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Khanbabayeva G.G.
Lecturer, candidate for a degree, Department of Linguistics, Baku State University, Azerbaijan
THE STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VERBS OF HEARING IN THE AZERBAIJANI AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES
Summary
This article deals with structural and semantic characteristics of the verbs of hearing in the Azerbaijani and English languages. The comparative study of the verbs on the basis of the languages with different systems has got a great importance for both the researchers and the learners of these languages. Different meanings and examples of the verbs of hearing in English and Azerbaijani are given, the similarities and differences among them have been determined.
Keywords: the verbs of hearing, structural and semantic characteristics, the verbal combination, the analytic- inflectional structure.
The research of the verbs in the Azerbaijani language from Oguz group of Turkic languages family with agglutinative -synthetic structure and the English language including into German languages group of Indo-European languages family with its analytic- inflectional structure by the comparative method from the categorical standpoint defines the similarities, the existence of language universalises and the differences between these different system languages. On the one hand, it helps people to have an intercourse language in the period of science and hi-tech development and the peoples' mutual integration. On the other hand, the learning of unrelated languages with the comparative-confrontation method, as A.A.Akhundov indicated that "this kind of comparative method gives a valuable material for the learning of foreign languages an for the methods of teaching these languages in national schools.. .."[1,234]. "The comparative-confrontation is such a system of research methods that, it determines the common (similar) and special (various) characteristics of different languages"[1,230].
From this standpoint, the investigation of each element of the verb, considering the richest part of speech, in lexical-semantic level has a great importance. The verb, comparing by the richness of its grammatical categories among the parts of speech is also differs by the semantic motley. Verbs indicate matter, case and action, and these characteristics are reflected in their semantics, too. Y.Seyidov notes about the verb in the Azerbaijani language that, "the feature of expressing its content meaning and action, provides the elasticity, nuance, semantic
richness of the verb.....[2,302]. Stressing the verb to be the richest part of speech in English,
L.S.Barkhudarov indicates that "..the learning of the verb takes a central place in the morphology of the English language"[3,100].
One of the semantic types of the verb in the Azerbaijani and English languages is the verbs of hearing directly connecting with thinking and perception system of a man. Looking up to the vocabulary content of the two languages one can see the majority of these verbs. Z.Budagova wrote about the verbs of hearing that " as it is seen from their nomination these verbs connected by the process of hearing are very few"[4,101].
G.Kazimov such characterizes the verbs of hearing: "The verbs of hearing are those that connected with the prosess of hearing and indicate the phenomenon used with the aural organs [5,160]".
H.Guliyev in his research devoted to semantic classification of verbs in Azerbaijani, Russian, English and German presents the verbs of hearing as a semigroup of verbs of sense and as an example to them shows e^itmdk, dinldmdk in Azerbaijani and to hear, to notice, to feel, to sense, to listen to, to attend lectures on in English [6, 36].
S.F.Rzayev characterizes the verbs of hearing as "the verbs expressing the moving, acting of living objects" [7, 17]. The most used verbs of hearing in English are : to hear, to listen to, to hearken, to be all ears, to overhear, to pick up, to heed, to hark, to prick up one's ears, to give heed, to lend an ear and etc.
to hear (heard, heard)- feel and hear with ear [8, 26]. Irregular, simple, transitive verb has been given in Oxford dictionary in 4 meanings [4, 552], in dictionary by O.Musayev in 7 [10, 25], "New English-Russian dictionary" by I.Galperin in 9 [11, 640]:
1. To hear. To hear a loud sound.
2.To have ability to hear; For example: Deaf people cannot hear. The old man can't hear very well.
