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DOI: 10.14529/hsm19s115
PECULIARITIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIAL STRENGTH PREPARATION DURING THE WINTER MACROCYCLE FOR THE 800 m EVENT
H.T. Stoyanov, info@akademik-bg.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-6129-8056 Athletic club AKADEMIK, Sofia, Bulgaria
Aim. To study the dynamics of the development of strength and speed-strength characteristics in men's 800 m training during the winter macrocycle of running preparation. Material and methods. Four middle-distance athletes were included in the study. Seven indicators characterizing the strength- and speed-strength development were assessed during seven mesocycles of winter preparation. Results. The total strength reached its maximum volume in the first and second me-socycles. We tried to achieve a balance between the development of strength and endurance. Using special running exercises and short alternate leg bounds in the second and sixth mesocycles proved to have a forming input on special running preparation. The development of strength endurance takes place in the first three mesocycles. Conclusion. The strength and speed-strength training of 800 m runners has great importance for achieving high sports results. The effectiveness of the training process depends to a great extent on the structural distribution of strength preparation among the different mesocycles.
Keywords: middle distance running, strength, speed, speed-strength training.
Introduction
Special strength preparation depends on the choice of tools and methods, and how they are distributed across the micro-, meso-, and macrocycles of the training process. This choice should concord with the athlete's level, and with the priorities for developing different qualities depending on the running distance. It is of crucial importance to find a proper combination of strength load elements distributed in each mesocycle. Such a combination could help most efficiently the running preparation, at the same time, taking into account the specific structure of movements typical for 800 m and 1500 m.
In this respect, many authors [5, 6, 10, 13, 17, 21] classified the strength and speed-strength tools by relating them to their appearance in running preparation. Particularly, some authors [7, 9, 15, 18] studied the relationship between the strength and speed-strength tools and their effect on the development of specific qualities by connecting them to special speed endurance and anaerobic power. The authors propose the tests for classifying the speed-strength capabilities of the athletes.
Hoff et al. [8] and Spurrs et al. [16] studied the effect of plyometric exercises on the economy of movement in long-distance athletes.
The leading principle in choosing the tools for the development of strength depending on their specifics of appearance according to [11, 19,
20] is the one of dynamic strength correspondence i.e., strength preparation tools should be adequate to the working regime of the motor apparatus, and they should contribute to the apparatus' quality improvement.
It is often postulated [1, 2] that each running event has its strength characteristics, shaping the final result. With increasing the distance, especially in the longer sprint events, strength endurance becomes progressively more important [3, 20, 21].
In each event, the different motor qualities are expressed at a different level. The final result in middle-distance running is determined by the effect of each of these qualities and by their cumulative effect.
The importance of strength preparation is underestimated both in the sports practice and in research. Running movement economy, anaerobic threshold, and its relationship with the accumulation of plasma lactate have received considerably more attention [4, 14]. The effect of specific running preparation on the result is widely studied [12], while the positive effect of the strength and speed-strength load was underestimated. Planning of running preparation with the skillful combination of strength and speed-strength load requires consistency and prioritization in their development.
The objective of the present study was to assess the dynamics of the development of strength
and speed-strength indicators in 800 m training during the winter macrocycle of running preparation.
The following tasks were set for achieving this general objective:
1. Studying the dynamics of the development of total strength during each mesocycle of the winter macrocycle.
2. Analyzing the dynamics of the development of speed-strength including training with weights; speed-strength in metric units; and plyometric kind of exercises during each meso-cycle of the winter macrocycle.
3. Assessing the dynamics of the development of maximum strength during each meso-cycle of the winter macrocycle.
4. Analyzing the dynamics of the development of strength endurance developed by training with weights and strength endurance in metric units during each mesocycle in the winter macrocycle.
Material and methods
The study included four highly ranked athletes in men's 800 m and 1500 m events who have been in top 3 in the respective event in Bulgaria in the last 20 years and have been national champions at the top of national ranking multiple times. The athletes were not subjected to heavy training load - they were full-time students and trained only once a day. The qualification characteristics of the athletes are nearly identical, and they are presented in the personal diaries of the athletes (Table 1).
The study focuses on the dynamics of the development of strength- and speed-strength training load during seven mesocycles of the winter macrocycle, which is the most important for the performance of the athletes throughout the year. It usually starts in the mid of September and finishes at the beginning of March. The duration of mesocycles varies according to their phases as follows: in the preparation period (mesocycles
from I to V) is 3 weeks, in the pre-season (VI) and the season (VII) is 4 weeks. The total duration of the winter macrocycle is 23 weeks, which is not different from the one practiced in Bulgaria and abroad.
