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Trace elements of indicate-plants on dried bottom of the Aral Sea
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-16-9.10-27-29
Sherimbetov Sanjar Gulmirzoevich, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Postdoctoral researcher, Laboratory of Genomics E-mail: [email protected] Sherimbetov Anvar Gulmirzaevich, Institute of Genetics and Plant Experimental Biology, Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Junior researcher E-mail: [email protected]
Trace elements of indicate-plants on dried bottom of the Aral Sea
Abstract: According to the latest scientific data, the decrease of Aral Sea water surface by more than 5.5 million hectares was registered. In a typical salt marsh, with the presence of salts and high mineralization level of groundwater, vegetation of annual halophytes is becoming more diverse. According to our research, the adaptation of various plants to the current natural environment is observed on the dried-up areas in the south-east Aral Sea. Keywords: Aral Sea, element, indicator, plants, soil.
Introduction. Biosphere is an environment in a dynamic equilibrium at the macro and micro level. Such characteristics are typical for elements in biosphere with intra- or extracellular space distribution. The biological roles of chemical elements are very diverse and numerous with plenty number of these elements, thus it is a difficult task to cover such a large and controversial material.
Dried bottom of the Aral Sea is an open, desert and unique "laboratory" appeared in Central Asia. Dried areas of the Aral Sea contain mainly various levels of soil salts and sand. The explanation of such chemical composition of the soil in this area is annual increase of mineral content of sulphate, chloride, sodium and magnesium elements. It is important to note that the process of improving the soil in this area is still in progress. Due to the current ecological status of the dried bottom of the Aral Sea, a comprehensive study of biological objects in Aral Sea region is of great scientific and practical significance not only in science and technology, but also in industry of country.
Living organisms, especially plants in their organs and tissues accumulate elements that are vital to their physiological, biochemical and genetic processes. Study of the role of these elements in plants allows a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of biological and ecological uniqueness of individual species. Due to changes of the environmental indicators, plants react by changes in prevalence and chemical composition of tissues which in its' turn may vary.
World resources of halophytes are characterized by a wide variety of genus, species, and ecotype populations. Global gene pool of halophytes has 2000-2500 species. While, in Central Asia 700 species of halophytes were identified [1, 220-226]. Increased content of salts in the soil is beneficial for the development and accumulation of biomass of halophytes. Halophytic properties are mainly introduced by salt accumulating representatives of the Chenopodiaceae family and less by salts emitting representatives.
The chemical and physical characteristics of the biosphere are determined by other spheres, which have created relatively constant environments that allow the existence ofliving matter in an ecosystem. The ecosystem consists of community of all living organisms in particular area and has balanced cycle of chemical elements and energy flow. There is a homeostatic relationship between nonliving (abiotic) environment and living organisms (biotic environment) [2, 350-356].
Toderich et al. [3, 245-274] revealed that very few Kyzylkum desert species have the ability to transpose the metal ions with a high concentration. The values lie between 15-4170 (Fe), 9.0-50.0 (Zn), 0.1-7.6 (Pb), 0.0-3.7 (Ni), 0.1-50.0 (Cr), 0.0-793.0 (Sr) mg kg-1 or a trace amount of 0.1-1.9 (As), 0.1-2.7 (CO), 0.1-2.5 (Th), 0.1-0.18 (Cd) mg kg-1. Analysis of composition of trace elements in the various types of soils in Central Kyzylkum Desert showed high mean values of Hg, Cu, U, In, Zn, Mo, Ni, Sr, Co.
Materials and methods. The object of study is the flora of dried bottom of the Aral Sea in the southern part: plant materials collected during expeditions in various seasons of 2012-2015 period on the area of about 2.5 million hectares. Taxonomic identification performed in the Laboratory of Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Laboratory Central Herbarium (TASH), Institute of the Gene pool of plants and animals of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as in the Educational-Experimental Centre for High Technologies in Tashkent. 12 dominant species of salt-tolerant higher plants (dry aboveground parts are used: vegetative and generative organs) from different families and genera, selected according to habitat and ecobiomorphs were analysed.