3.To listen (carefully); To hear a famous singer;
4. To listen regularly, to be a regular audience. For example: Have you ever heard that song in Italian?
5. To hear a course of lectures; to hear a pupil his lesson;
6. Officially listen till the end; to hear a deputation; Don't judge me before I've finished my explanation hear me out, please;
7. Jurid. To prosecute a case, to plead, to examine; The case was heard last week (in the
court);
8. To hear, to know, to inquire. I have never heard of him.
9. To receive a letter/ to get information; In this meaning the verbs "to hear" is used with the preposition "from". For example: I hope to hear from her soon. 10.To pay attention, to hear, to listen, to agree; In this meaning the verbs "to hear" is used with the preposition "of". For example: They won't hear of such a thing.. The verb " to hear " has the ability to be used in different meanings. For example: Hear! Hear!- is used to indicate the consent calls to speaker.
The verb "to hear" can also be used in the phraseological complex contents: to hear the grass grow- to have exceptional sense ability;to hear a pin drop- to listen the weakest voice; to hear the last of smb. To hear somebody for the last time; to hear tell of smth.-to listen the people talking about smth.; for example: You will hear about (of) this later.
The verb " to hear"using with some prepositions forms composite verbs. For example: to hear from smb.; to hear of smb./ smth.; not to hear of smth.- to refuse to let smth.(usually in this case the auxiliary verbs will or would); to hear smb. out- to listen smb. till the end and so on [9, 552].
The verb "to hear" stands in the synonimity with the verbs to catch, to eavesdrop, to hearken, to listen, to overhear, to pick up in the meaning of "listen",with the verbs to acknowledge, ascertain, discover, to examine, to find, to gather, to heed, to investigate, to judge, to learn, to try, to understand in the meaning of "to pay attention, to inquire about, to know"[12, 164].
to listen to- to pay attention to the voice, to try to hear [8, 41]. Regular, simple, verb has been given in dictionary by O.Musayev in 2 meanings [10,891], Oxford dictionary in 2 [9, 687], "New English-Russian dictionary" by I.Galperin in 4 [13, 805]:
1. To hear, to listen; for example: I listened to him seriously discussing the question of children (G. Green). In this meaning the verb "to listen" is used in the content of different combinations: to listen to / in radio; to listen to music; to listen to a lecture; to listen for smth. ; Listen here! For example: Did you listened to the Prime Minister yesterday?
2. To listen carefully, attentively; for example: The students listened to teacher's explanation and understood the rule.
3. To listen to advice, to listen smb.;
4. To agree, to compromise; Don't listen to her!
The verb "to listen" stands in the synonimity with the verbs to attend, to give ear, to give heed, to hark, to hear, to hearken, to heed, to lend an ear, to hang on smb's words, to prick
up one's ears in the meaning of "to listen",with the verbs to mind, to obey, to observe, to pay attention, to take notice in the meaning of "to agree [12, 211].
to hearken -[ha:k(a)n]- this simple verb used in poetry is not given in the dictionary by O.Musayev . However, this verb has been given in Oxford dictionary in 1 meaning [9, 552] and in "New English-Russian dictionary" by I.Galperin in 2 meanings [11, 640]: 1. To listen; in this meaning It is used with a preposition -to. 2. To listen till the end, to pay attention; for example: to hearken to supplication; The boy hearkened to him.
to overhear (overheard, overheard)- to hear smth prohibited [13, 41]. Irregular, formed from adverb and verb(over+hear) composite verb has been given in dictionary by O.Musayev [10, 1036], in Oxford dictionary [9,827] and in "New English-Russian dictionary" by I.Galperin in 2 [13, 94]:
1. To listen secretly;
2.To listen accidentally; for example: I couldn't help overhearing the talk. To overhear (snatches) bits of conversation from the next table.
to heed- regular, simple verb has been given in dictionary by O.Musayev in 1 [10, 730], in Oxford dictionary in 1[9, 555] and in "New English-Russian dictionary" by I.Galperin in 3 meanings [11, 644]:
1.To pay attention, to take notice, to take heed. In this meaning the verb forms different word combinations: to heed a warning; to heed advice; to heed smb's words;to heed smth. Scrupulously; to heed smth. carefully; for example:Heed what your mother says!