The special types of strength affecting to a greater extent the development of strength potential in athletes are reviewed depending on the energy supply. Their development is followed during the different mesocycles, and they are subdivided into two main groups:
I. Strength training work is done by using weights and simulators and is structured in four main directions:
1. Development of a general strength where the duration of the workout is more than one minute and helps the development of the oxidation processes (cyclic training sessions are used with low weight and many repetitions) (Table 2, pos. 1);
2. Development of speed-strength with a predominance of anaerobic lactate energy mechanism (the focus is on the speed of session with a weight about 20-30% of the maximum abilities, and with duration up to 15 sec.) (Table 2, pos. 3);
3. Work for strength endurance, directed to the improvement of the anaerobic lactate mechanism (developed with weighs up to 50% of the maximum ability, and is performed until exhaustion) (Table 2, pos. 6);
4. Development of the maximum strength with anaerobe supply (pyramidal method with reaching of the maximum is applied) (Table 2, pos. 4).
II. Work for the development of the strength without weights, including different jumping exercises:
1. Fundamental workouts, i.e., leading to the strengthening of the bone-jointing apparatus, as a base for sustaining larger volume and intensity running or strength work. The processes here take place in anaerobe to aerobe conditions (this
Table 1
Qualification characteristics of the athletes
Researched group Indices
Height (cm) Weight (Kg) Age (years) Result Experience
400 m 800 m 1500 m (years)
Athlete 1 176 70 25 48.66 1.48.89 3.58.20 8
Athlete 2 178 67 26 49.15 1.50.56 3.59.00 7
Athlete 3 178 65 22 49.17 1.50.57 3.59.56 6
Athlete 4 176 66 25 51.35 1.52.10 3.58.13 6
Mean value 177 67 24.5 49.58 1.50.53 3.58.72 6.75
Table 2
Dynamics of the development of strength and speed strength training indicators by mesocycle during the winter macrocycle
No Mesocycle Preparation period Pre-season Season
I II III IV V VI VII
1 Total strength (t) 7.2 12.6 10.2 9.3 8.4 7.5 6.6
2 Speed strength (km) 2.4 3.3 2.25 2.4 2.55 4.2 1.8
3 Speed strength (t) 12 12.3 24.6 22.2 21.3 19.8 18.9
4 Maximum strength (t) 8.1 17.7 21 18.6 15.9 8.1
5 Speed strength (jumps) 1680 1920 1860 1780 1750 1590 1440
6 Strength endurance(t) 0 10.2 21.3 19.2 16.5 12.3 6.3
7 Strength endurance (km) 6.9 7.5 6 5.7 4.5 4.2 2.7
workout is not included in the training indicators in Table 2 because of no quantitative indicators).
2. Strength and speed-strength training work in metric units. It includes the volume of the specialized exercises - short leg bounds and jumps (Table 2, pos. 2 and 5).
3. Exercises for development of the strength endurance (special running exercises, leg bounding up to 100 m, uphill running, running in sand, truck tire running) (Table 2, pos. 7).
In Table 2 are presented the training parameters of the development of strength- and speed-strength in each mesocycle.
Results and discussion
Five of the studied strength and speed-strength characteristics are used in the structure of the first mesocycle. Total strength development is naturally included in the first mesocycle. Exercises with light weights and high repetition number are executed for all muscle groups. The total volume is 7.2 t (Fig. 1). Three types of speed-strength training work are included in the first mesocycle. The first type is the volume of speed development by special running exercises and short alternate leg bounds, which help speed development with a volume of 2.4 km (Fig. 2). Jumps improve the second type of speed strength, and although their volume is low - 1680 jumps, they build up the quality. The third type of tool for speed-strength development in the first mesocycle is training work by plyometric exercises with a volume of 12 t.
Another strength characteristic taking part in the development of the strength capacity of 800 m runners is strength endurance. There are two types of exercises for the development of strength endurance - special running exercises (against slope with a sled) and alternate leg bounds up to 100 m. The volume of the training load is 6.9 km.
The analysis of the factorial structure of me-
socycles and the training loads included, as well as their effect on the sports results in 400 m, was established as a relationship between the work volume for speed strength through special running exercises and short alternate leg bounding, speed, speed endurance and the result [18].
During the second mesocycle, all seven indicators of the development of strength and speed-strength qualities of runners are used in the training load. The total strength volume increased by 43% as a result of the increased number of exercises. The speed-strength modeled by special running exercises and short alternate leg bounding is also with increased volume, due to increasing the number of repetitions. Two training sessions are planned for the second mesocycle, and the total volume is raised by 27%.
