CC BY
0УДК 159
Gres E.K.
Belgorod State University (Belgorod, Russia)
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF STUDYING THE PECULIARITIES OF LONELINESS IN ADOLESCENTS
Abstract: the article examines adolescence, which is a period of change in which socio-psychological adaptation plays a significant role.
Keywords: Child, adolescent crisis, adolescence, critical stages.
Adolescence begins with the entry of a child into a new social situation of development, the appearance of puberty (biological changes, sexual identity).
Soviet psychologists and educators (L.I. Bozhovich, L.S. Vygotsky, A.A. I.V. Rean, Shapovalenko, D.B. Elkonin) note that in the age periodization, puberty falls on 14-18 years. Adolescence is a transitional period from childhood to adulthood. During this period, the main character traits, behavioral styles, habits, and life orientations are laid down. Accordingly, the entire further adult life of a person depends on how positively a person passes this stage. The main psychological needs of a teenager are the desire to communicate with peers, the desire for independence and independence, and recognition of their rights by other people.
At this age, the child goes through critical stages, such as:
• precritical - negative stage, breaking stereotypes and old habits,
• the culmination stage falls on a period of 13 years, "emancipation",
• post-critical period of 13-14 years - new structures and a new attitude to life are being formed [1].
These stages are caused by psychological and physiological changes, the discrepancy between increased needs and capabilities, and the rapid pace of
development. The main need of the period is to find one's place in society, to be significant, to be among peers, to do something together, the desire for autonomy and the search for recognition of the values of one's own personality. There are also two forms of the teenage crisis: the crisis of independence - manifested by negativism, obstinacy, self-will and the crisis of dependence - obedience, subordination.
I.V. Shapovalenko notes that "the main leading activity of a teenager is intimate and personal communication. Intimate and personal communication with peers is an activity in which the practical development of moral norms and values takes place. It forms self-awareness as the main neoplasm of the psyche. In the process of developing self-awareness, the focus of attention of adolescents is increasingly shifted from the outside of the personality to its inner side, from more or less random features to the character as a whole" [2]. This is related to the self-determination of a teenager as a person at a higher level. Self-esteem is the central education of a teenager's personality. It largely determines social adaptation, is a regulator of behavior and activity. The very formation of self-esteem occurs in the process of activity and interpersonal interaction. The confident behavior of teenagers is greatly influenced by the way their relationships with their peers develop. Adolescents with adequate self-esteem have a higher level of academic performance, they do not have sharp jumps in academic performance and have a higher social and personal status, a good level of social adaptation, their activity is aimed at various types of activities, as well as interpersonal contacts that are moderate and appropriate, aimed at knowing others and themselves in the process of communication. Teenagers with a tendency to greatly overestimate their self-esteem show sufficient limitations in their activities and a greater focus on communication, and with little content. Adolescents with low self-esteem are prone to depressive tendencies, low social adaptability, and social loneliness [3].
A.A. Rean notes that "the specificity of adolescence also lies in a significant expansion of the spheres of social activity and a change in their significance. Teenagers' relationships with parents, peers, teachers, and the opposite sex are changing. The most important and most stressful relationships between a teenager
and his parents are during this period, this is due, on the one hand, to dependence on parents, and on the other, to the desire to gain independence. In relation to parents, an emancipation reaction arises - a process that affects various aspects of social relations" [4].
There are three types of adolescent emancipation:
• emotional emancipation, manifested in the desire of a young man for greater emotional intimacy not with his parents, but with a peer or with a representative of the opposite sex,
• behavioral emancipation, which is the desire of a teenager to free himself from parental control,
• normative emancipation, as the desire of a young person to reject those norms and values that parents adhere to [4].
The most important area of adolescent social behavior is the peer environment. Communication with peers is necessary for an emerging personality to develop communication skills and self-awareness. The communication experience gained in adolescence plays an important role in entering into an independent life. In addition to this main function, communication at this age performs a number of specific functions: communication is a channel of information that adults do not report, communication with peers helps to develop social interaction skills, It gives a teenager the opportunity to experience emotional contact with a group, a sense of solidarity, group affiliation, and mutual support. The conflict behavior of a teenager significantly narrows the range of situations in which he can get a positive experience of social interaction. Getting a negative experience is dangerous, first of all, because it leads to the social isolation of a teenager, and later to his maladaptation. Another danger of adolescent conflict behavior is that it develops into aggressive and then deviant behavior [5]. Thus, adolescence is a transitional period accompanied by a crisis. This is one of the most difficult age stages in a person's life. During this period, physiological and mental changes occur, accompanied by pronounced ambivalent experiences. Communication with peers comes to the fore, while relations with parents become more complicated. Teenagers develop a sense of adulthood,
develop personal qualities, the emergence of self-concept, self-improvement, reflection and the development of the emotional sphere. During adolescence, socio-psychological problems most often arise: lack of productive communication with peers, isolation, alienation, lack of friends, empathic relationships with peers, aggressive behaviors.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:
1. Elkonin, D.B. Child psychology [Text] / D.B. Elkonin. - Moscow : Sphere.2012. -128с.;
2. Shapovalenko, I.V. Age psychology [Text] / I.V. Shapovalenko. - Moscow : Gardariki, 2014. - 349 с;
3. Vygotsky, J.C. Questions of child psychology [Text] / L.S. Vygotsky. -Moscow : Bustard Publishing House.2012. - 224 с.;
4. Rean, A. A. On the problem of social adaptation of personality [Text] / A. A. Rean // Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University. - Ser 6. - 2013. - Issue 3. -No. 20. - pp. 74-79;
5. Ilyina, V.A. Theoretical directions of studying loneliness in foreign psychology / V.A. Ilyina // Bulletin of the University of the Russian Academy of Education.-2011. - №3. - С. 67-69
