138TRANSLATION PROBLEMS OF PHRASAL VERBS
Dilafruz Razzakberdiyevna Umarova
Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute
ABSTRACT
This article is devoted to a very current theme about the translating of English phrasal verbs to Uzbek. Translating of English phrasal verbs is very important part of the science of translation because it couldn't be a real good correct translation without correct translating of the phrasal verbs. Translation is a complicated phenomenon involving linguistics, psychological culture, literary and other factors. Different aspects of translation can be studied with the methods of the respective sciences. Up to date most of theoretical research of translation has been done with the frameworks of linguistics.
Keywords: phrasal verb, target language, source language, equivalency, translating strategies, idiomatic phrasal verbs.
INTRODUCTION
With the development of the written language, written translators join oral ones. They translated different texts of official, religious and business character. Translation had the main social function at first. It made possible inter-linguistic communication of people. The spreading of the written translation opened to people the wide access to cultural achievements of other nations; it made possible interaction and inter enrichment of literature and culture. The knowledge of foreign languages let to read original books, but not everybody can earn at least one foreign language.
METHODOLOGY
Translation is the transformation of the message of the source language to the message of the translating language. The exact translation is impossible because of a great number of languages differences in the grammar and the number of words, besides, the distinction of the cultures can influence the way of translating and its results. Translation is the art of revelation. It makes the unknown known. The translator has the fever and craft to recognize, recreate and reveal the works of the other artist. Translation is an art between tongues. Some translators tried to define the row of demands of which the good translators should be. The French humanist E.
Dolet (1509 - 1546) considered that a translator should keep the following five basic principles of translation:
1. To understand the content of the translating text and the intention of the author perfectly;
2. To know the language he translates from and the language he translates on perfectly;
3. To avoid the tendency to translate word for word, because it misrepresents the original content and spoils the beauty of its form;
4. To use the translation the speech forms in general use;
5. To reproduce the general impression in corresponding key, produced by the original, by choosing and placing words correctly.
Furthermore, the particle plays an important role in modifying the meaning of the verb it combines with, in the sense that they fuse together and sacrifice their basic meanings to produce a new semantic unit. Finally, phrasal verbs have the characteristic of polysemy, in that any given idiomatic phrasal verbs may occur in as many as ten, or more, different meanings according to the contexts in which it is used. E.g.
1- She broke away from her friends
U do'stlaridan ayrildi.
2- The thief broke away from the police
Ogri politsiya qoTidan qochib qutuldi.
1- The machine has broken off.
Mashina ishlashdan to'xtadi.
2- The governments have broken off their diplomatic relationship.
Hukumatlararo diplomatic aloqalarga chek qo'yildi.
The scholar emphasizes the significance of phrasal verbs, arguing that a lack of understanding of phrasal verbs often leads foreign language users to misinterpret the content of messages, and that they avoid using them, resulting in unnatural language and lack of fluidity. They argue further that avoidance of phrasal verbs results in lengthy circumlocutions, and that while these forms are most common in speech and informal writing, they do occur to a significant degree in more formal written language as well.
RESULTS
Ghazala H. says that what makes the translation of phrasal verbs difficult is the fact that they are mostly unpredictable (1995). They are difficult to be guessed from
the context in most cases, unlike simple words which can be guessed (of course not in all the cases). Ghazala gives some examples of the most common particles that are combined with verbs in English (1995). The combination of the same preposition/ adverb with different verbs may result in different meanings. For example:
On
1. Go on = continue - davom ettirmoq
2. Put on = wear - kiymoq
3. Hang on = wait - kutmoq
Off
1. Get off = leave - tark etmoqjo'nab ketmoq.
2. Take off = fly/ undress - yechmoq, (kiyimni)
3. Write off = dismiss/ ignore/ exclude - iste'moldan chiqarish. Up
1. Eat up = finish eating - yeb qo'yish
2. Give up = stop - tashlamoq, to'xtatmoq
3. Speak up = raise one's voice - balandroq ovozda gapirmoq.
As we have mentioned above one semantic unit can express a plenty of meanings across the language. It is one of the problematic cases with the translation of phrasal verbs. For instance:
Come off
1. Leave a place -jo'nab ketmoq, tark etmoq.
2. Succeed - muvofaqqiyat qozonmoq.
3. Take place as plan - rejadagidek ketmoq, risoladagidek ketmoq
4. To have a result - natijasini bermoq,
5. To suffer a result - oqibatidan aziyat checkmoq..
6. To fall from something high - yiqilib tushmoq.
7. To be able to be removed - olib tashlanmoq, yechilmoq.
8. To stop being joined to something - ajralish, ko'chib tushush
9. To stop public performance - namoyishni to'xtatish.
Translators ought to be cognizant of the case of phrasal verbs usage in the context. However, familiarity is not about having phrasal verbs in the translators' mother tongue only. It is also a matter of being exposed to them. It is, by no means,possible for translators to know the meanings of all English phrasal verbs not even all the combinations like come, do, drink, go, see, take, etc...