2.To notice, to feel.
3. To take care of. These latter meanings are obselete meanings. In modern English these words are mainly met in literary works: to give heed [11, 644].
to hark- mainly used as a poetic word, phrase and regular, simple verb has been given in dictionary by O.Musayev in 2 [10,731], in Oxford dictionary in 1[9, 543] and in "New English-Russian dictionary" by I.Galperin in 3 meanings [11,632]:
1. To listen; for example: Let us hark to the song of the birds.
2. To pay attention; for example: Hark you!
3. To update, to renew (the theme, talk). In this meaning the verb "to hark" is used with the preposition back and to.for example: She is always harking back to her childhood.
The verb to hark" has also the ability to be used as the interjection. It is used in hunting to give command to hounds in the meaning of "search". In this case the verb "to hark" has different meanings with some prepositions. For example: Hark back! Hark on! To hark at smb. is used to attract the attention of an arrogant, silly person. For examle: Just hark at her!
In English the regular word combinations- phrasal combinations are also met among the composite verbs of hearing. It is not accidental that, the most of these phrasal expressions are formed with the help of somatic unit " ear". The somatic phrasal expressions created with this unit forms the striking part of verbs of hearing with different shades of meaning: to be all ears,to prick up one's ears ,to reach one's ears,to go in one ear and out the other [10, 493]; to give an ear to- qulaq vermak, qulaq asmaq[10, 653]; to lend an ear, to turn a deaf ear, to gain smb's ear, to win smb's ear [11, 423].
In English the verbs to monitor, to notice, to feel, to sense, to attend to, to pick up can express the meaning of hearing subject to a certain context, certain text context. In the modern Azerbaijanian language the most used verbs of hearing are: e§itmak, dinlamak,din§amak, qulaq asmaq, qulaq vermak, qulaqardina vurmaq, qulagina daymak, qulagi galmaq, qulagina sas galmak, qulagina girmak, qulagini §aklamak, din§amak, duymaq and etc.
E§itmak- in the explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijanian language this simple, transitive verb with Persian origin has been given its 4 meanings [14,36]:
1. To comprehend, to get, to feel, to gain any sound with the help of ear.To hear the voices of speakers. To hear a sound from another room. For example: Sakit- sakit ku9ada qafil hanirti, boguq dani§iqlar e§idildi (Anar). Bir sozla, har kalma birca- birca e§idilirdi (Anar).
2. To listen, to pay attention; for example: §air gun arzinda o qadar qafiya e§itdi ki, ax§am gedib ozunu qayadan atdi (Anar).
3. To be informed, to get information, to know. For example: Ax§am bacimdan e§itdim ki, xadica qorxusundan xastalanmi§dir.(S. Huseyn); Yox, e§itmamisiniz bas, kooperativda ev tikdirib qizina... (Anar).
4. To obey, to accept the advice, to execute, to fulfil. For example: Qizim sana deyiram, galinim san e§it (Proverb); Xususan onun bugunku sayahati da qorxuludur, onu bu sayahata buraxmayin, o, sizin sozunuzu e§idar! (M. S. Ordubadi).
The verb "e§itmak (to hear)" according to its shades of meaning forms the sinonimity with the verbs to listen, to obey, to be informed, to know [15, 112]. Though the semantic of the verb "e§itmak (to hear)" in the result of derivation expresses as the verbs to listen, to pat no heed, but these verbs differ using in the sentence. So, the verb "e§itmak (to hear)" using in the sentence just nominates the prosess, but in the verb "to listen" the meanings of state, interest, wish are noticed. The transitive verb "e§itmak (to listen)" is managed with the words in accusative case. For example: to listen to music, to listen the lecture, to hear the sound, to hear the scream and etc.
E§itdirilmak (to be informed smb. of smth.) - in the explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijanian language only one meaning of this verb in passive voice has been given [14, 36]:To be felt, to get informed, to be informed, to get known.
