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54THE USE OF FOLK WORKS IN THE UPBRINGING PUPILS TO MORAL
AND INTELLIGENCE Esemuratova ^A.1, Matmuratova G.K.2, Omarov S.M.3
1Esemuratova Turganbike Aytmuratovna - Senior Lecturer;
Matmuratova Gulistan Kamalatdinovna - Senior Lecturer,
DEPARTMENT OF PEDAGOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY OF PRIMARY EDUCATION, FACULTY OF PRIMARY EDUCATION;
3Omarov SalamatMuratovich - Assistant Teacher, FACULTY OF PEDAGOGY, NUKUS STATE PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER AJINIYAZ, NUKUS, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: this article deals with the east thinkers' views about the education o;f morality based on the examples oof folk creativity.
Keywords: bringing up to intelligence, folk pedagogics, folk works, material and spiritual wealths, national mentality, moral, spiritual consciousness, religious belief, ethnopedagogics.
As up-bringing intelligence and moral is considered to be one of the main leading branches of folk and scientific pedagogics, it is also considered as a basic keystone of the spiritual development and establishment of the definite cultural community as a nation with a whole social system. Intellectual properties that people have experienced from the nature and in their long life history all develop mankind's thinking, learning skills, individual creative self sufficiency, belief in his goals in the realization of his aims and intentions.
The so-called majestic life itself shows that all the spiritual and material properties are produced with the help of human's mental and practical activity. Therefore every new generation value their ancestors' spiritual properties their genius and mentality and express their loyalty to their traditions, customs and rituals related with upbringing the younger generation. All the genius as folk works created during centuries state out periodically are the greatest products of our ancestors' mental activity which having been passed from generation to generation and found their reflection in the way of life, literary creative works, customs and rituals, in the up-bringing the younger generation in the spirit of true citizens of their Motherland. As genius repeat frequently the highest consciousness mentally leads the human. For everything done logically human is obliged to mentally inherited from their predecessors.
In ancient, primeval society humans lived in a community with common aims: to labour to earth their first existence, members of the community had to work equally and the products of their labour were also shared together, inhabiting a common living place. They all shared common rules, habits customs, rituals - way of life. An equal work was the main rule, there was no place for droning and greed. Everybody joined in the struggle against them. When malefactor took dominance the folk used to beseech gods and say prayers to God.
This act was considered to be one of the earliest lessons on moral. To lead a moral life was the main rule for every member of any community.
Beginning from the very ancient times when human could distinguish himself as the living - being with the highest consciousness he led a constant struggle for improving their life conditions and to earn their living standards. Men took their kids together with themselves when they went for hunting, fishing to teach these skills and also taught them to make equipments (traps, fishing rods, etc.) for their fowl hunting and fishing and arrange ready for cooking, mothers and aunts taught their daughters and sisters to housekeeping. This kind of up-bringing having been began from the family have been developed due to our ancestors periodical experiences based on the higher mentality. For a long period
of time humans could not have recognizes the mysteries of the nature: earthquakes, vast fires, flow, drought, heavy snowfalls, rainfalls Sand Storms, these natural phenomenon as they thought, were the result of God's quivering with indignation to His representations, as they have been behaving unfairly counter his wills getting angry with their for their amoral behaviors. So humans had to make sacrifice: to slaughter sheep and cows, horses and camels even men and women when the nature displayed his might. Remains of those customs can be observed nowadays too. For instance sick women jump across the fire in order to get recovered from her disease; twinned fruits, water-melons are given to a woman who suffers from childlessness, etc.
When humans began to gain selfwareness they left the caves and learned to make a fire to live in a family life owned properties; they had cattle, sheep, horses in their farms, build individual houses to live in. There appeared medicine men and quacks to cure the local citizens from the illnesses when they came across epidemic. They also learned to register their properties (cows, sheep, goats, etc.) there they felt the need for doing accounts. Years passing there appeared social groups, humans were divided into classes, the human felt the need for leadership skills over the society, they needed knowledge, there developed agriculture, the land was cultivated. So social life made the upbringing and education human's first vital requirement, next to being fed and provided with clothes. Upbringing, being a evolutional process, it also develops together with social and industrial progress. The earlier production of labour tools (hand-made knifes, spades, axes hammers, kitchenware etc.) made it possible of tutor - apprentice relations. Master skills have been passed from tutors to their disciples year by year centuries long. As great genioune figures taught their apprentices their skills in all the branches of art and science.
