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The concentration level of each element depends on the geographical characteristics and those traits are one of the most important indexes of soil. The concentration of the majority of minerals, analyzed in different soil samples depends on the level of soil humus and pH of granulometry of studying areas, and surely, is directly associated with ecotope biological diversity level.
Our results contribute to a better understanding ofthe fundamental mechanisms of adaptation of plants to stress factors of the environment, as well as developing a strategy ofperiodic seeding ofpromising forms and plant species in the area of dried bottom of the Aral Sea.
Conclusion and recommendation. Typical plant of salt marshes, seashores, saltwater shores ofrivers, lakes, has a mechanism to reduce the concentration of Na and Cl ions in the cytoplasm by introducing them to the vacuole. Toxic influence of ions in plant tissues is neutralized by the osmotically active substances such as proline and glycine betyne which are formed in the cytoplasm. Halophytes grow on saline
areas and are able to accumulate in their tissues large amounts of salts. It does not cause damage to them, and even a small concentration of salts promotes growth. Especially prone to the accumulation of salts the representatives of the families Chenopodiaceae and Tamaricaceae.
Soil microelement composition can vary seasonally or over the years due to life cycle of plant and animal species and ecosystem microflora. Elements of soil types and in relation to geographic areas present in different levels, soil-geochemical study and regionalization of current areas gives a lot of possibilities to use in geological exploration. It should be noted that the above-mentioned data are the preliminary results of the study on the analysis of the elemental composition of some promising species of the Aral Sea region. In future, we plan to continue research of other halophytic, salt tolerant and salt accumulating indicator plants having theoretical and practical significance for phytome-liorative works in the Aral Sea region.
References:
1. Akzhigitova N. I. Halophilic vegetation of Central Asia and its indicator properties. Fan Press. Tashkent. - 1982. - P. 220-226.
2. Kabata-Pendias A. Trace elements in soils and plants. Fourth edition. CRC Press. USA. - 2011. - P. 350-356.
3. Toderich K. N., Shuyskaya E. V., Khujanazarov T. M., Shoaib I., Yoshiko K. The structural and functional characteristics ofAsiatic desert halophytes for phytostabilization of polluted sites. In Ashraf M., Ozturk M., Ahmad M. S. A., Plant adaptation and phytoremediation. Springer Science+Business Media B. V. - 2010. - P. 245-274.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-16-9.10-29-31
Sherkulova Jamila Payanovna, Karshi State Universty, Republic of Uzbekistan Institution of gene pool of the flora and animals world of Academy of science of the Republic of Uzbekistan E-mail: j.shirkulova@mail.ru
Capnodium fungies in the southern uzbekistan (Examples in the areas as: Karshi, Shahrisabz and Termez)
Abstract: The article is devoted to the identification works of Capnodium genus family 4 types of fungies which belong to Capnodiaceae family which is widely spread in the southern cities of Uzbekistan. These identified micromycetes Juniperus virginiana Bieb., Pinus eldarica Medw., Ulmus pumila L., Biota orientalis (L)Ende. Observed as mostly met on decorative trees. Identified Metacapnodium juniperi and Capnodium salicinum micromycetes are met as a new host plant in Uzbekistan. Capnodium pini, Capnodium sp. species.: are recorded first time for mycobiota of Uzbekistan.
Keywords: Capnodium, Metacapnodium, spora, fungi, decoratively trees.
1. Introduction:
Capnodium Mont., Annls Sci. Nat. type Ascomycotina devision, Dothideomycetes class, Capnodiales order, belong to Capnodiaceae family, develops on leaves and stems of the plant. Usually it has a shape of a dust and contains a lot ofparasite fungies. Their morphologic feature is creation of black colour filament [1].
Capnodium name is first used by Montagne (1849a), and appointed as a new taxonomic type. The fungies which belong to this type usually grow on the leaves and stems of the plants and has a consestence of a black dust.
The first observations about the Capnodium in Central Asian Republics could be met in the works of Zapometov N. G. (1926) [2]. Later in Uzbekistan it was investigated by several researches as T. S. Panfilova, N. I. Gaponenko (1963) [3], M. G. Gulomova and others (1991) [4], Sh. G. Komilov (1991) [5].
2. Materials and Metods.
In 2014-2016 years organized scientific trips to Karshi, Shahrisabz and Termez regions which are situated in the south of Uz-
bekistan, collected plant samples damaged by fungies and made herbarium according to the norms. During the separation of fungies from plants and for determination their sistematic place used by MBC-9 binocular and MBI microscope [6].
During the investigation of micromicents type content used following micologic indicators for researches and the bibliography as follows [4; 7; 8; 9].
The modern nomenclatura of mycobank is org [11] and names of the plants are given on the basis of S. K. Czerepanov (1995) [10].
Preparation offumigants from damaged plant parts established directly without additional processes. For this process we need to clean the glass of the equipment and one drop of sterile water and put on it a piece of fungies from observed part of the plant, close with the cover glass. Fumigant first observed in a small afterwards on a big microscopes. Temporarily could be used alcohol and water durung the process.
