94THE SPECIFICITY OF THE TRANSLATION OF LEGAL TEXTS
Zarifa Khudoyorovna Shamirzayeva
Chirchik Pedagogical Institute of Tashkent region
ABSTRACT
This article examines the problems of translation of English terms in the texts of legal discourse into the Uzbek language, which is based on the understanding of the essence of translation as a process of convergence of national and cultural conceptosphere. The features of the language of law and professional communication in the field of law, the specifics of legal translation, the difficulties of translation of legal terminology are analyzed.
Keywords: the main techniques and methods of translation of terms, legal discourse, sample of English texts of official business documents, and grammatical transformation.
INTRODUCTION
Due to the expansion of international cooperation in various fields, as well as the integration of cultural and national legal systems, it is particularly important to study the peculiarities of translation of legal documents. Various organizations and enterprises, entering the international market, need a high-quality translation of their regulatory documents. Legal translation is considered one of the most difficult types of translation. Because, first of all, it is a great responsibility: the slightest inaccuracy or error in the translation of a legal text can lead to serious consequences, to significant material damage, so such translation requires special knowledge, due to a number of differences from the artistic or any other. Legal texts should inform the recipient of accurate, objective and reliable information, therefore, the translator must ensure maximum semantic and structural proximity of the original and translation. The difficulties of legal translation are also caused by the specifics of the legal language itself. To refer to the concept of legal style of presentation there is a separate term - legal. This style is characterized, first of all, by a high level of abstraction, the use of stylistically neutral and book vocabulary, the presence of cumbersome syntactic structures, the use of obsolete words and phrases that are not used in everyday speech, as well as special terms and formulations. In addition, legal documents tend to strive for the same type of ways of expressing thoughts in similar situations, which leads to the presence of ready-made stamps and clichés. All this
makes the texts of legal subjects difficult for understanding by people who are not knowledgeable in jurisprudence. That is why it is preferable that the translation of legal documentation is carried out by specialists who have, in addition to translation, knowledge in the field of law, legal education and experience in the translation of legal documents. However, it should be noted that adherence to established traditions and a certain standard of writing legal texts to a certain extent excludes the possibility of misinterpretation of documents, as well as the emergence of so-called loopholes in the legislation. An important factor to consider in the translation is that each country has its own legal system, relevant legal terminology and your reality.
METHODOLOGY
Legal texts are closely related to the culture, historical features of the country and its legal field. This leads to the presence in legal texts of numerous non-equivalent vocabulary. For the translation of such units is necessary not only excellent knowledge of the language, but also knowledge of the cultural characteristics of the country, knowledge of its legal system. Only in this case, the translator can provide not only competent translation, but also guarantee its adequacy to the legal norms of both countries. As an example, consider the idiomatic phrase John Doe. In U.S. court proceedings; this name is used to refer to the party to the trial (plaintiff), whose real name is unknown or not disclosed for any reason. When translating this phrase into Uzbek, you can use an analogue of an unidentified person or use a descriptive translation method. For the transmission of non-equivalent terms and terminological word-combinations are also used, the method of transcription / transliteration (барристер - barrister), and calques (катта жюри - the Grand jury). Despite the fact that the main characteristics of the terms are accuracy and unambiguity, legal terminology is often characterized by polysemy, i.e. the term original language (OL) has several meanings in the translated language (TL). To choose the correct variant correspondence, it is necessary to pay attention to the linguistic context in which the word is used. In English legal texts quite often there are stylistically neutral idiomatic expressions and phraseological-logical word combinations, which are rarely used in the General literary language. This feature is not typical for Uzbek legal texts. When translating such phrases it is necessary to take into account that they have a figurative meaning, for example: the bar and the bench - court and bar. The main way to translate these phrases is a holistic rethinking. It should be noted that in legal documents common words can be used in a highly specialized sense. Thus, the word action in English has among other meanings
