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9THE SPECIFICS OF ADAPTATION OF ATHLETES TO MIDLAND CONDITIONS
I.Kh. Vakhitov, professor, Dr.Biol.
A.R. Mad'yarov, associate professor, Ph.D.
S.S. Chinkin, associate professor, Ph.D.
Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman, Kazan Key words: indicators of cardiac pump function, athletes, adaptation, midland.
Introduction. Athletics is one of the most popular and accessible sports. However, qualitatively organized training sessions using new approaches and methods are required for effective training of elite athletes [1-3]. Among such approaches is conducting training sessions under these conditions. The positive effect of training sessions in the midland conditions generally is not in question for experts. But the specific features of adaptation of athletes to the midland conditions have not been fully clarified. Moreover, the reaction of the cardiac pump function of athletes specializing in different areas while adapting to the midland conditions remains practically unclear.
The purpose of the research was to study the specificity of adjustment of the indicators of cardiac pump function of athletes specializing in different areas to the midland conditions.
Organization of the study. The study was conducted in natural conditions of the town of Kislovodsk at the Sports training center of the national teams of Russia "Yug sport" (Engl. South Sport). 77 athletes conditionally divided into 4 groups were survey:
- group 1 - sprinters;
- group 2 - middle-distance runners;
- group 3 - long-distance runners;
- group 4 marathon runners.
Heart rate and stroke volume were recorded using the Kubicek tetrapolar chest rheogra-phy [4].
Results and discussion. According to our findings, sprinters' heart rate indicators significantly increased during the first two weeks with a subsequent downward tendency (Table 1). Other athletes who specialized in middle-distance, long-distance and marathon running had a significant increase of their heart rate only during the first week of muscle training in the mid-
land. However, the increase in their heart rate was significantly lower than that of the sprinters. During subsequent weeks of systematic muscle training in the midland the heart rate values of these athletes gradually decreased. However, the highest heart rate decrease rate to the level of initial values was found in long-distance and marathon runners. So, the severity of changes in the heart rate data of athletes in the midland conditions depends on their specialization.
We also analyzed changes in stroke volume of athletes during six weeks of muscle training in the midland conditions (Table 2). Sprinters demonstrated a steady decrease of the stroke volume indices during six weeks of muscle training in the midland conditions that remained low until the end of the training camp.
The stroke volume output of middle-distance runners increased by 8.8 ml during the first week of muscle training and reached 107.5±3.7 ml. Although this difference does not reach significant values, it shows an upward tendency in the stroke volume values. However, during the second and third weeks of muscle training the stroke volume values considerably decreased and by the end of the third week dropped to 78.8±3.1 ml, which was 19.9 ml less than the input data (p<0.05). During the next two weeks of systematic muscle training the stroke volume values of middle-distance runners gradually increased and by the fifth week reached 97.4±3.7 ml, i.e. they were in line with the reference values. However, during the sixth week stroke volume decreased again to 85.7±3.4 ml, which was 11.7 ml less compared with the stroke volume values registered during the fifth week (p<0.05).
Long-distance runners had stroke volume output decreasing throughout all five weeks of muscle training. In our opinion, the athletes relatively adapted to the midland conditions during the sixth week which resulted in the increase of their stroke volume values.
The stroke volume values of marathon runners were 107.7±3.4 ml on the day of arrival. During the four weeks of systematic muscle training their stroke volume values gradually decreased and by the end of the fourth week dropped to 89.4±2.4 ml (p<0.05). During the fifth and sixth weeks of muscle training the stroke volume values increased slightly (up to 90-95 ml), but did not reach the reference values.
Summing the above, it can be stated that systematic muscle training in the midland have a different effect on the changes in the stroke volume indicators of athletes of different specializations. A steady downward trend in stroke volume was common to all athletes in the first four
weeks of muscle training, the only exception was a group of middle-distance runners, whose stroke volume, on the contrary, increased in the first week.
A kind of acclimatization and adaptation to the midland conditions was marked in most of the groups of athletes by the end of the training camp, which was seen in the higher indicators of stroke volume to the level of original values. It should be noted that stroke volume of sprinters has not increased to the level of initial values by the end of the training camp.
Summarizing the above, a significant increase in heart rate indicators can be stated in all the examined groups of athletes during six weeks of training in the midland compared with the original data. The stroke volume indices, on the contrary, were reduced. Long and ultra-longdistance runners were proved to adapt to the midland conditions much faster than sprinters and middle-distance runners.
Table 1. Changes in the heart rate values of athletes during training in the midland conditions
Weeks of training Sprinters Middle-distance runners Long-distance runners Marathon runners
Day of arrival 59.7 ± 2.7 54.1 ± 2.4 49.1 ± 2.4 47.8 ± 2.4
First week 72.4 ± 1.4* 60.2 ± 2.1* 54.4 ± 2.7* 54.1 ± 2.1*
Second week 74.7 ± 1.8* 60.1 ± 1.9 54.3 ± 2.1 53.1 ± 2.3
Third week 72.5 ± 1.9 60.1 ± 1.7 54.1 ± 1.8 52.3 ± 1.9
Fourth week 70.2 ± 1.7 59.5 ± 1.4 53.5 ± 1.9 51.2 ± 2.4
Fifth week 68.3 ± 2.1 58.9 ± 2.3 52.8 ± 2.3 50.3 ± 1.7
Sixth week 65.5 ± 2.3* 58.2 ± 2.1 52.2 ± 2.1 49.1 ± 2.4
* - the difference is significant in comparison with the values of the previous group (p<0.05).
Table 2. Changes in the stroke volume values of athletes during training in the midland conditions
Weeks of training Sprinters Middle-distance runners Long-distance runners Marathon runners
Day of arrival 78.4 ± 3.1 98.7± 2.7 112.5 ± 3.1 107.7 ± 3.4
First week 71.5 ± 2.1 107.5 ± 3.7* 104.7 ± 2.7* 91.5 ± 2.7*
Second week 69.4 ± 3.4 88.5 ± 2.1* 97.5 ± 3.1* 88.4 ± 3.1
Third week 72.4 ± 3.0 78.8 ± 3.1* 91.5 ± 3.4 85.7 ± 2.8
Fourth week 67.5 ± 3.2 85.4 ± 2.1 97.7 ± 2.4 89.4 ± 2.4
Fifth week 61.4 ± 2.7 97.4 ± 3.7* 89.3 ± 3.4 95.5 ± 2.7
Sixth week 64.4 ± 3.1 85.7 ± 3.4* 104.5 ± 3.5* 90.7 ± 2.1
* - the difference is signi
icant in comparison with the values of the previous group (p<0.05).
References
1. Vakhitov, I.Kh. The features of formation of the cardiac pump function of young athletes depending on the period of involvement in regular muscle training / I.Kh. Vakhitov // Kazansky meditsinskiy zhurnal. - Kazan. - 2011. - V. 1. - № 1. - P. 71-73. (In Russian)
2. Kolchinskaya, A.Z. On the physiological mechanisms that determine the training effect of midland and highland / A.Z. Kolchinskaya // Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kultury. -1990. - № 4. - P. 39-43. (In Russian)
3. Suslov, F.P. Training in midland conditions as a means of sports skills enhancement: abstract of doctoral thesis (Hab.) / F.P. Suslov. - Moscow, 1985. - 48 P. (In Russian)
4. Kubicek, W.G., Kamegis, J.W., Patterson, R.P., Witsoe, D.A., Mattson, R.H. Development and evaluation of an impedance cardiac output system. Aerospace Med 1966, 37:1208-12
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