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Исторические науки
УДК 93/94 DOI: 10.34905/PC.2021.47.84.001
ОТКРЫТИЕ ПЕРВОГО АВИАЦИОННОГО ЗАВОДА В ТУРЦИИ - ТОМТАШ В КОНТЕКСТЕ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ
Капучу Давуд, доктор, Турецкий военно-воздушный флот E-mail: dkapucu@hotmail.com, ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5278-9846
24 июля 1923 г., с подписанием Лозаннского мирного договора, Турция добилась международного признания своего независимого существования как республики. Однако, этот договор не мог полностью решить все вопросы, касающиеся интересов Турции. Например, статус Мосула не мог придать отношениям с Англией позитивный настрой. А из-за того, что Хатай оставался за пределами Турции отношения с Францией оставались неурегулированными. Из-за политических проблем с Англией и Францией Турция встала на путь сотрудничества с Германией. В такой политической обстановке Турция предприняла шаги для прорыва в авиационной промышленности и создания собственных самолетов. По Версальскому договору, подписанному после Первой мировой войны, Германии было запрещено производство самолетов. В результате переговоров с немецкой компанией «Юнкерс», в 1926 г. в Турции открылся первый авиазавод и страна получила возможность производить свои собственные самолеты.
В представленной статье на основе архивных документов, исследовательских работ и периодических изданий, впервые в историографии дан анализ международных отношений, которые обусловили открытие ТОМТАША.
Ключевые слова: Турция, договор, отношения, ТОМТАША.
TOMTAS, TURKEY'S FIRST AIRCRAFT FACTORY:
AN EVALUATION WITHIN THE SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
Kapuchu Davud, doctor, Turkish Air force
With the Lausanne Peace Treaty signed on July 24,1923, Turkey made its existence and independence accepted in the international arena. However, this treaty could not fully resolve some issues concerning Turkey. In this regard, the issue of the status of Mosul did not put relations with the United Kingdom in a positive mood. Due to the fact that Hatay remained outside the borders of the country with the same treaty, a moderate diplomatic environment could not be formed with France. In this political environment, Turkey, as in every field, took action to make breakthroughs in the aviation industry and to produce its own aircraft. Turkey started negotiations with Germany due to the political problems it had with England and France on this road to produce the planes needed by the country. Meanwhile, the fact that Germany was in search of another country due to the prohibition of producing aircraft due to the Treaty of Versailles signed after the First World War led the two countries to start negotiations. Consequently, with the opening of Turkey's first aircraft factory in 1926 as a result of negotiations with the German Junkers company, Turkey had the capacity to manufacture its own aircraft.
In this study, more than the activities of the TOMTA$, international relations that were effective in its opening will be included. Although the related issue has been the subject of academic studies
many times, the international political dimension has not been evaluated during its establishment. With this study, the attempt to establish an aircraft factory on the axis of the political relations of this period and the conditions under which it took place will be analyzed and criticized within the framework of archival documents, research works and periodicals.
Keywords: Turkey, treaty, relations, TOMTA§.
INTRODUCTION
The political, economic and military conditions imposed by the First World War created an undeniable and irreversible situation in the current status quo and order of the world. The war opened up new space for Britain and France from the colonial states and laid the groundwork for their expansion of territory and spheres of influence. The war in which international politics was negatively affected, had paved the way for the victorious states, while the defeated states lost both their territories and their current status.
Germany, one of the defeated states of the First World War, had faced many restrictions with the Treaty of Versailles. In this context, Germany's aircraft production capacity was limited and aircraft production was prohibited. It was also agreed that the country would cede some territories, such as the Loraine of Alsace, to the Entente powers. Thus, Germany was faced with political restrictions on the one hand and economic restrictions on the other. This situation led Germany to make a series of attempts to get rid of the restrictions of the Versailles Treaty after the war. In this context, it ceme to the fore in targets such as keeping aircraft factories active in other countries and keeping production efficient. This situation led to the opening of new places and areas for German aircraft factories.
