykova, KC 17, Yuvivata 60 i winter triticale nC_1_12, nC_2_12, fl_5_2010 are resistant to pathogen mealy dew that is, these biotypes are unlikely ecological niche (tab. 4). The mechanism of resistance short stemmed plants (KC 1; KC 5, KC 14, Prydesnyanska n/k) is not high stem (to 85 cm) and early ripeness. Mechanism of stability Yuvivata 60 and ^ 4639/96 are characteristic for the high photoperiodic sensitivity, resulting in plants of these biotypes not outgrow the autumn and early spring.
It is clear that this differentiation is not absolutely perfect from phytopathogenic point of view, but graduation genotypes cultural species of ecological and biological point of view is important because it allows synecology reflect the peculiarities of biodiversity in environmental and landscape terms. This
Table 4. Research of varieties and lines in probability to be ecological niche for Blumeria graminis
Resistance The property Ecotope
Epiphyte-parasite against the pathogen, marks to be ecological niche Forest-Steppe Polissia-Forest-Steppe Polissia
2 3 4 5 6 7
9-8 unlikely Common winter wheat
КС 1; КС 5 КС 1; КС 5 КС 1
7-6 probable КС 14; Prydes-nyanska n/k, КС 14, Prydesnyan-ska n/k; КС 17; Yuvivata 60; Л 4639/96 Prydesnyanska n/k; КС 17; КС 14; Yuvivata 60; Л 4639/96
КС 1, КС 5, КС 21, КС 22, Ariivka Zoriana Nosivska, Zoriana Nosivska;
Blumeria graminis (DC.) f. sp. tritici Speer 5-4 mediumprobable КС 1, КС 5, Ari-ivka, КС 21, КС 22 Noshpa 100; Л 41-95, КС 1, КС 5, КС 21, КС 22
3 2 intense- Noshpa 100; Noshpa 100; Noshpa 100;
probable Л 41-95 Л 41-95 Л 41-95, Ariivka
Winter triticale, Winter rye
9-8 unlikely ПС_1-12; ПС_2-12; Д_5-2010 ПС_1-12; ПС_2-12; Д_5-2010 ПС_1-12; ПС_2-12; Д_5-2010
7-6 probable Olimpiada 80 Borotba Olimpiada 80, Borotba Olimpiada 80, Borotba
system-ecological approach discloses ecology-biological potential new genotypes for the important criteria for a particular spatiotemporal period of growth and development of crops.
Studying the the main dominant competitive associations of weeds and their differentiation by type of population strategies discussed in detail in a previous publication (Moskalets, 2016) made it possible to find out the features of formation mechanisms of adaptability members of tribe Triticeae on the structure and the competitive relationships with segetal groups, provided an opportunity discover that tall varieties and lines of wheat soft, rye and triticale winter are the most competitive. Under the conditions of Forest-Steppe and Polissia these are: Yuvivata 60, Л 4639/96, Borotba, Olimpiada 80, Д_5_2010, that have the ability highly competitive compared to other medium grew and semi dwarf varieties. As protective mechanisms that limiting spread of associative weeds is the height of culture, a high overall tillering, size of leaf plates, the duration of accumulation of organic matter, synchronicity of growth of the main stem, the intensity sinking ear after full ripeness, strength stems, stretched maturate period, high associative ability of microorganisms -antagonists of weeds.
Studying the and comparison of morphological parameters and relations with consort-species and representatives of tribe Triticeae allowed to find out what plants produces structural and functional features biocenotic mechanisms that manifested in adaptive properties. On example cultural cereal species shows that the basic mechanisms of adaptability are: mechanisms of functional sustainability, morphological tolerance and ontogenetic avoidance (Fig. 1).
CONCLUSIONS
Studying the and comparison of morphological parameters and relations with consort-species and representatives of tribe Triticeae allowed to find out what plants differently realize their life potential. Which are based on structural and functional features biocenotic mechanisms that manifested in adaptive properties. On example cultural cereal species shows that the basic mechanisms of adaptability are: mechanisms of functional sustainability, morphological tolerance and ontogenetic avoidance. The first group is associated with functional parameters forming and manifestation life potential of plants (accumulation
Table 5. Research of varieties and lines in probability to be ecological niche for Fusarium graminearum
Epiphyte- Resistance The property Ecotope
against the to be
parasite pathogen, marks ecological niche Forest-Steppe Polissia-Forest-Steppe Polissia
2 3 4 5 6 7
Common winter wheat
КС 1; КС 14,
8-7 unlikely КС 22, Л 4639/96, Л 59-95, Zoriana Nosivska КС 1; Noshpa 100, Ariivka Yuvivata 60, Ariivka
Л 41/94; Zirka Л 4639/96, Prydesnyanska n/k; Zoriana Nosivska Л 4639/96,
6-5 probable Nosivska, КС 5, Noshpa 100, Ariivka Prydesnyanska n/k; Zoriana Nosivska
Fusarium graminearum 4-3 intense-probable КС 17 - -
var. caricis (Oudem.) Wollenw. Winter triticale
8-7 unlikely ПС 1 12, ПС_2_12, Vivate Nosivske ПС 1 12, ПС 2 12, Д-5_2010
Vivate Nosivske
6-5 probable УП 1-12 - Vivate Nosivske
Winter rye
6-5 probable Borotba, Olimpiada 80 - Borotba
5-4 intense-probable Borotba, Olimpiada 80 Olimpiada 80
Mechanisms of a<lap (ability
Functional sustainabilitv
- Accumula tion pro tein
- Accumula turn gluten
- Dura doll aSSLTmla tory ability Hi g leaf
- Ер ектсидшсть leaves the ifiper tier
- Dep tli of node tillernig
- Strength of die stem
- Total tilleinig plants
- S yicluumcitf growth of mam stem
- The intensity fading ear after full rip eness
I
Morphological tolerance
J_
- Hail mess of leaves, steins
- Waxcolonal bloom
- Plaza of leaf -Type of bush
- Density head
- Beanledness
- Glossy coatii^ of leaf. culm
- Glaucous color of leaf, culm
- Placing spicate of scales near granule
- Plant height
\
Ontogenetic avoidance
X
- Mismatch of pathogen* phytophage and plant -Plintqjei iodic sensitmty
- Diu at- и uuteiphase periods in particular flcnifica tn>n. lip eiung
- Duration of vegetation period
- Duration nf ргшигу dormancy (latent period)
- Multivariation of synonto genesis
- PIkj tnperiodic seimtrvity
Figure 1. Biocenotical mechanisms of formation and manifestation adaptive properties of representatives tribe
Triticeae.
protein, accumulation gluten, duration assimilatory ability flag leaf; erection leaves the upper tier; depth of node tillering; strength of the stem, ie the, low penchant to lodging; total tillering plants; synchronicity growth of main stem; the intensity fading ear after full ripeness.
The second group includes mechanisms of morphological tolerance (hairiness of leaves, stems; wax-colored bloom; plaza of leaf; type of bush; density head; beardedness; glossy coating of leaf, culm; glaucous color of leaf, culm; placing spicate of scales near granule; plant height). To mechanisms of ontogenetic avoidance relating such as mismatch of pathogen, phytophage and plant; photoperiodic sensitivity; duration interphase periods in particular florification, ripening; duration of vegetation period; duration of primary dormancy (latent period); multivariation of synontogenesis; photoperiodic sensitivity.
Knowing the biocenotic mechanisms formation of adaptability cultural species discloses up new opportunities in clarifying the fundamental bases of adaptation and is of practical importance in the management of vitality and seed productivity.
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