The volume of speed-strength improved with the help of jumps in the second mesocycle reaches its maximum value of 1920 repetitions. Plyome-tric exercises and jumping with weights which take part in the development of speed-strength (t) keep their volume values, but they are executed more explosively, helping the development of explosive strength. An important remark is that with the volume of 8.1 t during the second mesocycle maximum strength takes part in strength preparation. The fifth type of strength loads which complete weight work are exercises for developing strength endurance, which are also included at the beginning of the second mesocycle. They are executed in high repetitions (maximum repetitions) with light weights and the total volume of 10.2 t.
The total volume of special running exercises (against a slope, with a sled) and alternate leg bounds up to 100 m for developing strength endurance have a minimal increase of 8% as the exercises distance length is greater.
During the third mesocycle strength training load changes its importance, which is expressed by decreasing by 19% the volume of total
Fig. 1. The dynamics of the development of total strength, speed strength (t), maximum strength, and strength endurance (t) during each mesocycle
Fig. 2. Dynamics of the development of the training indicators (km) during seven mesocycles
strength work. This type of training work is used now for maintaining the sport form.
In direct relation to the statement above, speed-strength exercises with weights increase by 100% as there are now two training sessions in the weekly microcycle. The development of this type of strength helps to improve the neuro-muscular innervation. Maximum strength volume, too, is increased by 119%. During the third mesocycle, this increase in volume is a result of using more exercises for developing this quality (squats with maximum weight, half squats with maximum weight). The total volume of speed-strength developed by special running exercises and short alternate leg bounds is lowered by 32% as a consequence of the removal from the training process of short alternate leg bounds. Training work for speed strength improved with the help of jumps is lowered by 3%, but the nature of jump exercises performance is altered. The total
volume of strength endurance development by special running exercises (against a slope, with a sled) and alternate leg bound up to 100 m lower by 20% as a result of the restructuring the training tools used.
In the fourth mesocycle, the use of all fundamental training means for developing the athlete's strength qualities continues. After a decrease of 19% in the third mesocycle, now it decreases further with another 8.8%.
It is worth to point our attention to the variability of the volume of speed-strength by special running exercises and short alternate leg bounds after a considerable decrease of 32% in the third mesocycle. Now, in the fourth mesocycle, there is a rise of 6% as a result of additional increases in the training volume of frequency running. The volume of training work for the development of maximum strength in this mesocycle reaches its maximum values after an increase of 13%.
During the fourth mesocycle, exercises with weights for developing speed strength and strength endurance fall by almost 10%. There is also a small decrease of 5% of the total volume of strength endurance.
The reorganization of the running preparation in the fifth mesocycle with focusing on the development of creatine phosphate and the anaerobe-alactic regime of energy supply leads to a new distribution of speed and strength training loads.
The total volume of speed-strength by special running exercises and short alternate leg bounds increases by another 6%. The work for speed strength modeled using jumps and alternate leg bounding is slightly lowered. The volume of speed-strength developed using weights slightly decreases by 4%. The exercises are performed with higher intensity. The volume indicators of maximum strength go down by almost 12% as this type of training takes place only once in a weekly microcycle. Similar decrease by 14% takes place concerning the exercises with weights for the development of strength endurance. The most significant decrease of 21% happens in the volume of strength endurance work by special running exercises (against a slope, with a sled) and alternate leg bounds up to 100 m.
During the sixth, pre-season mesocycle, the middle-distance runners' attention focuses on the development of special running preparation and achieving a satisfactory form. While during the previous mesocycle the volume of speed-strength (km) went up by 6%, in the sixth meso-cycle, it goes up to as much as 39%. Using a high number of training means for developing speed-strength (jump repetition) with a minimal decrease of only 9%. The volume of speed-strength developed with weights is lowered by only 7%. Prioritized training work for speed and explosive strength during the sixth mesocycle is connected to maintaining high muscle tone. High muscle tone helps special running preparation. There is a little change of near 7% in the volume of strength endurance using special running exercises like alternate leg bound up to 100 m and running with car tire against the slope. The maximum strength in the sixth mesocycle has a lower volume of 15%, and it has a maintenance function. The most considerable decrease of 25.5% is observed in strength endurance by weights. Maintaining high volume values of this type of strength would negatively affect running preparation.
The changed character and direction of the
seventh mesocycle underlines the importance of strength and speed-strength characteristics and suggest that they will play an important role in achieving sports time. Even though the volume of speed-strength modeled by short alternate leg bounding is lowered by 57%, the exercises are performed with maximum intensity. There is a minimal decrease of 4.5% of speed-strength (t), but this tool still keeps enough high level of load to provoke high levels of muscle tone in the course of improving the special running preparation.
Strength endurance (t) by exercises with weights also has lowered volume by 49% as the exercises are performed for the time recorded by stopwatch. The same concerns the strength endurance (km) by alternate leg bounds up to 100 m. The total volume has considerably fallen by near 36%. During the microcycles which are in a race week, the alternate leg bounds are displaced by running with the sled.