'lawsuit', 'lawsuit', 'legal proceedings'. When translating this kind of lexical units, it is necessary to pay attention to the context, as well as to use special dictionaries and reference books. The syntax of legal documents is characterized by the use of unusually long sentences with subordinate clauses of assignment and condition; the absence of substitute pronouns and, in this regard, repetitions of lexical units; a large number of passive constructions, participial phrases, and circumstances in the postposition. Taking into account the peculiarities of the syntax in the Uzbek language when translating sentences, such transformations as replacement of part of speech, sentence member and sentence type are used. The field of activity for a legal translator is huge.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Processing of documentation includes translation of laws and regulations, as well as contracts, constituent documents, powers of attorney, notarial certificates, legal opinions, statements of claim, petitions, legal documents, acts of civil status and personal documents of citizens, etc. To recognize a document in another country, translation of legal documentation often requires legalization, apostille and notarization, which will confirm its authenticity. Thus, the demand for legal translation does not reduce the high requirements for its quality. For adequate translation of lexical units and syntactic constructions of legal texts it is necessary to take into account extralinguistic factors, semantic structure of the word, as well as to possess the skills of using translation techniques and transformations.. In order to attain the fullest information from one language into another one is obliged to resort numerous interlinguistic lexical and grammatical transformations. I studied the role of grammatical transformations in the translation of complex sentences for novelty of research (on the material of the US Constitution).To study the specific features of the translation of complex sentences from English into Uzbek, the parallel text of the US Constitution was given in English and Uzbek. The transposition of members in subordinate clause are happened in the following translations. For example: 1) All legislative Powers here in granted shall be vested in aCongress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. — Бу ерда берилган барча крнунчилик ваколатлари Сенат ва Вакиллар палатасидан иборат булган Кушма Штатларнинг Конгрессига берилади. Replacement of the attributive clause by a participial. For example: 2) The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by law Direct. —
Ахолининг умумий хисоб-китоби А^Ш Конгрессининг биринчи сессиясидан кейин уч йил ичида, сунг хар ун йилда конун билан белгиланган тартибда амалга оширилади. Grammatical transformations include an antonymic translation. Although this type of transformation is rare, it cannot be ignored. In the text under research, the antonymic translation occurs only once: 3) The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.— Кушма Штатлар Вице-Президенти Сенат раиси, аммо овоз беришда факат овозлар тенг таксимланган холларда иштирок этиши мумкин. In this sentence, the negative form in the original is replaced by an affirmative form in translation, that is, an antonymic translation is performed. 4) A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.
— Бирон бир штатда давлатга хиёнат килиш, ута огир ёки бошка жиноятларда ва бошка штатда кочокликда айбланаётган шахс, кочиб кетган штат ижро этувчи идорасининг талабига биноан, жиноят содир этилган штатдаги суд мухокамасига юборилиши суралади. This sentence has two clauses: the first is replaced by participial and the second retains the structure of the English subordinate clause. Hence, when translating this sentence, grammatical transformations are combined — the replacement of the subordinate clause by the participial + the syntactic assimilation. 5) And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right ofchoice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. — Агар Вакиллар Палатасига танлов хукуки утадиган булса, келгуси мартнинг туртинчи кунигача Президентни сайламайди, унда президентнинг улимига ёки президентнинг бошка конституцион кобилиятига эга булмаган такдирда Вице-президент, Президент вазифасини бажаради. This sentence has one subordinate clause and one
— time. In English the subordinate clause comes after the object, and in Uzbek — the transposition in subordinate clause is occurred in translation, the location of the subordinate clause of time is not changed. Therefore, the syntactic structure of the sentence changes. Thus, comparing the complex sentences, we can conclude that the most common grammatical transformation when translating one or more subordinate clauses is syntactic assimilation. 6) If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two
thirds of that House, it shall become a law.— Агар бундай кайта куриб чикилгандан сунг, ушбу палатанинг учдан икки вакиллари конун лойихдсини кабул килишга рози булса, у эътироз билдирилган овозлар билан бирга бошка палатага юборилади ва шу тарзда кайта куриб чикилади. Агар конун лойихдси бошка палатанинг учдан икки вакили томонидан маъкулланса, конун кабул килинади. This sentence has two complex sentences that are combined into one complex proposal with the help of conjunction and. When translating into Uzbek, one complex sentence is transformed into two separate complex sentences, there is a division of the sentence.
CONCLUSION
In order to have the most correctly analyze the features of the translation of complex sentences from English into Uzbek on the basis of the US Constitution, it is necessary to know what this document represents. In addition, when analyzing it is important to take into account its structure and style of language. The most common grammatical transformation used in the translation of complex sentences with one subordinate clause is syntactic assimilation. The widespread using of this type of «zero» transformation is explained by the fact that complex sentences in English and Uzbek have a similar syntactic structure in view of the affiliation of these two languages. The grammatical transformations in the text of the US Constitution include transposition, substitution and an antonymic translation. In the text of the US Constitution, assimilation and dissimilation of grammatical components, namely, complex sentences were found and analyzed from English into Uzbek.
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