Gaining intelligence and knowledge one becomes a professional in a definite branch, intelligence masters the world. Intelligence infusing into hearts as rays of the sun helps to distinguish good from evil, intelligence saves his supporters from rascals and villains. Intelligence is the life of the soul. Soul is the life of the body, body is a stronghold of organs [1]. Our ancestors from the very earlier centuries paid a great attention to upbringing their young generations spirit of national mentality.
Since there appeared the concept of number and amount children learned to count things and measure their amounts, squares, weights, lengths and distinguish their material content. First of all humans realized the common identifying constitution of the thing and then they studied their substantive quality and productivity. In this period children's fingers played the main role in counting and they were the important sources in the originating of the numbers from 1 to 10. For that period of time this discovery was as important as a man first landed on the Moon. It was also very important to name five fingers separately and invent some children's games and rhymes connected with those names for instance children's games have been accompanied by rhymes like: Bas barmaq - balpan uyrek Thumb is a fat duck
Ilgir barmaq - shuldir shumek The second as crooked as a hook
Ortan barmaq - biyik terek The Middle is the tallest one
Juzik barmaq - hammeden erek Ring finger is any love
Shinatayim - kishkene bobek Little finger is my baby
Humans vital and spiritual needs increased periodically, labour relations prompted people the need of mastering writing. Understanding each other first began from drawing pictures. Drawings on the walls of caves carved by prehistoric mankind (Orkhon-Yeniysey Carvings) are considered to be the ealiest occurences of writing in the Middle Asian communities are the earlier forms of writing our ancient predessors had used in the upbringing and educational purposes untill there appeared writing on the paper with feather and ink.
Nature, human, mentality, spiritual enlightment all these concepts are closely connected with each other and as a whole historical process are based on the development of folk pedagogics. The life-long experience confirmed that folk upbringing and its various heritage is the main means of enriching the mental treasure's supply of the people. Gradual increasing of the number of labour branches motivated children to various kinds of proffessions. Children learning the adults' professions have completely mastered their professions becoming true skilled practitioners. Among people there popularized tutor-apprentice correlations.
The development of the society there increased the qualety of upbringing, there appeared some laws systematizing the process of enlightenment and education, which in its turn qualified the methods of teaching of specific subjects and there were developed productive practizing techniques. The long process of human's becoming the conscious conductor of his life, his mental experience and natural gift, legally matured persanatedy industrious personality, professional skillfulness makes him a true master of his life. The responsibility of upbringing in the youth the sences of awareness of events in the society and natural phenomena, understanding reasons of their occurences and comsequences are
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urgent duties of persons who sonsider themselves educators and teaching and upbringing as they vitally feel are the sence of their life.
As periods of time pass upbringing the young generation takes the same meaning of thinking and making wisely opinions, make them phisically strong and healthy enough to depend the Native Motherland, besides, our youth must be strongly determined in their aims and their social qualities must be defined as brightly as the rays the sun. The first tutors who first bring up and enlighten the child are parents. The father who is worthy for peoples respect. The well educated desr kind Mother who has born daughters and sons for the sake of the Motherland and people. Parents have always needed the help of teachers in the upbringing their sons and daughters wisely decent educated parents are the greatest happiness once presented for human. To respect their weirds, to obey them, even when their name are in mad you shouldn't try to leave them in vain. You must expect for good and stand for them as a faithfull sons and daughters. In (these) such cases the teachers also should help their sons and daughters till the truth will out giving them useful advices and encouraging them in their every attempt to completely justify their parents. Kindness of the teacher is brightly seen not only in the process of teaching because a true teacher lives together with lives of their pupils' he/she always feels their passions being aware of their family conditions both morally and materially always judging of them in favourable manner. The teachers' influens on his/her pupils can't be equlized with anything even prayers and claims are wicker in front of this enormous strength it is the Holiest in the world, as everybody have understood upto date. A genius asked Alexander the Great:
Who is more famous for You - Is it You Father or Your Tutor?
Alexander the Great replied: My faher made me be born and live on Earth. My tutor raised my Name higher onto tje Heaven.
