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Вестник Московского университета. Сер. 22. Теория перевода. 2015. № 4
Хванг Джи-ён,
профессор Университета иностранных языков Хангук, Республика Корея;
e-mail: [email protected]
ПЕРЕВОД ДИПЛОМАТИЧЕСКОЙ РИТОРИКИ КИТАЯ В КОРЕЙСКИХ СМИ
Государственная риторика является обширной системой, охватывающей дипломатическую, военную, политическую, культурную и другие сферы. Дипломатическая риторика Китая имеет целостный и непрерывный характер. В данной работе рассматривается перевод дипломатической риторики Китая в корейских СМИ на протяжении 30 лет после начала реализации политики реформ и открытости Дэн Сяопина. В качестве примера можно привести следующие речевые обороты: Qui Tong Cun Yi (^Hff^), Tao Guang Yang Hui (Й^ШЙ) и You Suo Zuo Wei (i^ffS)1. Смысловые оттенки дипломатической риторики невозможно передать путём дословного перевода. Анализ тенденций перевода дипломатической риторики Китая в корейских СМИ показал, что часто встречаются случаи объяснения подобных фраз до или после непосредственного их обозначения.
Ключевые слова: дипломатическая риторика, политика реформ и открытости (КНР), корейские СМИ, перевод.
Hwang Ji-youn,
Professor at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, the Republic of Korea; e-mail:
TRANSLATING CHINESE DIPLOMATIC RHETORIC IN KOREAN MEDIA2
National rhetoric refers to a comprehensive system of strategies that encompass diplomacy, military, politics, culture and so on. This article examines, inter alia, China's national rhetoric in the diplomatic domain, since the Reform and Opening Up, as well as how it is translated in the Korean media. The Chinese have used diplomatic rhetoric with consistency. Qui Tong Cun Yi (^Hff^), Tao Guang Yang Hui (Й^ШЙ) and You Suo Zuo Wei have something in common in terms of translation; i.e. diplomatic
rhetoric phrases cannot simply be translated word for word as they represent the core value and the basic stance of China towards the outside world. Therefore, the Korean media put some explanation of the meaning up in the front or down the line in most cases.
Key words: diplomatic rhetoric, the Reform and Opening Up policy in China, Korean media, translation.
1 — находить общую почву при сохранении разногласий; Й^ШЙ — скрыться от света и развить способности в темноте; iffiffM — принять активное участие и совершить желаемое.
2 This paper was supported by Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Research Fund in 2015.
1. Introduction
The notion of national rhetoric may represent a comprehensive plan of a country encompassing its fundamental goals, principles, methods, velocity, and priority for the long-term development of the nation. National rhetoric carries meanings in two folds. Firstly, it means the national discourse created in the course of a nation's progress and dealing with international relations. Secondly, it is a terminology used for newly arisen concepts. In this case, national rhetoric goes through a dynamic process until the new term or phrase is used long enough to become popular.
The national rhetoric of China aiming at the modernization stood out in the pursuit of "Reform and Opening Up" in 1978. Accordingly, China's national rhetoric since then, is characterized by economic and social development strategies that prioritize economic growth and social advancement. National rhetoric indicates where the nation stands in its development and how they view the state of affairs around the world. As a new age comes and progresses, so does new national rhetoric one after another. It is often the case in a country like China that undergoes a rapid social change.
Here, translation plays an important role. If China's national rhetoric is not translated well in the Korean media, the state of affairs in China and their objectives cannot be understood to the full extent. In view of the timeliness of news reports being emphasized recently, this article examines the modality of translation for the national rhetoric of China that often appears in the Korean media.
2. National Rhetoric since Reform and Opening Up
In the late 20's, the socialism of China entered a new phase. The ideologic foundation for a new form of socialism was laid in the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee by Deng Xiaoping who was the highest-ranking political leader at that time. Since then, the succeeding regimes of Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao have been marked by continuity rather than interruption and gradualness on the ideologic front. Rather than creating a new theory, they have secured a space for theoretical discussion taking into account the changes in reality, accepted and disseminated the theories that are filtered therefrom.
This very point enabled the socialism experimented within China to absorb the theoretic impact. In the analysis of China's national rhetoric, ideology plays an important role. Despite the expansion of Reform and Opening Up, socialist ideology still remains as the ultimate qualification check that determines the political leaders' policy decisions.