Communities of these plants are formed and widely distributed in spite of the adverse environmental conditions on the dried bottom of the Aral Sea.
Methods. The analysis was performed at the Laboratory of Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and at the Activation Analysis Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The analysis of plants was performed on the basis of neutron activation analysis (NAA) of elements which include the preparation of samples, the determination of elements (short-lived, long-lived and medium-lived isotopes) and the method of evaluation of the stage analytical parameters. The accuracy of the analysis was determined by comparison of obtained data. Plants were washed from surface contamination and dried in an oven at a temperature of 60 °C to air-dry condition, and then the samples were crushed in a mortar. For the short-lived isotope analysis 30-40 mg of crushed plants were taken and 100 mg for determining the medium- and long-lived isotopes. Weighed samples were sealed in labeled plastic bags. Prepared samples of plants underwent neutron activation analysis on WWR-SM research reactor.
Section 2. Biology
Results and discussion. The aim of this study was to define and carry out the comparative analysis of the elements concentration in the composition of certain species of plants growing on the dried bottom of the Aral Sea. During the research, plants growing on soils with different salinity levels and plant organs were examined
The table shows that the content of chemical elements among the studied plants varies considerably. For example, a high content of sodium defined in 4 plants (Kalidium capsicum, Climacoptera ara-lensis, Halostachys belangeriana, Haloxylon aphyllum) out of 12. Large concentration of chlorine was detected in Kalidium capsicum. Magnesium concentration was lower in comparison with other elements,
for the quantitative presence of Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na (Table 1). Halo-phytes were identified on the major dried areas with different levels of soil salinity. For elemental analysis, plant samples were obtained from various parts of dried area of the Aral Sea and, firstly, the concentration of 38 elements was determined.
especially in Kalidium capsicum, Climacoptera aralensis, Halostachys belangeriana.
It was also found that in Salsola richteri, Tamarix hispida, Haloxylon aphyllum the content of calcium, potassium, magnesium, and in Halostachys belangeriana, Tamarix hispida chlorine content corresponds to an average concentration, characteristic for these plants.
Table 1. - The content of chemical elements in salt-tolerant plants from dried bottom of the Aral Sea, |g/g
Elements Chenopodiaceae Plumba-ginaceae Tamari-caceae Faba-ceae Solana ceae
Atriplex pratovii Kalidium caspicum Halostachys belangeri-ana Salsola dendroides Salsola orientalis Salsola richteri Haloxylon aphyllum Climacop- tera aralensis Limonium otolepis Tamarix hispida Alhagi pseudalhagi Lycium ruthenicum
Ag 0.043 <0.01 <0.01 0.41 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
As 0.38 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.18 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.86 <0.1 0.19 <0.1
Au 0.002 0.0034 0.037 0.0059 0.0016 0.0042 0.013 0.018 0.0039 0.0089 0.074 0.0047
Ba 110 16 10 <1.0 28 5.0 6.0 16 31 5.9 <1.0 5.5
Br 46 94 52 79 4.3 15 15 140 16 27 2.8 38
Ca 22000 7900 4900 4800 13000 23000 30000 7800 10000 20000 9600 16000
Ce 0.29 1.5 0.75 1.0 1.6 0.19 0.39 1.0 1.7 0.66 0.31 0.70
Cl 28000 140000 33000 25000 13000 5500 11000 10000 11000 23000 3300 68000