So both of them are Holies for me. I love both of them. Some sayings and proverbs in Karakalpak folk geniuses include more and more verses of behists and wils. Example: From the very beginning, my fellows A chap must have a father A worthy for that father, there'll be A mother who had carried us in her souls's soul Nine month and day's long And fed us with her white milk A chap must have such a Mother
The ancient religion Zardusht, also called the religion of fire (oven) (ot, oshaq, atash dini- ekinshi ataliwi). Zardushtians mainly worshipped a fire. So everything in them related with fire. Zardushts as communities (groups, families, tribes always gathered around fire and there they held meeting and decided the firther tasks (when they needed). In the Karakalpak vocabulary The father (of the family) the every day phrases ot basi (family) oshaq basi (family), otagasi, atashtan (ashkeeper), atashkur (ashremover) etc. Oven (oshaq) has been used not only to heat and to cook but, it meant the above holy concepts, too and denoted the wide conceptions to live in a bossom unity in a family which is an inalienable part of their native commutity, Motherland. Therefore a family considered as a holy, wonderfull place. Straightly getting up in the morning at early dawn our people first used to great the rizing Sun then wished a good morning to their grand fathers and parents. So as the ancient Karakalpak proverb says: "Getting up early in the morning first see (greet) your Father, then your horse, after that greet your neighbours", or If your neighbours are safe and sound - you are also live a lively life. Our people's rituals concerned with upbringing is thw whole pedagogical process which has historically developed as a pecular social relation. From their earlier boyhood our ancestors used to understand the holy concepts as "family" (shanaraq), "parents" (ata-ana), "father" (ake), "mother" (shehse), friend (dos-yaran), "neighbour" (qonsi-qoba), "relatives" (aghain-tuwghan - tuwyskhan), "guest" (miyman-qonaq), as concepts of social-legal importance and were taught to make sence of ethnopedagogical rituals and customs in the way of living of their people. Cycles of folk pedagogics in the family have been remained up to our days. Such concepts have been periodically explained to children by the eldest members of families. The younger members of the kindred were taught to respect and value their natural common origin so that the younger ones shouldn't dare to call the elders by names and must know the names of seven grand parents in the proregressive age order, besides the younger should distinguish the kindred relation according to the rule "who is who" for each one. Father, mother, grandfather, grand mother, aunt, uncle (mother ib law, father in law), brother, sister, bride, brother in law, uncle in law, aunt in law etc. and relatives, neighbours, country men who are
from the same parts etc, besides they are taught to live and learn together in the common society, share the same rights of the same Constitution living lively in friendly terms.
As, the eartiest religious book of Zardushty "Avesto" reads "upbringing is the most important and steady stronghold of the life and every young should learn better he/she should have the best writing skills and repeat the past materials in attentive manner. In teaching pupils of junior age teacher should frequently use visual aids, techniques of conversation and speaking that motivate thinking, being industrious, mastering professions. From earlier ages children were taught to grow fruit trees, vegetables to make tools of labour cultivate kitchen, garden and to feed cattles etc. The Holy book of the religion of Islam "Koran" teaches: "Having been born to the bright world as human he/she should be enough wise, to fair-minded and create goodness doing independently and to not cause any evil to other", as it partly written "If you stand for evil, kill the snake! But if you stand for good not bother a soul!" Koran challenges to brought up in humans Kindness, love, justice, care and concern.
In the 13th and 49th paragraphs of Koran it is said: "Hey, humans, really we created as a man (Adam) and a woman (Hawa). You are all brothers and sisters, descendants of one family. Then as You have multiflied we gave you separate areas of lands to live all in equal life. We separated you as relative tribes, nations, peoples. In front of the God you are all equal". Humans developing isn't carried out by wealth or a higher post. For real developing they need wisdom, mentality, moral (decency). Humans must live in brotherhood, fraternity, they must appreciate the feeling of affinity between themselves. They should appreciate the holy feeling of love, their spirits should be raised to a holy feeling of love.
There is a holy phrase "qudayi qonaq" ("a God-send guest") in our people. The phrase takes its beginning from our earlier ancestors'. Then when somebody at might stopping at your house's doorway and said: "We are God-send guests for you!" The master of the house obligatorily should welcome the visitor whoever he were. So the custom hasn't lost its existence yet, nowadays, too. At any circumstance the visitor should be welcomed, respected. There's also a phrase-proverb: "Miyman kirse esikten, bale-qada qashar tesikten" word for word the proverb means "If a guest comes in misfortune runs away anywhere". Not to welcome guest is not to respect the name of God" "A guest is greater than you Grandfather and year younger than the God" All these sayings and proverbs confirm our opinions expressed above. That's why peoples genius sounds: "A guest is greater than your father and a year younger than the God.". And our famous poet Ibrayim Yusupov describes our people's hospitality in the following verse-lines:
Hey, brethren, if you may a visit to the East wards Hurry up, straightly to our country-side Our aunts who are baking flat-round cakes at tandir1 Suggest you to serve a cake for your health Otherwise you can't pass by them by themselves.