China's national rhetoric emphasizes more on "Chinese" than socialist. Socialism in China is incessantly challenged to interpret new phenomena theoretically. By the same margin, there is a wide range of theoretic variability to cover. The ideologic devices have so far been carefully manipulated to control the level of Reform. This has led to the "Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" that
applies ideology to policies in practice, highlighting the implications of being Chinese through the instrumentalization of ideology.
According to the political report at the 18th National Congress of the CPC that reflects the national rhetoric of the new Xi Jinping regime. It is more likely than not that national rhetoric containing the basic principles and policies of China will remain the same into the future. National rhetoric refers to a comprehensive system of strategies that encompass diplomacy, military, politics, culture and so on. This articles examines, inter alia, China's national rhetoric in the diplomatic domain, and how it is translated in the Korean media.
3. Translation of National Rhetoric for Diplomacy
3.1. Qui Tong Cun Yi
In April 1955, the Asian-African Conference was held in Bandung, Indonesia. Premier Zhou Enlai gave a speech there and reiterated the historical meaning of the principle "seek common ground while reserving differences" or Qui Tong Cun Yi In other words, he appealed
to the participants that they should put down their differences and go for common interests.
To some extent, the notion stems from the painful history of China. The 1840 Opium War was ended with the crushing defeat of China under the Qing Dynasty by the British Empire. Under the Treaty of Nanjing, consequently, the Qing had to lease Hong Kong for 155 years as well as to pay a large indemnity to Britain. Afterwards, China was helpless against the invasion of foreign powers. Europe, the US, and Japan attached China one after another and made China suffer in shame for quite a while.
This painful memory of foreign invasions motivated the People's Republic of China founded in 1949 to declare the principle of non-interference in each other's internal affairs. Premier Zhou's diplomatic rhetoric helped China emerge as a leading power among the Third World countries. Qui Tong Cun Yi has been reflected consistently in Chinese diplomatic policies promoting cooperation only where possible without interfering with the counterparts' internal affairs whatsoever. It is also thanks to this principle that China could maintain a friendly relationship with other nations in Asia and Africa.
Example 1. Admitting differences with each other and seeking the sameness in the spirit of 'gu-dong-jon-i (The Korean Jour-
nalist Association Newspaper, 2012.09.19).
Example 2. 'Admitting differences while seeking the sameness' refers to the famous 'gu-dong-jon-i (The Kang Won Dominilbo,
2013.06.11).
Examples 1 and 2 are belong to the internal description in text. Dissolve the description in the text to heighten readability. Put the explanation of Qui Tong Cun Yi up in the front, followed by the Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters in parentheses.
Example 3. Gu-dong-jon-i (^l^^: Seeking common ground under the premise of admitting differences with each other) (Edaily, 2013.06.13).
Example 4. 'Gu-dong-jon-i' (Seeking common ground while admitting differences) (Hankyoreh Newspaper, 2012.04.27).
Examples 3 and 4 are belong to the external description in text. Paste the annotation next to the translation. In Example 3, Qui Tong Cun Yi is pronounced in Korean with the Chinese characters and interpretation in parentheses, while in Example 4, Qui Tong Cun Yi is written in Korean with the relevant interpretation without the Chinese characters accompanied.
Example 5. The two countries adopted the perspective of 'gu-dong-jon-i In other words, they acknowledged their differences
in the area where their trust in each other was weak and at the same time expanded exchange and cooperation in the areas where they could mutually benefit and trust (Bulkyo21.com, 2013.07.09).
Example 6. China describes our relationship with a four-letter idiom called 'gu-dong-jon-i It means seeking the sameness while
respecting differences (MBN Broadcasting, 2013.06.20).
Examples 5 and 6 are belong to the external description in text. Describe the relevant detail in the follow sentence. In Examples 5 and 6, Qui Tong Cun Yi is accompanied by the Chinese characters in parentheses. Its interpretation is freely written in the next sentence separately.
3.2. Tao Guang YangHui
Tao Guang Yang Hui is literally translated as "hide brightness and nourish in obscurity." It can have two interpretations. One is the meaning of "nourish one's ambition" that is related to the ancient Romance of Three States. Once Liu Bei took refuge under Cao Cao. He acted as if hiding from thunder when Cao Cao called him a hero. At that point on, Cao Cao let his guard down and stopped suspecting him.
The other interpretation is "take a modest attitude" referenced in "tuck one's tail between one's legs (^^^E)" which means "you should not show off your abilities to others; rather be modest as much as you can."