Co 0.53 0.27 0.19 0.31 0.38 0.18 0.12 0.23 1.6 0.32 0.086 0.24
Cr 0.99 2.2 1.3 1.7 2.4 0.51 0.62 1.7 2.6 1.1 0.49 1.2
Cs 0.038 0.11 0.069 0.10 0.15 0.031 0.039 0.097 0.13 0.049 0.024 0.079
Cu 110 3600 2900 730 86 360 2300 3000 150 820 550 550
Eu <0.01 0.025 0.014 0.032 0.030 0.0081 0.01 0.023 0.038 0.017 0.0058 0.014
Fe 280 690 440 670 780 130 190 610 1200 370 180 530
Hf 0.030 0.14 0.73 0.12 0.19 0.015 0.026 0.12 0.16 0.058 0.027 0.059
Hg <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.030 0.037 0.0081 0.014 <0.001 0.028 0.025 <0.001 0.018
K 3500 7300 16000 15000 17000 33000 27000 15000 15000 13000 21000 20000
La 0.21 0.97 0.43 0.73 0.96 0.11 0.29 0.82 0.10 0.36 0.13 0.39
Lu <0.001 0.0091 <0.001 0.0037 0.0085 <0.001 <0.001 0.0072 0.0073 0.0041 0.0016 <0.001
Mg 5900 <100 <100 <100 2700 18000 17000 <100 5200 9800 4600 12000
Mn 56 38 21 115 51 70 130 31 120 29 24 22
Mo 1.2 1.3 1.3 <0.1 <0.1 0.64 0.94 <0.1 2.7 <0.1 <0.1 1.3
Na 47000 180000 140000 88000 36000 24000 120000 150000 11000 26000 2800 69000
Nd <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.1 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5
Ni <1.0 9.7 6.4 40 <1.0 <1.0 6.6 <1.0 68 9.1 6.9 33
Rb 5.4 3.7 3.4 5.8 7.3 12 7.0 4.2 4.3 1.3 4.2 2.6
Re 0.15 0.15 0.025 0.74 0.061 1.1 0.88 0.066 0.021 - - 0.021
Sb 0.055 0.21 0.21 0.34 0.049 0.27 0.27 0.17 0.21 0.30 0.24 0.32
Sc 0.15 0.28 0.15 0.20 0.29 0.041 0.067 0.24 0.34 0.14 0.058 0.14
Se 0.10 1.6 0.56 1.7 0.10 0.16 0.37 <0.01 2.1 0.26 0.11 0.38
Sm 0.047 0.15 0.069 0.093 0.13 0.022 0.037 0.11 0.13 0.05 0.026 0.057
Sr 1800 140 93 66 270 430 360 160 320 270 400 490
Ta <0.01 0.024 0.016 <0.01 0.026 <0.01 <0.01 0.016 0.018 0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Tb <0.01 0.015 0.0098 0.0095 0.015 <0.001 <0.001 0.0085 0.019 0.0072 <0.001 0.0072
Ti <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 - - - - - -
Th 0.082 0.30 0.15 0.20 0.32 0.043 0.073 0.23 0.34 0.13 0.055 0.14
V <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 2.8 <1.0 - - - - - -
U <0.01 0.14 <0.01 <0.01 0.16 <0.01 <0.01 0.12 0.31 0.21 0.045 0.057
Yb <0.01 0.060 <0.01 <0.01 0.073 <0.01 <0.001 0.043 0.062 0.029 0.0094 <0.01
Zn 19 9.7 27 35 13 15 9.4 21 51 27 64 41
Capnodium fungies in the southern uzbekistan (Examples in the areas as: Karshi, Shahrisabz and Termez)
The concentration level of each element depends on the geographical characteristics and those traits are one of the most important indexes of soil. The concentration of the majority of minerals, analyzed in different soil samples depends on the level of soil humus and pH of granulometry of studying areas, and surely, is directly associated with ecotope biological diversity level.
Our results contribute to a better understanding ofthe fundamental mechanisms of adaptation of plants to stress factors of the environment, as well as developing a strategy ofperiodic seeding ofpromising forms and plant species in the area of dried bottom of the Aral Sea.
Conclusion and recommendation. Typical plant of salt marshes, seashores, saltwater shores ofrivers, lakes, has a mechanism to reduce the concentration of Na and Cl ions in the cytoplasm by introducing them to the vacuole. Toxic influence of ions in plant tissues is neutralized by the osmotically active substances such as proline and glycine betyne which are formed in the cytoplasm. Halophytes grow on saline
areas and are able to accumulate in their tissues large amounts of salts. It does not cause damage to them, and even a small concentration of salts promotes growth. Especially prone to the accumulation of salts the representatives of the families Chenopodiaceae and Tamaricaceae.