It is our people's holy tradition to suggest bread and salt to visitors. Islam codes (includes more than 600 thousand articles) is (a collection of common moral rules that develop human's spiritual and mental feelings. Every human being should master knowledge, be wise and witty, a society or stale which is not based on wisdom and legal rights will be lost under the pressure of malefactor, villain, disorder and riot, impudence and dishonor, traitors and other misdeals. Non-awareness of science and knowledge leads to illiteracy and backwardness". The science mastered in youth is a pattern caved in the stone and it reflects brightly in the mind, it is worth praying several thousand times". And the "Koran" confirms. That humans' name is everlasting when generations inherit their theories, schools, mosques, madrasah's, gardens canals excavated by them and their humane features from their parents and grandparents.
In Islam human behaviors, their feelings and passions are divided as positive and negative ones. According to these principles humane features differ as: truthful, faithfulness, loyalty, justice, decency, intelligence, genius, generosity, love, industry, honesty, kindness, interest, heroism, patriotism etc. and untruthfulness, unfaithfulness, treachery, injustice, immorality, illiteracy; tyranny, hatred intolerance, parasite, dishonesty, cupidity, varity, uninterest, cowardice, unpatriotic etc. As it sounds in "Koran" Generosity human's natural adornment, cupidity leads him to crash. "The folk proverb's are also function as means of upbringing youth in the spirit of intellectual maturity. Example: "Jaqsinm jaqsisin ayt lymani tassin, Jamannm jamanin ayt lymami qashsin."
1 Tandir - a cupola-like oven in which our aunts bake bread. I.Yusupov "To a visitor to East". Nukus "Karakalpakstan" PH.1955.
Who does good must be encouraged for (in order) to be cinvinced. He who does evil must be neglected immediately to give up his bad habit. Belief and confidence is a good deserves others' respect, if a human develops in himself/herself good features he/she would have been considered both by friends and also by boor and respected ever. The cad who behaves unfairly as a partner or steals others' things will become a scoundrel, a villain. Such thieves will be punished by God.
Folk sayings as "Quday urgandi paygambar hasasi menen turtedi". "He who used to deceive others swearing to God, will be beaten by prophet: (with his walking stick). "Otiriktin orisi tar" / "A lie is revealed easily". "The world exists for ever at good peoples expance // Dunya jaqsi adamlardin esabinan turipti" / "Kind geniuses support the world" They serve as examples of intelligence people follow them for carrying out good wills. People follow them in every step, learn from them, and feel them as an encouragement in their way of life. The proverb "Not take gold, do gratifying labour isn't gratitude gold?!" // "Altin alma duwa al, duwa altin emes pa?!" appeals youth to do good deeds, to be useful for people and Motherland. Our prophets points out that one might lie only in three circumstances and in these case the one who say a lie can be excused (forgiven). They are the followings:
1) The lie is said for calming husband and wife.
2) The lie is said to stop hostility between people.
3) The lie is said to prevent war.
The God accuses ones who throw hostility between people, and in order to conciliate and to settle the most serious disagreements allows to say a lie, too1
These great features are closely joined with our people's geniuses and represent an important key material in the upbringing national mentality in the young generation.
For conclusion we can confirm our ancestors had brought up their generations to master knowledge and art to be kind and generous for their followers on the base of folk works which had been created and developed up to their times by their predecessors.
References
1. Ethnopedagogics of the Karakalpak people. The collection of scientific works. city Nukus. Uzbekistan, 1999.
2. Bases Ideology of Islam. Tashkent: "Uzbekistan", 1993. P. 45.
3. Yusupov I. To visitors to East. Nukus. Uzbekistan. P.H., 1955.
4. Ghaybullaev and others. Pefagogics. Tashkent. "Uzbekistan", 2000. P. 74.
1 Bases Ideology of Islam. city Tashkent "Uzbekistan" 1993, p. 45.
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