DISCUSSION
Nevertheless, they are able to know and to memorize the common widely used phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs are similar to irregular verbs. Translators have to learn by heart only the most common and the most important ones. That is, they have to concentrate on the main core combinations of each of these common phrasal verbs. For example, "come" has about sixty phrasal verbs combinations.
The common ones are six only:
- Come in - kirmoq(ichkariga)
- Come across - (duch kelmoq, uchratib qolmoq)
- Com e on - boshlanmoq, paydo bolmoq.
- Come off - risoladagidek ketmoq, rejadagidek sodir bo'l
- Come out - paydo bolmoq, nashrdan chiqmoq
- Come through - qabul qilmoq, yetib kelmoq (malumotga nisbatan)
Each of the combinations mentioned above has more than one meaning; simultaneously they have a common essential and basic. Translators can confine themselves learning these common phrasal combinations of "come" and other common phrasal combinations of common verbs in English with their core meanings. In this way, it would be possible for them to translate English phrasal verbs into TL, particularly Uzbek. Still another possible solution for the problem of translating phrasal verbs is to depend on the context; but this does not work all the time and in all the cases. It is a widely acknowledged that there are plenty of phrasal verbs in the English language and one verb may provide different phrasal verbs; each one has its own meaning. The only thing which should be done is to add some adverbial elements after the verb. Yet, we have bound to confess that it is so difficult for translators to distinguish between them; even the context cannot be useful in all cases. In the same manner, in his article Some Ways of Translating English Phrasal Verbs into Russian, Yatskovich casts a light on "the essence of some semantic correspondences in the English and Russian verbal systems" (1999; p. 1). Yatskovich admits that "it seems almost impossible to create a consistent rigid system of lexical correspondences between SL and TL without encountering numerous debatable problems" (1999; p. 2). One of such debatable problems, he elaborates, is the polysemic nature of phrasal verbs, which has to be always kept in the mind of translator when dealing with phrasal verbs. He, all in all, concludes that "understanding of semantic correspondences in English and TLs' verbal systems can be quite a powerful tool in the translator's arsenal" (p. 3). Ghazala 18 says that what makes the translation of phrasal verbs difficult is the fact that they are mostly
unpredictable (1995). They are difficult to be guessed from the context in most cases, unlike simple words which can be guessed (of course not in all the cases). Ghazala gives some examples of the most common particles that are combined with verbs in English (1995).
CONCLUSION
Discerned translating problems and difficulties don't exhaust the all variety of complications in translation. They reflect only the fundamental, the most typical situations. Translating of English phrasal verbs is very important part of the science of translation because it couldn't be a real good correct translation without correct translating of the phrasal verbs. Every translator should pay attention to the translation of the phrasal verbs and work hard with each phrasal verb. English and Uzbek lexical systems are so different that they demand the special approach to translating of each verb according to its contextual meaning.
REFERENCES
1. Darwin. C. & Gray. L.Going After the Phrasal Verb: An Alternative Approachto Classification. TESOL Quarterly. Vol.33, No. 1, Spring.1999
2. Ghazala. Hasan. Translation as Problems and Solutions (4th ed).Syria: Dar El Kalem El-Arabi. 128p.1995
3. Ghazala, H. Idiomaticity Between Evasion and Invasion in Translation: Stylistic, Aesthetic and connotative Considerations. Babel. 213,302p.2003
4. Live, A. H. The Discontinuous Verb in English, Word 21: 430p.1965
5. Side. R. "Phrasal verbs: sorting them out." ELT Journal 44 (2): 145-152p. 1990 Newmark, Peter. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall.
6. Yatskovich. I. "Some ways of translating English phrasal verbs into Russian". Translation Journal 3.3. 1999 (http: //transl ationjournal .net/j ournal/0 9russ. htm).