3. Results and Discussion.
During the mycologic analysis of samples determined 4 new records types belong to genus Capnodium. These defined micro-
Section 2. Biology
mycetes could be met on plants as Juniperus virginiana Bieb., Pinus eldarica Medw., Ulmuspumila L., Biota orientalis (L)Ende.
Below is given morphologic description and systematic information of micromycetes which is observed in southern parts of Uzbekistan.
1. Metacapnodium juniperi (W. Phillips & Plowr.) Speg., Physis Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales 4 (17):288 (1918) [MB#212907]_(fig.1).
The main signal of these types is a black spot on the surface of trees and their bushes. Their doliolums placed on surface of the leaves and has sphere shape, its size is 202-222 x 92-112 mkm, small and
black coloured. Its bag is ellipse and does not create pseudoparaphy-sis. The size of the spores is 25-28x11-13mKm, placed in two lines containing 3 vertical and 1 horizontal barrier.
— Juniperus virginiana L. Navruz street of the city of Termez. 19.05.2016, JSh-021 (TASM), 26.08.2016, JSh-T024 (TASM). Against the city. Bahadir Sherqulov street. 23.03.2016, JSh-K015 (TASM).
Explanation: Host plant for the new species. The defined Metacapnodium juniperifungies according to previous systematic was named as Capnodium juniperi. Bur species and other species that sporalsii larger, 3 across the barrier. Sports set some spherical form.
Fig. 1. Metacapnodium juniperi (W. Phillips & Plowr.) Speg. — Juniferus virginiana Bieb.plant bush
2. CapnodiumpiniBerk. & M. A. Curtis, Grevillea 4 (32):157 (1876) (fig.2).
This species of fungi is a black spot on the surface of trees and their bushes. Their doliolums' placed on surface of the leaves and has sphere shape, its size is 201-221 x 90-111 mkm, black coloured. Its bag is ellipse and does not create pseudoparaphysis. The size of the spores is 20-24x10-12 mKm, placed in two lines containing 1-2 horizontal barrier.
— Pinus eldarica Medw.- Juraboeva street of the city Termez of the road around, JSh-T08 (TASM). 26.08.2016, JSh-T023. (TASM). Uzbekistan street of the city. Karshi. 04.05.2016, JSh-K041 (TASM).
Explanation: this species of fungimostly observed with the fungi species named Cladosporium sp. Mikobiotasi new round. This fungal plant Pinus eldarica meet for the first time.
Fig. 2. Capnodiumpini Berk et C. Pinus eldarica Medw
3. Capnodium salicinum Mont., Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 11: 234 (1849) [MB#168391] (fig.3). This fungi covers the whole surface of plant leaf and stem with black dust. This micromicent's doliolums are placed on the surface of the leaf and has a sphere shape with the size 162-212 mkm, has a small teat shape, black coloured.Has ellipse bag with the size, 44-63x19-25 mkm, surface has sick cover, does not create pseu-
doparaphysis. Its spora has 4 horizontal and 1 vertical barriers, has ellipse or long-pinshape with the size18-24,2x12-14, placed in 1-2 lines, has grey colour.
— Ulmus pumila L. Navruz Street area of the city of Termez. 19.05.2016, JSh-T012 (TASM), 26.08.2016, JSh-T014 (TASM).
Private enterprise of the city Karshi landscape. JSh-T012 (TASM),
Explanation: This species usually observed with fungi named Alternaría alternata (Fr.) Keissl.
Fig. 3. Capnodium salicinum Mont. (Ulmus pumila L.) 4. Capnodium.sp. This fungi covers the whole surface of Biota orientalis (L)Ende. Navruz street of the city of Termez
plant leaf and stem with black dust. Sporas' have ellipse shape, 19.05.2016, JSh-T036 (TASM), 26.08.2016, JSh-, T016. (TASM). 24-26x12-18 mkm, creates 2 vertical and 1 horizontal barriers and Paxtazor street of the city Karshi. JSh-T036 (TASM). placed 1-2 lines. Explanation: usually met with Cladosporium sp fungi type.
№ Fungi Plant
1. Metacapnodium juníperí Juniperusvirginiana L.
2. Capnodium pini Pinus eldarica Medw.
3. Capnodiumsalicinum Ulmus pumila L.
4. Capnodium sp. Biota orientalis (L)Ende.
Total: 4 4
Fig. 4. Capnodium.sp. (Biota orientalis (L)Ende
Table 1. - Preading of Capnodiumtype in decorative trees 4. Conclusion. In conclusion it was observed that Capnodium
genus of fungies are met on 4 species of decorative trees as Juniperus virginiana L., Pinus eldarica Medw., Ulmus pumila L., Biota orientalis (L)Ende which are spread in southern cities of Uzbekistan.
Discovered species of Capnodium, Metacapnodium juniperi and Capnodium salicinum fungies, are defined as a host plants which are found in the territory of Uzbekistan. Capnodium pini, Capnodium sp species are recorded first time for Uzbekistan. Though these types does not influence strightaway they influence on it during the years and kill the plant.
References:
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8. Matrix of Ukrainian fungies. - Kiev, - 1969. - 85 p.
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