In the same period, the Ottoman Empire ended the state of war with the Armistice of Mu-dros [1]. However, in accordance with the provision in Article 7 of the armistice, "In any situation that threatens the security of the Entente states, the Entente states can occupy the strategic regions they want", they deployed soldiers to their lands. In accordance with the relevant article, many cities of the Ottoman Empire such as Istanbul, Musul, Adana, Antep, Mara§, Urfa, Samsun, Batum and Antalya were occupied
by the Allied Powers [2]. While the armistice radically changed the post-war environment and relations, it also effectively ended the existence of the Ottoman Empire. In this chaotic environment, the Ottoman Government was far from putting forward a will for the future of the country. This situation led to the establishment of defense law societies and then the national forces against the occupations. Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) Pasha gathered the relevant regional elements under one roof and led the struggle for independence.
At a time when the National Struggle began aviation technology in the world reached an important level, and war missions began to be carried out more effectively with the production of more durable and high-strength aircraft. This situation caused the countries with aviation industry to increase their production capacities and to train more pilots and technical staff. Aircraft production volumes after the First World War was one of the important reflections of this process. When we look at the aircraft production amounts in this period, Germany produced 45,704, England 55,093 and France 67,982 aircraft [3]. This situation shows that aircraft started to have a direct and indirect effect on the course of wars.
During the National Struggle under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, air warfare missions were carried out with 3-5 aircraft from the First World War. Since there was no infrastructure for the aircraft industry in Anatolia during the period, all the necessary materials had to be procured from abroad. Thi shortcoming caused the acceleration of the steps towards the procurement of aircraft from outside after the Sakarya Pitched Battle.
The Great Attack was made through the planes supplied from Germany, Italy and France, and the new Turkish state made its existence accepted by the whole world with the Treaty of
Lausanne. After the Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey accelerated its innovation and modernization steps. This situation brought steps and initiatives towards the establishment of the aircraft industry. In this context, within the scope of President Gazi Mustafa Kemal's will, searches abroad for the establishment of a Turkish air warfare industry began. This situation caused Turkey to make a joint investment with Germany due to the problems it had with England and France. This process would open the way for the establishment of the TOMTA§ with German Junkers Company aircraft factory.
PREPARATIONS FOR THE OPENING OF THE AIRCRAFT FACTORY
At the beginning of the XX, century, airplanes began to take their place in the world aviation history. Mustafa Kemal Pasha participated as an observer in the great Picardie Maneuvers in France in 1910 [1]. In France, the impressions he gained on behalf of aviation and airplanes led him to determine that the nations would seek their future in the skies. In this direction, President Gazi Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) said, "Youth with wings is the greatest assurance for the future of the country. If one day the western feet are going to leave their footprints on the Moon, it is necessary to start working and make progress in order to find a Turk among them" [5]. This saying revealed his foresight about the way aviation would take in the future.
Due to the lack of their own aircraft industry, the Turks experienced great difficulties during the Tripoli, Balkan Wars, the First World War and later the National Struggle [6]. Due to the lack of sufficient spare material for the maintenance operation of the aircraft, the aircrafts could not be maintained and the defective aircraft could not be repaired. In the light of these experiences, after the proclamation of the Republic, Mustafa Kemal, who believed in the effectiveness of air power in the war and also thought that future wars would be won in the skies, wanted the establishment of a domestic aviation industry. In this context, he said; "All of our aircraft and engines must be built in our country and the air warfare industry
must be developed on this basis" [7]. With this saying he determined Turkey's aviation policy with his words. For this reason, President Gazi Mustafa Kemal closely followed all the developments in the world related to aviation and wanted the developments in this field to be put into practice in the country without wasting time.
