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0UDC 81-26
THE USE OF SIMPLE SENTENCES IN "BABURNAMA"
DANIYAR ALIYA AHMEDIYAKYZY
PhD student, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Abstract. Babur left behind a detailed and colourful record of his life, written in simple and unpretentious prose, that has fascinated readers for hundreds of years. But his self-portrait goes beyond the events of a dramatic life. The "Baburnama", is both a lively chronicle of extraordinary historical events and a deeply personal memoir whose unusual honesty and sensitivity has given it enduring appeal. This relic, filled with important information about Central Asia, Afghanistan and India, contains the author's reflections, scientific and educational comments. From the point of view of the author of the text of each part, the type of presentation is determined and the structure of the general text can be based on the system of introduction, main part, generalization. In this article, taking into account grammatical and lexical elements, describes the functions, usage and types of simple sentences and words used by the author, and is reasoned by linguistic analysis.
Keywords: sentence member, text, the storyline, simple sentences, dialogue.
The written heritage of Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur, "Baburnama," the ruler who united the Mughal tribes under one banner, the founder of the Mughal dynasty in India, a descendant of Genghis Khan, the eldest son of Mr. Omar Sheikh, an outstanding warrior and statesman, is the first memoir in Islamic literature. It covers the period from the coronation of the great statesman in 1494 until 1524. The manuscript of "Baburnama," common to the Turkic peoples, is an example of the memoir genre, providing detailed information about the sights where the author lived and traveled. Babur was recognized not only as an expert in literature, art, history, military, and state affairs but also as a leading figure in the scientific fields of ecology, geography, and biology. The life of the Mughals, the battles in which he participated, his experiences, and the places he visited are conveyed in Babur's records through artistic and literary images. Therefore, research from the point of view of the linguistics of the text is important for determining the linguistic specificity of historical texts.
According to the aspect of the linguistics of the text, depending on the path of the author's interweaving in the work, three types of "author's image" are distinguished in the narrative structure: 1. The author as a writer. 2. The author as the narrator. 3. The author as an observer. "Baburnama" is presented in the form of an author-writer, including elements of an author-observer, from the point of view of these three different authorial interweavings. This is because Babur tells the story as a writer in terms of a biographical position when writing storylines and descriptive texts.
In O. O. Tuyakbayev's research article "The Specifics of the Kipchak Language in Khan's Decrees," the scientist analyzes the structure of letters with a special conditional form common to all and divides them into subordinate parts: the initial part, the main section, the last part, and the certifying part [1, 1]. In the written legacy of "Baburnama" the author uses in his written style the form of presentation, communication, and open report (narratio) of the circumstances related to the main section. As an example, we give the following sentences:
Dusamba kuni Askari, kim safar qilip ciqip edi, kelip hammamda ruxsat alip sarqqa kocti.
On Monday Askari, who was ready to set out on his campaign, came to me to take his leave while I was in the bath and then marched off to the east.
Sisamba kuni Dolpurda buyurgan hawd u cah 'imaratlarini kora bardim. On Tuesday I went to see the pool, well and buildings I had ordered in Dholpur.
Panjsamba kuni ayning on birida sangin Cah va yegirma alti tas tarnaw va tas sutun va yakpara qayadin qazilgan ariqlar tayar bolup osbu kunning udpaharidin Cahdin su tartmaq bunyad boldi. On Thursday the 11th of the month [Dec. 24] the stone well, the twenty-six stone waterspouts, the stone columns, and the water channels carved out of solid rock were ready.
Adina kuni avvalqi paharga bir gari qalip edi kim Dolpurdin atlanildi. On Friday we rode out of Dholpur with one ghari left of the first watch [2, 750-751].
As it can be seen, a meaningful sequence of sentences has been preserved here. In particular, on specific days of the week, each narrative sentence conveys its own information. The author tells about the events that took place on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays.
Researcher G.F. Blagova, in her scientific article, says the following about the structural specificity of simple sentences in "Baburnama": "We can observe in the "Baburnama" language the types of such incomplete sentences: 1. incomplete sentences reflecting mutually connected replicas in a dialogue; 2. incomplete sentences that are part of compound sentences; 3. sentences that contain incomplete word forms or incomplete phrases" [3, 60]. To reveal the meaning and function of these mentioned 2 types of sentences, we give the following examples:
1. In the structure of the dialogues found in Baburnama, the replicas of the answers are incomplete. Before the beginning of the dialogue, the author provides information about its participants:
Bir kunIsfedakqorganidajam'fickila-misl-iDostNa§ir, NoyanKukaldas, Xan-QultKarimdad, Sayx-Darves, Xusraw Kukaldas, Mirim Nasir...bari hadir edilir, Mening qadimda olturup edilar. Har tarafdin soz otadur edi. Dedim kim «Keling ayting, kim Tengri rast keltursa Samarqandni qacan algay biz?» Ba'zi dedilar kim «Yazga algay biz». Ol mahall kec kuz edi [2, 168]. One day in Fort Asfidik a household party was sitting in my presence; Dost-i-na§ir and Nuyan' Kukuldash and Khan-quli- i-Karim-dad and Shaikh Darwesh and Mirim-i-na§ir were all there. Words were crossing from all sides when (I) said), Come now! say when, if God bring it right, we shall take Samarkand. Some said, 'We shall take it in the heats.' It was then late in autumn [4, 131-132 ]. All the members of the sentence are present in the words of the first participant in the conversation. The answers to it contain incomplete sentences. Therefore, there is a certain syntactic parallelism between the interlocutor's question and the interlocutor's answers.