E§itdirmak(to inform smb. of smth.)— in the explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijani language only one meaning of this verb in causative mood has been given [14, 36]: To report, to get felt, to get informed, to inform. For example: Sona...amisi arvadini sixma- bogmaya salanlara da e§itdirmak istayib barkdan dedi. (A. Abulhasan).
Dinlamdk( to listen)- in the explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijani language only one meaning of this transitive verb in derivative form has been given [16, 80]:To listen; or example: Alp Aruz, Qazan, ba§qa igidlar garginlikla Bayandiri dinlayirdilar (Anar). Bayandir xan:-igidlar, sozumu dinlayin (Anar).
The verb "dinlamak (to listen)" expresses the sinonimity with the verbs e§itmak( to hear), qulaq asmaq(to listen), qulaq tutmaq, qulaq vermak (to hear)and at the same time with the verbs gu§ elamak, gu§ qilmaq, multafit olmaq that now considered obselete words and used in literary works and some dialects [15, 101].
As in English the most of the verbs of hearing in the Azerbaijanian language are formed with the help of a simple, common noun "qulaq (ear)" expressing a part of body. In the Azerbaijani language these somatic phrasal units with the meaning of hearing have got more efficiency than the phrasal combinations in English. As some of these verbs ( to listen, to hear and etc.) are included to universal words in this language. For example:
Qulaq asmaq( to listen) - in the explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijani language this transitive verb has been given in 5 meanings [17, 204]:
1. To listen; Fatma listened without stopping to eat (Anar).
2. To examine; The doctor examined the patient's heart.
3. To listen secretly, to listen the conversation, to hear.; Dadash, it's half an hour I've been listening your conversation from another room (N.Vazirov). The young knights were standing aside, and listening the conversation of their fathers, uncles sitting on the carperts (Anar).
4. To keep a promise, to obey, to accept, to draw attention, to attach importance; for example: OK, but you say, who will listen to me? (C. Mammadguluzade).
5. To take care of, to pay attention, to notice. For example: Take care of your parents!
Qulagina ddymdk( to hear)- in the explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijani language this verb has been given in 1 meaning [17, 204]: to hear; for example: A little while the footsteps of two horsemen from the street were heard to Gulnaz. (M. Ibrahimov)
Qulagina soz girmdmdk( to ignore);- in the explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijani language this verb has been given in 1 meaning [17, 204]:
Qulagi çalmaq(to hear)-for example: These words were heard by Shamo. (S. Rahimov).
Qulagina çatdirmaq( to inform)- in the explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijani language this verb has been given in 1 meaning [17, 204]: to hear a word, information by any way; for example: The good words said about Barkhudar was heard to a watchman Aga's wife Baridnisa (M. Ibrahimov).
Qulaq k9silmak(to listen)-)- in the explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijani language this verb has been given in 1 meaning [17, 205]; to listen carefully, to pay attention; for example: All participants listening carefully wanted to hear the poet's voice (M. S. Ordubadi).
Qulaq qabartmaq(to listen)- in the explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijani language this verb has been given in 1 meaning [17, 205]: to listen secretly, without giving any signs.
Qulaq tutmaq( to listen)- in the explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijani language this verb has been given in 1 meaning [17, 205]: to listen, to pay attention. For example: Gar sana afqanimi bihuda dersa muddai;Ol soza tutma qulaq, man çakdiyim afqana tut (Fuzuli).
Qulaq vermdk( to hear)- in the explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijani language this transitive verb has been given in 3 meanings [17, 205]:
1. To listen; for example: In a clear moony night the youngs were sitting at the spectacular pond and listening the singers in turn (A. Hagverdiyev).
2.To keep the promise, to obey, to accept the said, to pay attention, to attcah a notice;f.e.: "Say your words to those who listen you."(C. Mammadguluzade);
3.To try to hear;for example: Ayna tried to hear the sound of fife for a while (A.Mammadkhnly).
