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203ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
THE THEORY OF TRANSLATION AND ITS PROBLEMS Abulova Z.A.1, Akhmedova A.A.2
1Abulova Zilola Azimovna - Lecturer; 2Akhmedova Aziza Abdulloevna - Lecturer, DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN NATURAL SCIENCES, FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES,
BUKHARA STATE UNIVERSITY, BUKHARA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: translation is a tool that serves as the interests of friendship, brotherhood and cooperation between different peoples, as well as the expansion of economic, political, scientific, cultural and literary ties between them. As the field of linguistics is developing, translation is considered as one of the most important part in this sphere. Translation is learned by the subject of "the theory of translation'. Many scientists investigated this theory thus finding its problems also. So this article focuses on the background of translation, such as how linguists defined the translation, some problems of it and analyze them carefully by giving some examples.
Keywords: principles of the translation, international federation, bilingual system, harmonization, lingual and cultural views.
UDC 808.56
Translation theory is the scientific and critical study of the views, opinions, observations, and colorful experiences associated with the broad living practice of translation, explaining the rules and principles, their boundaries and norms. Translation as a concept represents: scientific and practical process; results of scientific-practical process (translation of works of great writers); translation is a science, a subject.
The first theoretical ideas about the theory translation originated in ancient Rome. Aristotle, Cicero, and Horace, who were fluent in Greek and Latin, argued that words should not be followed in the translation process, but that their meanings should be weighed first and then translated. Later, Bartholomew and Manetti in Italy, du Belle and Malerb in France, Bacon and Dryden in England, Goethe and Humboldt in Germany, and Lomonosov and Sumarokov in Russia expressed their theoretical views on translation. In our country, the theory of translation as an independent philological science began to take shape mainly in the 50s of the twentieth century, but the practice of translation has a history of several thousand years. It should not be inferred from this idea that translation has evolved without theory for thousands of years. Our translators, who have translated many scientific, historical, political, religious, philosophical, and artistic books from English, Arabic, Persian, Indian, Azerbaijani, Turkish, and Russian into their own languages, are known translators who have been accepted and followed for centuries, based on their beliefs and rules.
The foundation of the International Federation of Translators (FIT) in 1953 (FIT (Federation Internationale des Traducteurs)) played an important role in the development of translation and translators. In 1955, the association's organ, the magazine Babel ("Babylon"), began to be published. Over the years, research by scholars from different countries on the problems of translation theory has been published one after another, such as Georges Munen's "Beautiful but Unfaithful" and Theodore Savory's "The Art of Translation"and etc. In particular, Canadian linguists J. P. Vinye and J. Darbelne published "Comparative Stylistics of French and English" in 1958. In the monograph "In the field of translation", the theory of translation is interpreted in a comparative linguistic way, and the authors claim that it is a science of pure linguistics. They bring their ideas closer to the teachings of the eminent linguist Charles Balli, and translation is also a bilingual system,
which is the process of convergence between the original and the language of translation. In the process, they conclude that the original language does not change its status, and that the language of translation changes according to the circumstances and is forced to express the linguistic status of the original language.
Moreover, according to linguists, in the theory: translation should be the object of scientific study. It should focus on the process of analysis and harmonization, what to focus on in the text, what information is needed, and what to focus on to achieve the goal. Translation is a complex process that involves linguistics, psychology, culture, the literary process, and other factors. Translation, as a type of speech, is translated from a linguistic point of view, that is, the process of translation means the translation of one wish into another language. This is what we call the work between two different languages, the process of translation from a linguistic point of view.
The main goal of translation theory is to identify ways to translate several types of texts. The theory informs about how to choose appropriate version for presented text and gives information about different ideas views of scholars. It provides with information on general, natural, and individual topics of translation theory and culture. The basis of the theory is process of translation, different works and texts for translation. Many scholars consider that there are various problems in translating, such as problems with culture, with lexic, difficulties in grammar and etc. In grammar language consists of different cultural outcomes (genders of inanimate objects), application forms (Mr., Mrs.). The more language becomes a special phenomenon (flora and fauna) and serves for cultural purposes, the more problems will appear in translation. One of the most difficult problems in process of translation is finding the lexical equivalent of an object or event. The interpreter not only compares two languages, but also their cultures are taken into consideration. Because of difference within cultures, translator cannot find appropriate lexical equivalent in the case of translating geography, customs, beliefs and so on. The first problem in grammar is that it is not possible to translate accurately. The meanings and grammatical structures of words in languages are usually will not be the same. Let's take the word "logos" as an example. We can't find any equivalent word in English. This word means:" word", "content", "discussion" and etc. Interpreter should choose one of them according to the situation. Moreover, there are problems with tenses in translation. The present tense, which is the same in most other languages, but in English there are two: "I go; Я иду" means "I go / I am going" in both forms. There are full of problems in pronouns too.
In short, translation theory introduces the basic principles and activities of translation schools. This improves translation skills. It allows you to learn a foreign language perfectly and to identify the differences and similarities between them when comparing the native language with a foreign language. When it comes to problems, sometimes for translator it is impossible to find clear equivalent. That's why he or she should understand real meaning of the word and try to describe it appropriately. In this case, a translator should find new ways and methods to express concepts.
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ВЗАИМОВЛИЯНИЕ И ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ЯЗЫКА И КУЛЬТУРЫ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕ Аскарбекова Н.Е.
Аскарбекова Несибели Еркинкызы - бакалавр техники и технологий, кафедра иностранных языков, Университет иностранных языков и деловой карьеры, г. Алма-Ата, Республика Казахстан
Аннотация: в статье анализируется вопрос взаимовлияния языка и культуры в современном мире. Данная проблема является на сегодняшний день одной из самых сложных и спорных в лингвистике, культурологии, семиотики и философии. В материале рассматриваются концепции, связанные с гипотезой зависимости и независимости языка и культуры. С использованием методики исследования разных гипотез выполнен анализ и на основании полученных данных было выявлено, что язык — это одна из самых важных категорий культуры, поскольку именно посредством языка формируется и выражается миропонимание человека.
Ключевые слова: язык, культура, усвоение, действительность духа, специфические черты национальной ментальности, человек, область сознания, лингвистика, культурология, семиотика, философия, концепции, гипотеза, субъект, коммуникация, онтогенез и филогенез, многоаспектность, лингвокультурологическая теория.
Проблема, связанная с объемом, характером, степенью взаимодействия и взаимоотношения языка и культуры, является на сегодняшний день одной из самых сложных и спорных в лингвистике, культурологии, семиотики и философии. Сложность проблемы определяется её многоаспектностью, колоссальной хронологической протяжённостью, огромным формальным, структурным, функциональным разнообразием того, что относится к языку и к культуре.