In the following example, the answer to the speaker's question is given in the form of a question. That is, the answer consists of a defining question, which involves the interrogative pronoun "qaysi sozlami" (what words):
Dagi dedi kim «Bu sozlarni unutung». Mirza fi'l-hal aytti kim «Qaysi sozlarni?» Ali-Ser Beg bisyar muta'assir bolup kopyigladi [2, 83]. The mirza then said, "You had best forget my words The mirza immediately replied, "What words?" Ali-Sher Beg was moved to tears.
2. In the second part of a complex sentence, as a rule, the predicate is hidden, so that the verb in the previous part becomes a common predicate (olturgay) in relation to these two compositional sentences [3, 61]: Samarqand muyassar bolsa bir mirza Samarqandta olturgay, yana bir mirza Hi§arda [2, 115]. If Samarkand is conquered, one mirza will rule in Samarkand and another in Hissar.
Observing some of the features of the syntactic structure of the work "Baburnama" we decided to focus on the specifics of simple sentences here. This is due to the fact that this manuscript uses more simple sentences than compound sentences in the modern Kazakh language. In particular, there are personal/impersonal, common/non-common, and complete/incomplete forms of simple sentences. For example, "Baburnama" begins with the following sentence by Babur:
Ramadan ayi tarix-i sekiz yuz toqsan toquzda Fargana vilayanda on iki yasta padisah boldum [2, 3]. In the month of Ramadan in the year eight hundred ninety-nine [June 1494], in the province of Fergana, in my twelfth year I became king [2, 2].
The above simple sentence is personal, common, and complete. That is, all the members of the sentence are present. In "Baburnama" simple sentences with homogeneous sentence terms are enough. For instance:
Osbu halatta sekiz ki§i qalip ¿duk, Dost Na§ir, Qambar-'Ali-i Qasim Beg, Xan-Quli Buyan-Quli, Mirza-Quli Kukaldas, Sahim Na§ir, 'Abdul-Quddus Sidi Qara, Xwaja Husayni, sekizinci men edim [2, 233]. There were only eight of us left: Dost Nasir, Qasim Beg's Qambar-Ali, Khan-Quli Buyan-Quli, Mirza-Quli Kukaldash, Shahi'm Nasir, Sidi-Qara's Abdul-Quddus, and Khwaja Husayni [2, 232]. In this example, the author mentions that there are 8 people at this moment, including
himself, and mentions the names of the remaining 7 people. In this sentence, the similar parts of a sentence play the role of the subject.
In the following example, the names of rivers perform the function of object:
Bu alti daryadin ozga daryalar, misl-i Jawn va Gang va Rapt va Gumti «va» Gaggar va Saru va Gandak va yana qalin daryalar dur kim bari Gang daryasiga qatilip Gang oq atanur [2, 582].
Babur uses simple sentences to describe all events and situations in detail or to summarize them. Sentences in "Baburnama" often do not differ between simple and complex constructions. That is, complex thoughts consist of several simple sentences and are conveyed in new sentences without a comma or in short form after a subordinate verb. Most sentences are presented in the first person, and simple sentences are used where the subject is implied (I, we, they):
1. Boyandin yazdim. Adina kuni ayningyegirma birida Badam Casmaga tustuk [2, 517].
2. Qorgandqilarni koz tuttuk [2, 417].
3. Kabulga kelganda oldi [2, 429].
Nominal sentences. In the third part of "Baburnama", the author, describing India, often uses the named sentences of the thesis-descriptive type. Here is an example of the named sentences most often found in the author's notes-nouns associated with these sentences. For nominal sentences with the first noun, the author uses nominative sentences when describing the names of cities and localities, animals and birds. For example, when providing information about Sultan Ahmed, the following nominal sentences are indicated:
Axlaq u atvari. His appearance and habits. Ma§aflari . His battles. Vilayati. His children. Awladi. His domain. Xavatin u sarari. His wive and concubines [2, 35-39].