Qulaqlarini §dkldmdk(to listen very attentively)- in the explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijanian language this verb has been given in 1 meaning [17, 205]:
1. To listen terrifing; for example: Urga, being out of breath took his head forward to drink, but startled listening terrified.(M. Huseyn);
2. To be very interested, to pay attention and to be interested in order to listen smth. For example: A lot of people are interested to listen. (A. Shaiq).
Qulaqardina vurmaq( to ignore); qulaqardina vermdk( not to pay attention)- in the explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijani language this verb has been given in 1 meaning [17, 205]: not to listen, not to pay attention purposely, to ignore;for example: Samad ignored all the told words. (M. Huseyn)
Qulagina yeti§mak( to be informed)- in the explanatory dictionary of the Azerbaijani language this verb has been given in 1 meaning [17, 205]: to inform any word, information to anybody by any way; for example: We walked for a while when heard noise of the firsts away (A. Shaiq).
After the examining the shades of meaning and semantic content of the verbs of hearing in the Azerbaijani and English languages we considered to divide these verbs presented as the semigroup of the verbs of sense and perception into the following semantic division in two languages:
1.The verbs of hearing expressing the accepting, hearing of the sound, information by a person irrespective of wish and purpose;
2.The verbs of hearing expressing the hearing of the sound, information by a person purposely;
3.The verbs of hearing with negative meaning.
The verbs e^itmak, qulagina daymak, qulagi galmaq, qulagina sas galmak, qulagina girmak, duymaq, qulaginayeti§mak, qulagina §atmaq, e§itdirilmak in the Azerbaijani language, the verbs to hear, to pick up, to reach one's ears, to feel, to sense in English are included to the verbs of hearing expressing the accepting, hearing of the sound, information by a person irrespective of wish and purpose.
The verbs e§itmak, qulagina daymak, qulagi galmaq, qulagina sas galmak, qulagina girmak, duymaq, qulagina yeti§mak, qulagina §atmaq, e§itdirilmak in the Azerbaijanian language, the verbs to listen, to hearken, to overhear, to heed, to give heed, to hark, to prick up one's ears, to give an ear, to notice, to attend on, to gain smb's ear, to monitor in English are included to the verbs of hearing expressing the hearing of the sound, information by a person purposely.
The verbs qulagina soz girmamak, qulagina soz batmamaq, qulaqardina vurmaq, qulaqardina vermak,bir qulagindan alib, o biri qulagindan vermak in the Azerbaijani language, the verbs to go in one ear and out the other, to turn a deaf ear in English are included to the verbs of hearing with negative meaning.
In the Azerbaijani language the verbs of hearing in reflexive form using with the affixes -il, il (to be) has the ability to extend its semantic meanings. From the verb "hear" the verb " to be heard" is formed. For example: I heard the voice. My voice was heard from everywhere. In the second sentence the affix -il (to be) shows the number of people listening the voice.
The same condition can be watched with other verbs of hearing. For example: He listened. He was listened. Again in the second sentence the affix -il (to be) shows the number of executives. The meanings differed from, but a little like to the main meaning are formed by adding the voice suffixes to the verbs of hearing. For example: to hear- to be heard, to get heard; to listen, and etc. This case shows that the verbs of hearing with the affixal way differ in English with analytical structure from the Azerbaijani language with synthetic structure has the ability to extend its semantic meanings.
Both in English and in the Azerbaijani language the verbs of hearing from the verbs of meaning are less covered. But the verbs from this group are selected by their efficiency. The majority of the verbs of hearing in both languages are the phrasal units. It is stipulated with such a fact that " the verbs play a special role in forming the phrasal combinations, enriching the vocabulary content figuratively. So the majority of phrasal combination in our language are formed by the participance of these verbs"[18, 7].
The verbs of hearing in English are used with prepositions and have the ability to form composite verbs.
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