The State of the Republic of Turkey accelerated its modernization efforts and initiatives since its establishment. In this context, with the initiatives of President Gazi Mustafa Kemal, studies were started to raise a generation of aviators and to produce the country's own aircraft. In line with the directive of President Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha, 16 months after the proclamation of the Republic, the "Turkish Aircraft Society" was established on February 16, 1925 [8]. Immediately after the Turkish Aircraft Society was founded, it took steps towards the air warfare industry in accordance with its founding purpose and started to work on establishing an aircraft factory. However, under the conditions of the period, Turkey started to look for a common investor from abroad, since it did not have sufficient equity capital and technical personnel to realize this dream and overcome this venture. Meanwhile, Germany, whose aircraft and war industry was restricted due to the Treaty of Versailles (November 11, 1918) signed after the First World War, sought to continue production by establishing factories in other countries for its own companies.
Turkey and Germany's search for air industry paved the way for the two countries to meet at a common point. Because Germany acts with the aim and ideal of getting rid of the restrictions of the Versailles Treaty. In the same period, Turkey's problems with England and France made Germany an important alternative in the air industry. Issues such as Mosul's status problem with England and foreign schools, debts, Hatay and cabotage problems with France pushed Turkey to a cagily political understanding regarding the relevant countries.
The problems experienced especially with England and France in the years when the Republic of Turkey was founded showed that a strong army and air force were needed [9]. Due
to the fact that the country didn't have an air war industry infrastructure due to the conditions of the country, the lack of capital and technical personnel made a joint venture with foreign capital necessary. For these reasons, Turkey's Ambassador to Berlin, Kemaleddin Sami Pasha, discussed the opportunities for close economic cooperation between the two countries with the German authorities, and in this context, negotiations were started with the Junkers Aircraft Factory officials [10].
It had been learned that in 1925, at a time when Turkey was taking steps to establish an aircraft factory, Greece was also working on opening an aircraft factory in Athens. This initiative of Greece would lead to the emergence of situation against Turkey in the regional balances. Seeing the evolution of the international balance in favor of Greece as contrary to its interests, Turkey therefore accelerated its efforts. The fact that the new Turkey wanted to produce its own aircraft in a war that may occur would give it a significant advantage and superiority. As a result of the researches, Germany's aircraft manufacturer Junkers Flugzeugwerke A. G. A contract was signed on 15 August 1925 with. Thus, Tayyare ve Motor Türk Anonim §irketi (TOMTA§) was established in order to manufacture aircraft and aircraft engines in Turkey [12]. With the agreement made between the Junkers Company with the support of the Turkish and German Governments, a decision was signed with a capital amount of approximately 3.5 million TL (7 million Mark) and equal participation between the parties[13]. The company, which was established with a Turkish-German partnership, was planned to be established under the name of Tayyare ve Motor Türk Anonim §irketi (TOMTA§) [14].
The Turkish State decided to establish the aircraft factory to be established in Kayseri, which is located in the center of Anatolia and had a strategic importance. For this reason, studies and activities focused on Kayseri [15]. According to the terms of the agreement, it was planned to supply the machinery, equipment and other materials required for the factory installation by Junkers company from Germany. In this context, the materials was first sent to Iskenderun by sea
from Germany; from there to Uluki§la by train, and from there to Kayseri by camel, horse and buffaloes [16].
According to the fourth article of the agreement [17] signed between the Turkish Government and Junkers on 15 August 1925, it was decided to establish and deliver the aircraft factory within a maximum of two years [18]. In addition, according to the agreement, it was planned to start maintenance and repair works in 1926 and to switch to the production phase in 1927 [19]. After the agreement, the German company Philipp Holzmann und Co. received the tender for the construction of the factory [20].
After the firm received the tender, it started to build hangars, water wells, warehouses, civil servant and worker lodgings and factory equipment. Within the scope of the Aircraft Factory establishment project, first of all, a power station and manufacturing benches were established for energy needs [21].