We can observe, all these listed examples are nominal sentences. In the text of "Baburnama" the auxiliary verb "edi" is often used in descriptive sentences, both simple and complex. A simple sentence may end with the verb "edi," and both the first simple sentence in a compound sentence and the second simple sentence may also end with "edi."
Ahmad Hajji Beg yaxsi topcaqlar saxlap mindr edi. Bu topcaqlar aksar xanazadi edi. Agarci mardana kisi edi, sardarliqi mardanaliqi dek emas edi. Beparva kisi edi. Is-kucini nokar-sudari sar u saman qilur edi [2, 43].
Another feature of the "Baburnama" language is that predicates in some sentences end in the plural. This means the plural of the verb is formed by conjugating the main verb, and the law of consonance is not observed, whether the syllable contains soft or hard vowels. Xanlar Tambalning so[ng]ca oq kelip Andijanning navahisiga tustilar. The khans went straight out after Tambal and camped in the vicinity of Andizhan. [2, 218-219]. In the modern Kazakh language, the form -lar/-ler (tar/-ter/-dar/-dar) is not added to verbs. That is, in a sentence, the plural is determined by the subject. For example: Olar osy zherge gul ekti (They planted flowers here).
Non-compliance with the law of consonance is a phenomenon characteristic of the style of speech of that era (from the end of the XIV century to the 30s of the XV century). And in the "Genealogy of the Turks" (Shajara-i Tarakima) by Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (1665), the plural form (-lar/-ler) was written in accordance with the law of consonance, which indicates that the style of literary writing began to form in the period after a century from the time of Babur and the words obeyed the law of syngormanism: Turkmennih mollalari ve seyxleri ve bigleri menih tarixni yaxsi bilurumni isitip tururlar [5, 109]. (Turkmen mullahs, sheikhs, bies hear that I know history well).
In the written heritage of Saif Sarai's "Gulistan bit-Turki", there are instances where the law of consonance is adhered to at times, and at other times, it is not.
Eg: 1. bu sozni vezirden sultan nedimleri isitip vezir bilen bir bolup sultanga medh ve du'a kildi-lar [6, 12]. 2. aning bocadas-lari hased iltip tohmet itip sultan hidmatinda kanina tanukluk birdi-ler [6, 15].
Another feature is the binary juxtaposition of sentences within the text. In particular, the descriptive text reflects sentences following one another through the verbs "bolur/bolmas" (to be/not to be). For instance, describing Bukhara, the author gives the following sentences: Qavuni bisyar yaxsi bolur. Mavarannahrda Buxara qavunica kop va xub qavun bolmas. Agardi Fargana vilayatidin
Axsining bir naw qavuni kim Mirtimuri derlar muning qavunidin cucukrak va nazukraq bolur, vali Buxarada harjins qavundin kop bolur, yaxsi bolur. Yana alu-yi Buxari mashur dur. Buxara alusi dek alu hecyerda bolmas. The melons are very good. In all Transoxiana there are no melons so abundant and good as those of Bukhara. Although a melon called mirtimuri comes from Akhsi in Fergana province that is sweeter and has thinner rind than the Bukhara melon, nonetheless all sorts of excellent melons are to be found in abundance in Bukhara. The plums of Bukhara are famous. There are no plums anywhere like those of Bukhara [2, 99-101].
The scientist A. Yykylmaz in the article "On the use and temporal functions of noun-verb dependent sentences in "Baburnama" defines the function of verbs formed by the forms -gac, -gali, -gunca, -(x)p, -a/-y, -may [7, 1244]. In other words, adverbial and verb dependent sentences complement the meaning of the main sentence in different ways, for example, time, genre, reason, purpose, etc. Therefore, in "Baburnama", the author is able to adjust his sentences according to time, reason, purpose: 1. Bu habarlar kelgec Andican ustige atlanduq [2, 215]. We went over Andijan until these messages arrived. In this sentence, the verb form -gec, denoting time, coincides with the suffixes -gansha/-genshe (-FaHma/-reHme), which are the adverbial participle of time in the Kazakh language. 2. Oygangunca a§ bi§urup bir kuza cagir qiliptur [2, 529]. He cooked and prepared wine until we woke up.
In summary, Babur's writing skills are evident in the text "Baburnama". Through linguistic analysis, it was possible to identify sentences and constructions of various structures, descriptive texts detailing land and water, settlements, animals, and birds. The formal and functional nature of the words within the sentences was also examined. The analysis is crucial to recognizing the period and traditions of the life of the people, nation, epochal development, linguistic originality in oral and written form, speech style, cultural identity, and civilization in the educational and scientific direction through the consideration of medieval historical records in the scientific space.
Additionally, it is clear that the linguistic analysis of the written heritage of "Baburnama", particularly syntactic, historical, and linguistic aspects, make a great contribution not only to the knowledge of the Kazakh language, but also to the linguistic fund of Turkic nations. This is one of the topics that requires further extensive detailed research.
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