What is behind this rhetoric is China in the 1990's, with its economy fast growing, viewed by other nations as a threat in the making. At that time, Deng Xiaoping presented Tao Guang Yang Hui as his foreign relations strategy in order to stabilize the state of international affairs. His dictum in full read Tao Guang Yang Hui, You Suo Zuo Wei. It means "nourish in obscurity, bide your time and get something accomplished when the time comes."
Example 7. 'Hide the light of the blade and bide one's time' is the meaning of do-kwang-yang-hoi (gg—#Bi) (KYONGBUKILBO, 2013.07.05).
Example 8. 'Hide one's strength and train in the shadow' is the meaning of 'do-kwang-yang-hoi' (gg—#Bj) (Hankyoreh, 2013.06.11).
Example 9. 'Hide the light of the blade in the sheath and grow one's power secretly in the darkness' is the meaning of do-kwang-yang-hoi (No Cut News, 2010.08.18).
Examples 7 to 9 are belong to the internal description in text. Dissolve the description in the text to heighten readability. Examples 7 and 8 mention the meaning of Tao Quang Yang Hui up in the front, followed by the Chinese characters. Example 9 mentions the meaning of Tao Quang Yang Hui up in the front, but without the Chinese characters accompanied.
Example 10. Do-kwang-yang-hoi (gg—#B§ • Hide one's power, persevere and wait) (Joongyang Daily, 2013.08.13).
Example 11. Do-kwang-yang-hoi (gg—#B§ • Hide one's talent and bide one's time) (Donga Daily, 2012.07.25).
Example 12. Do-kwang-yang-hoi (A low-profile strategy, biding its time until a nation grows strong) (MK News, 2013.07.16).
Examples 10 to12 are belong to the external description in text. Paste the annotation next to the translation. In Examples 10 and 11, the meaning of Tao Guang Yang Hui is put in parentheses with the Chinese characters and interpretation.
Example 12 simply puts the Korean interpretation of Tao Guang Yang Hui in parentheses.
3.3. You Suo Zuo Wei
Deng Xiaoping explained a new order in the international political economy as no monopoly in the international community with some countries interfering with others' internal affairs, referring to You Suo
Zuo Wei as an active effort to achieve it. It means "to be able to bring one's talent into play and do well in life."
In 2012, Liu Xuecheng executive vice president of the China
Institute of International Studies, said, "Tao Guang Yang Hui and You Suo Zuo Wei have been changing little by little over time, but they represent the diplomatic policies sustained by China and should remain so for a long time in the future as well." He also emphasized that "authoritarian or hegemonic politics should be rejected; instead a win-win strategy to pursue by cooperating with many other nations."
Example 13. 'Active engagement when necessary' is the meaning of u-so-jak-ui (Seoul Economic Daily, 2009.04.15).
Example 14. 'Exertion in modest' is the meaning of u-so-jak-ui (Newspim, 2013.06.03).
Examples 13 and 14 are belong to the internal description in text. Dissolve the description in the text to heighten readability. Example 14 has the interpretation of You Suo Zuo Wei up in the front without Chinese characters. On the other hand, Example 14 interprets the meaning of You Suo Zuo Wei at first with Chinese characters in parentheses.
Example 15. U-so-jak-ui (^ffi^M • Actively participate and do as one wishes) (Donga Daily, 2012.07.25).
Example 16. U-so-jak-ui (^ffi^M • Actively participate and carry through one's plan) (Pressian, 2013.04.21).
Example 17. U-so-jak-ui (^ffi^M • Play one's role where possible) (Munhwa Daily, 2013.03.20).
Example 18. U-so-jak-ui (Do as one wishes by actively participating) (MK News, 2013.07.16).
Examples 15 to 18 are belong to the external description in text. Paste the annotation next to the translation. Examples 15 through 17 show that the ways You Suo Zuo Wei is translated are very similar. They all have the Chinese characters in parentheses with additional meanings. Example 18 has the meaning added in parentheses without Chinese characters.
4. Concluding Remarks
This article examines the translation of China's diplomatic rhetoric by the Korean media. Over 30 years since the Reform and Opening Up of Deing Xiaoping, Chinese have used diplomatic rhetoric with consistency.
Qui Tong Cun Yi Tao Guang Yang Hui (f§^#0§) and
You Suo Zuo Wei have something in common in terms of
translation; i.e. diplomatic rhetoric phrases cannot simply be translated word for word as they represent the core value and the basic stance of
China towards the outside world. Therefore, the Korean media put some explanation of the meaning up in the front or down the line in most cases. They also add Chinese characters for readers' better understanding.
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