Conclusions and recommendations
The special types of strength with weights exert the most influence on the building up of the middle-distance runners' strength potential are inspected in each mesocycle. The priority and variability of these types of strength are in accordance with running preparation energetics during the analyzed macrocycle of preparation. They are essential for the development of special running work through individual mesocycles during the study period.
1. The analysis of dynamics in the development of the volume indicators of the total strength revealed that during the first two meso-cycles it reaches its maximum volume values, thus helping the development of the general capacity of the athletes, while at later stages this type of training work plays a maintaining role and decreases continuously until the end of the macrocycle.
2. Training work for developing maximum strength starts with minimal volume in the second mesocycle, reaches its maximum value during the fourth mesocycle and then decreases continuously until the end of the macrocycle. The study revealed that the dynamics of development and volume values of the maximum strength affect in the best way both re-structuring of the training and building of the other types of strength in the different mesocycles.
3. The dynamics of the development of speed-strength in metric units shows that in the second and sixth mesocycles speed strength's
volume values are the highest. This indicates that the effect of using special running exercises and short alternate leg bounds in these mesocycles shows their forming input on special running preparation.
4. Speed strength with weights starts with nearly identical indicators during the first and the second mesocycles. After reaching the maximum volume value in the third mesocycle and then it slowly decreases evenly with less than 10% in the next mesocycles.
5. The analysis of the development of speed-strength by plyometric exercises shows that training work starts already in the first mesocycle. Speed strength volume maximum values are reached in the second mesocycle, and after that, these values decrease by 3% to 9% until the end of the macrocycle, but they are in balance with the rest of speed-strength indicators.
6. The study of strength endurance in tones shows that its development starts in the second mesocycle, reaches its highest training volume during the third mesocycle, remain almost the same in the fourth mesocycle and starts to decrease between the fourth and fifth mesocycle by 14%, between the fifth and the sixth meso-cycles by 25% and 49% decrease is between the last two mesocycles.
7. The analysis of the development of the volume of strength endurance (km) shows that it starts already in the first mesocycle and reaches its highest indices in the second mesocycle. During the next mesocycles strength endurance decreases irregularly, depending on the priority of running preparation, and the largest decrease is marked between the sixth mesocycle and seventh mesocycle of 36%.
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Received 13 May 2019
УДК 796.422.12 й01: 10.14529/Ивт198115
ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОЙ СИЛЫ В ЗИМНЕМ МАКРОЦИКЛЕ ПОДГОТОВКИ К БЕГУ НА 800 МЕТРОВ
Х.Т. Стоянов
Спортивный клуб «Академик», г. София, Болгария
Цель. Цель данного исследования - изучить динамику развития силовых и скоростно-силовых качеств в зимнем макроцикле подготовки к бегу на 800 м для мужчин. Материалы и методы. 4 бегуна на средние дистанции участвовали в исследовании. На протяжении семи мезоциклов зимней подготовки авторами проводилась оценка семи показателей, характеризующих силовое и скоростно-силовое развитие. Результаты. Общая сила достигает своего максимального объема в первом и втором мезоциклах. Авторы предприняли попытку достигнуть баланса между развитием силы и выносливости. Использование специальных беговых и прыжковых упражнений во втором и шестом мезоциклах продемонстрировало формирующий эффект в отношении специальной беговой подготовки. Развитие силовой выносливости происходит в первых трех мезоциклах. Заключение. Силовые и скоростно-силовые тренировки бегунов на 800 метров имеют важное значение для достижения высоких спортивных результатов. Эффективность тренировки в значительной степени зависит от структурного распределения силовой подготовки между различными мезоциклами.
Keywords: бег на средние дистанции, сила, скорость, скоростно-силовые тренировки.
Христо Стоянов, Ph.D., главный тренер, спортивный клуб «Академик». Бульвар Климента Ох-ридского, 9, 1756, г. София, Болгария. E-mail: info@akademik-bg.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-6129-8056.
Поступила в редакцию 13 мая 2019 г.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ЦИТИРОВАНИЯ
Stoyanov, H.T. Peculiarities of the Development of Special Strength Preparation During the Winter Macrocycle for the 800 m Event / H.T. Stoyanov // Человек. Спорт. Медицина. - 2019. - Т. 19, № S1. - С. 114-120. DOI: 10.14529/hsm19s115
FOR CITATION
Stoyanov H.T. Peculiarities of the Development of Special Strength Preparation During the Winter Macrocycle for the 800 m Event. Human. Sport. Medicine, 2019, vol. 19, no. S1, pp. 114-120. DOI: 10.14529/hsm19s115