Soil microelement composition can vary seasonally or over the years due to life cycle of plant and animal species and ecosystem microflora. Elements of soil types and in relation to geographic areas present in different levels, soil-geochemical study and regionalization of current areas gives a lot of possibilities to use in geological exploration. It should be noted that the above-mentioned data are the preliminary results of the study on the analysis of the elemental composition of some promising species of the Aral Sea region. In future, we plan to continue research of other halophytic, salt tolerant and salt accumulating indicator plants having theoretical and practical significance for phytome-liorative works in the Aral Sea region.
References:
1. Akzhigitova N. I. Halophilic vegetation of Central Asia and its indicator properties. Fan Press. Tashkent. - 1982. - P. 220-226.
2. Kabata-Pendias A. Trace elements in soils and plants. Fourth edition. CRC Press. USA. - 2011. - P. 350-356.
3. Toderich K. N., Shuyskaya E. V., Khujanazarov T. M., Shoaib I., Yoshiko K. The structural and functional characteristics ofAsiatic desert halophytes for phytostabilization of polluted sites. In Ashraf M., Ozturk M., Ahmad M. S. A., Plant adaptation and phytoremediation. Springer Science+Business Media B. V. - 2010. - P. 245-274.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-16-9.10-29-31
Sherkulova Jamila Payanovna, Karshi State Universty, Republic of Uzbekistan Institution of gene pool of the flora and animals world of Academy of science of the Republic of Uzbekistan E-mail: [email protected]
Capnodium fungies in the southern uzbekistan (Examples in the areas as: Karshi, Shahrisabz and Termez)
Abstract: The article is devoted to the identification works of Capnodium genus family 4 types of fungies which belong to Capnodiaceae family which is widely spread in the southern cities of Uzbekistan. These identified micromycetes Juniperus virginiana Bieb., Pinus eldarica Medw., Ulmus pumila L., Biota orientalis (L)Ende. Observed as mostly met on decorative trees. Identified Metacapnodium juniperi and Capnodium salicinum micromycetes are met as a new host plant in Uzbekistan. Capnodium pini, Capnodium sp. species.: are recorded first time for mycobiota of Uzbekistan.
Keywords: Capnodium, Metacapnodium, spora, fungi, decoratively trees.
1. Introduction:
Capnodium Mont., Annls Sci. Nat. type Ascomycotina devision, Dothideomycetes class, Capnodiales order, belong to Capnodiaceae family, develops on leaves and stems of the plant. Usually it has a shape of a dust and contains a lot ofparasite fungies. Their morphologic feature is creation of black colour filament [1].
Capnodium name is first used by Montagne (1849a), and appointed as a new taxonomic type. The fungies which belong to this type usually grow on the leaves and stems of the plants and has a consestence of a black dust.
The first observations about the Capnodium in Central Asian Republics could be met in the works of Zapometov N. G. (1926) [2]. Later in Uzbekistan it was investigated by several researches as T. S. Panfilova, N. I. Gaponenko (1963) [3], M. G. Gulomova and others (1991) [4], Sh. G. Komilov (1991) [5].
2. Materials and Metods.
In 2014-2016 years organized scientific trips to Karshi, Shahrisabz and Termez regions which are situated in the south of Uz-
bekistan, collected plant samples damaged by fungies and made herbarium according to the norms. During the separation of fungies from plants and for determination their sistematic place used by MBC-9 binocular and MBI microscope [6].
During the investigation of micromicents type content used following micologic indicators for researches and the bibliography as follows [4; 7; 8; 9].
The modern nomenclatura of mycobank is org [11] and names of the plants are given on the basis of S. K. Czerepanov (1995) [10].
Preparation offumigants from damaged plant parts established directly without additional processes. For this process we need to clean the glass of the equipment and one drop of sterile water and put on it a piece of fungies from observed part of the plant, close with the cover glass. Fumigant first observed in a small afterwards on a big microscopes. Temporarily could be used alcohol and water durung the process.
3. Results and Discussion.
During the mycologic analysis of samples determined 4 new records types belong to genus Capnodium. These defined micro-
