CC BY
28
UDC 378
Muxitdinova F.R.
teacher
department of languages faculty of agrology and business Andijan Branch of Tashkent State Agrarian University
Xudayarova O.Z.
student
foreign languages faculty Andijan State University Uzbekistan, Andijan
THE TRANSLATION OF PASSIVE VOICE FROM ENGLISH INTO
UZBEK
Annotation: The actuality of the article is directed to define the necessity of studying of passive voice in the English language and its translation from English into Uzbek and Russian. The aim of article is to show the general classification of the parts of speech ,the usage of Passive Voice and its translating into Uzbek and Russian.
Key words: texts, teaching, passive voice, characteristics, reader, grammar, structure.
Most people first encounter grammar in connection with the study of their own or of a second language at school. This kind of grammar is called normative, or prescriptive ,because it defines the role of the various parts of speech and purports to tell what is the norm, or rule of "correct" usage. Prescriptive grammar state how words and sentences are to be put together in a language so that the speaker will be perceived as having good grammar. When people are said to have good or bad grammar, the inference is that they obey or ignore the rules of accepted usage associated with the language they speak.
Language -prescriptive specific grammar is only one way to look at word and sentence formation in language. Other grammarians are interested primarily in the changes in word and sentence construction in a language over the years for example , how Old English, Middle English, and Modern English differ from one another; this approach is known as historical grammar. Some grammarians seek to establish the differences or similarities in words and word order in various languages. Thus, specialists in comparative grammar study sound and meaning correspondences among languages to determine their relationship to one another. By looking at similar forms in related languages, grammarians can discover how different languages may have influenced one another .Still other grammarians investigate how words and word order are used in social contexts to get messages across; this is called functional grammar.
During this investigation while translating the Passive Voice from English into Uzbek and Russian we come across with the following grammatical difficulties:
1) Complete correspondence:
By complete syntactic correspondence is understood the conformity in structure and sequence of words in word combinations and sentences .
New school was built in 1992.
Yangi maktab 1992 yilda qurilgan.
Новая школа была построена в 1992 году.
2) Partial correspondence:
By partial syntactic correspondence in sentences is understood the divergence in the order of words, omissions or partial substitution of parts of sentences.
It's forbidden to smoke here.
Bu yerda chekish man qilingan.
Курить здесь запрещено.
3) Absence of correspondence:
In the absence of correspondence the constructions have no formal grammatical connection with the main parts of sentence, though these are always a conformity between them. The degree of attendance of action or conditions in predicative constructions determines the choice of complex compound or simple sentences in translation.
In the English sentences the predicative construction which function as an object is composed of a noun in the common case and an infinitive. In Uzbek this construction corresponds to the word combination " Eshik ochilganini va doktorni xonaga boshlab kirishganini" which carries out the same function though there is neither structural nor morphological conformity; it is a word combination expressed by a noun and participle. thus, an English predicative construction when translated into Uzbek gets nominalized. In Russian this construction is expressed by a complex sentence with a subordinate object clause.
Besides, while translating them we used the following ways of translation:
1) Grammatical substitution
By substitution we understood the substitution we understood the substitution of one part of speech by another.
"was done"- passive voice is translated by the way substitution ( Passive voice - Active voice).
2) Grammatical transposition.
Transposition is understood to be the change of position of linguistic elements in the language.
The next we heard was that he was married there. Keyingi eshitganimiz bo'yicha u u yerda uylangan ekan. Следующее то что мы услышали о нем он женился там.
The passive voice "was married" is translated into Russian by the verb "ся" and into Uzbek by "sifatdosh".
a). by the verb "быть+ краткая форма причастия страдательного залога. In the present the verb is not used. in Uzbek it is translated as a " sifatdosh".
The house was built in 1932. Uy 1932 yilda qurilgan. Дом был построен в 1932 году.
b). By the verb - "ся". In uzbek by "majhul nisbat".
Houses are built of stone. Uylar toshdan qurilyapti. Дома строятся из комня.
In Russian and Uzbek Passive voice is translated as an active voice.
There are a number of transitive verbs in English which correspond to intransitive verbs in Russian: to affect, to answer, to assist, to attend, to follow, to help, to influence, to join, to watch. These verbs naturally admit of the passive construction while their Russian equivalents cannot be used in the Passive voice.
Such sentences are rendered in Russian by indefinite- personal sentences (неопределенно - личные предложения ) unless the doer of the action is mentioned. In the latter case either the Active Voice is used which occurs rather seldom, or the Passive Voice ( consisting of the verb быть + краткая форма причастия страдатвльного залога).
He was granted ten day's leave.
It is important to explain what voice means. The term voice is a grammatical category of verbs and it can often be found in connection with transitive verbs. The term voice in the collocation with the terms active and passive means something slightly different. The active voice is used in active sentence structures. The subject in such structures is typically the agent. The subject in passive sentence structures is typically the object of active sentence structures and has a passive role, which means that it does not cause the action, but is typically the "receiver" of it. Example:
A )Mack attacked John. [active] Mack Johnga hujum qildi.
b) John was attacked by Mack. [passive] Johnga hujum (David
tomonidan) qilindi
Example (a) is in the active because the subject, Mackis in relation with an active role (the role of the agent). John is the one who performed the action.
Example (b) is called "passive" because the subject, John, is associated with a passive role (the role of a "patient"), because John was the one on whom the action was performed.
The active and the passive voice and their occurrence. With respect to the English voice, there are two types, as was already mentioned. The passive voice consists of the auxiliary verb "be" and the past participle of a lexical verb. The past participle can also be referred to as the "passive participle". The occurrence of the passive will be considered in connection with tense and the type of sentence (question and negative statement).
E.g.- Butter is made from milk.
-When was the telephone invented?
Active voice and Passive voice.
They will fix the car tommorow.
Ular mashinani ertaga tuzatishadi.
The car will be fixed (by them).
Mashina (ular tomonidan) tuzatiladi.
He would invite Ann for the party.
U Anni kechaga taklif qildi.
Ann would be invited (by him) for the party.
Ann kechaga( u tomonidan) taklif qilindi.
Voice is the form of the verb which shows the relation between the subject, the object and the doer of the action. We have compared voices in three languages.
Sources used:
1. Galperin I.R. Text as an object of linguistic research. Moscow, 1981.
2. Rogova G.V. Methods of teaching a foreign language in high school. Moscow, 1991.
3. Shakhova N.I. From the ability to read to the ability to speak. Moscow, 1972.