OPENING OF AIRCRAFT FACTORY
It was the subject of the German-language Türkische Post newspaper, dated 6 October 1926, in Istanbul, where the Kayseri Aircraft Factory was opened [22]. In this newspaper report, it was stated that the members of the audit board of Tayyare and Motor Türk Anonim §irketi (TOMTA§) Konya Deputy Refik, Izmit Deputy Süreyya, Ordu Deputy Recai and Kemal Beys invited the President and the Deputy Prime Minister to the ceremony. In the continuation of the newspaper, there was the news that "Mr. Recep (Peker) Minister of National Defense, Kazim Pasha from the General Staff of the Military War and high-ranking officers from the Ministry of National Defense and airline managers would be in Kayseri to attend the ceremony". However, President Gazi Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) declared that he could not attend the ceremony and that he would go to Kayseri to see the products on site when the factory started production [23].
The aircraft factory, which is the product of the project carried out by the Turkish and German partnership, was opened under the
name of Tayyare ve Motor Türk Anonim §irketi (TOMTA§) on October 6, 1926, with the intense participation of the state and the public [24]. TOMTA§ was opened with a state ceremony on October 6, 1926 [25]. The delegation, which attended the ceremony from the summit of the state, went to Kayseri by plane from Ankara. After the opening of the factory, Foreign Minister Tevfik Rü§tü (Aras) Bey, on behalf of the Turkish Government, expressed his satisfaction with the joint investment in the message he sent to the German authorities. This situation showed that the two countries act together in the field of air warfare industry and converge within the interests of the international political conjuncture. It is considered that the conditions of the period and political interests had a leading effect on this convergence. Since the direction and nature of post-war international relations affected this process, it was foreseen that Turkey tended towards a joint investment with Germany rather than England and France.
The opening of the Aircraft Factory in Kayseri was also the subject of national media. In the 7 October 1926 issue of Milliyet Newspaper, the opening of the factory was conveyed to the reader with the headline "The Front of the First Turkish Airplane Factory". In this newspaper article;
"Our aircraft factory, which was built and supplied in Kayseri, was besieged yesterday with a great ceremony. In future wars, one of the most effective means that will keep the future of the country important to the throne is the airplanes. We should fill the air of the country with these planes. The official ceremony of the first Turkish airplane factory, whose government was able to be built in Kayseri in a very short time with the great determination and dedication of our Republic, was performed with a great ceremony yesterday. Our Defense Deputy, Recep Bey Efendi, gave a speech about the progress and progress of Turkish aviation from day to day. After the speeches, the ribbon stretched at the factory door was requested to be cut from the lady who was our defense national deputy. Mrs. Recep Bey's companions took the scissors from the tray and gave it to the mayor of Kayseri, ibrahim Safa. ibrahim
Safa Bey took the scissors with thanks and performed the official sigil by cutting the ribbon. Subsequently, the factory was toured. First, they went to the engine room and the ribbon of the machine was cut by the Deputy of the Defense Ministry, Recep Bey, and he also turned the lever himself and drove the machines. The ribbon of the other machine was cut by Mrs. Recep Bey's companions. Upon the activity of the machines, the worker immediately started to work. Other machines were visited while the workers were at work. Recep Bey followed the activities of the factory with great interest and asked for an explanation about the services performed by various machines. The company director, Monsieur Saxonberg, and the plant director, Monsieur Haze, gave the necessary explanation. After that, the main ceremony was held in the directorate building. The paper stating that the main painting of the vaz was performed on 6th Te§rinievvel (October) 1926 was signed by the attendant and put in the box and was given to the local with a magnificent airplane model. Mr. Recep will leave tomorrow to continue his inspection trip. A big banquet was held in the evening in honor of the delegation.
President Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha could not attend the opening of this facility, which he attached great importance to, but later visited the facilities during his visits to Kayseri. With the project, which is a joint investment of Turkey and Germany, the two countries have shaped their national and international policies by acting within the stakeholder interests.
TOMTA§ ACTIVITIES
The Aircraft Factory started its production activities with personnel consisting of 50 Turkish and 120 German personnel [26]. Meanwhile, some of the Turkish personnel employed to solve the shortage of qualified and trained personnel were sent to Germany for training [27]. With the opening of the factory, the production, maintenance and repairs of Junkers A-19 and A-20 aircraft began to be carried out in Turkey [28].
All kinds of equipment and some of the personnel of the factory were brought from
Germany. In the factory, parts assembly and production of some parts of the aircraft whose patent belongs to Junkers company were carried out. TOMTA§ also produced 30 A-20L and 3 F-13 between 1926-1927. Although the factory was closed on May 28, 1928, repair and revision works continued here. In addition to production activities, Junkers A-20, F-13, G-23 aircraft in the army inventory and assembly, maintenance and repair works for the aircraft included in the inventory during this period were started. However, since the Turkish side did not have enough technical knowledge, engineers and technicians to work with the Germans at the beginning of the activities, the partnership agreement could not be utilized sufficiently.
TOMTA§'s activities did not last long. Among the reasons for this were the wage difference between the German and Turkish workers working at the factory and the Junkers company's failure to fulfill its obligations arising from the agreement. Therefore, the company was dissolved on 28 June 1928 [29]. During the liquidation process of TOMTA§, Junkers company waived its rights for a certain price and transferred its shares to the Turkish Aircraft Society [30]. TOMTA§ was re-opened under the name of Kayseri Aircraft Factory in 1931 under the Ministry of National Defense [31].
CONCLUSION
While the results of the First World War re-established the status quo and order in the world, they could not produce definite and clear solutions to all existing problems. In this context, the victorious countries expanded their sovereignty areas within their interests. The defeated states, on the other hand, faced some restrictions while losing some of their lands and being occupied.
As one of the parties to the war, England and France expanded their colonial areas under the name of mandate and protection and added new resources to their wealth. On the other hand, Germany, one of the countries on the side of the defeated states, faced a series of military, economic and political restrictions with
the Treaty of Versailles it signed. With the same agreement, while Germany lost some of its territory, the country was prohibited from producing aircraft. These prohibitions caused Germany to take initiatives to manufacture aircraft in other countries.
In the same period, the Ottoman State put an end to the state of war with the Armistice of Mudros, which it signed on October 30, 1918, and laid down its arms. With this armistice, the Ottoman Empire's aircraft, warship, etc. It was forbidden to use them when confiscating military equipment. In addition, different regions of the country were occupied and steps and activities for independence were implemented.
The occupations of the Entente States led to the start of the National Struggle in Anatolia under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) Pasha. As a result, the Great Offensive was won with the struggle of the Turkish nation, and then the Lausanne Peace Treaty was signed on July 24, 1923.
The Treaty of Lausanne laid the groundwork for the new Turkish state to be recognized in the international arena and to have its independence confirmed. However, the relevant treaty could not ensure that the relations with England and France immediately entered a moderate atmosphere. The failure to determine the status of Mosul in the Treaty of Lausanne continued the tension between Turkey and England. In the same period, problems such as foreign schools, debts and the cabotage problem caused by the Gray Wolf-Lotus incident with France made bilateral relations difficult.
Meanwhile, the new Turkey's steps and breakthroughs in the aviation industry, as in every field, caused it to take initiatives to manufacture its own aircraft. It was in this environment that Turkey got closer to Germany during its attempts to produce aircraft and signed an agreement with Junkers. With the relevant agreement, the two countries made a joint investment in the interests of getting closer due to the problems experienced in the international arena.
With the opening of TOMTA§ aircraft factory, which is a joint investment of Turkish and
German, Turkey had the opportunity to manufacture German Junkers aircraft in its own country. The reason that brought the two countries together on a common ground was the conditions and cyclical conditions of the period. This study shows that the political environment
after the First World War shaped the relations between states. Even though Junkers company failed to fulfill its commitments and left Turkey, it is considered to have made a significant contribution and support to the will and power of aircraft production in the country.
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