140ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMATIONS IN SIMULTANEOUS
TRANSLATION
Miraziz Mustafakulovich Raufov
Tashkent State University of Law
ABSTRACT
This article is devoted to the transformations that occur in the process of simultaneous translation and their types. Simultaneous translation is the most difficult of the translation types. In the translation process, translating every word into a translator is a huge challenge. Because sixty different processes take place in the translator's brain at the same time. It will not be possible to remember every word. A simultaneous interpreter conveys the meaning of these words to the audience. In the translation process, it uses the same types of transformation.
Keywords: transformation, generalization, concretization, modulation, simultaneous translation, oral translation, ways of translation
INTRODUCTION
Simultaneous translation is considered one of the most responsible and complex types of translation, so it is important for a simultaneous interpreter to have the appropriate skills of the art of translation. A. V. Khutorskoy in his works shares two concepts of competence and competence. If the competence is the presence of skills and knowledge in certain types of activities required for high-quality translation. While competence is a skill, in other words, the ability to use competence in a particular area and express your own attitude to it. Translation competence is the ability of a translator to highlight the main idea necessary for the target audience.
According to V. N. Komissarov, translation competence is realized when the translator has broad cognitive and linguistic knowledge, psychological stability and a broad outlook [Komissarov, 2005:323]. Translation competence can be linguistic, communicative, text-forming, technical, and personal. Language competence implies a large vocabulary, competent construction of speech. Communicative competence is the ability to reflect the very essence of the original message and the ability to establish contact with the listener. Text-forming competence allows you to compose various texts according to the rules of the language familiar to a certain group of people. Technical competence is the knowledge about the strategies of translation, translation techniques and transformations.
Translation competence implies a good knowledge of the languages from which they are translated and into which they are translated. It is also important to be able to analyze the translation of the original text. The ability to transform live speech is one of the most important abilities of simultaneous interpreters. You also need to be able to identify translation difficulties in the text, that is, to find expressions, individual words, whole sentences or passages in the original text that do not fully correspond to the translation language and require changes. To do this, you need to know the techniques for solving such problems, namely, which translation transformations to apply in a particular case. In addition to language functions, the translator must be able to put himself in the place of the listener in order to understand and take into account the differences in language cultures.
It is important to note that a translator needs to have confidence in their own actions, clear diction, stress resistance, the ability to quickly switch attention from one language to another, from one culture to another and the ability to make quick decisions. The translator has to translate texts of various subjects, so it requires a broad range of interests and the ability to supplement knowledge, use various reference books and other sources of information. Important for the translator are his moral and ethical attitudes. I. S. Aleskseeva notes that the translator is obliged to observe certain ethics, including " moral principles, norms of professional behavior, requirements of professional suitability" [Alekseeva, 2004:28]. All the skills and abilities mentioned above ensure the high quality of simultaneous translation, thereby determining the professional competence of the translator.
During the translation process, certain relationships are established between the original and translated texts, when comparing them, the internal mechanism of translation is revealed, equivalent words or phrases are found, and attention is paid to changes in content and form.
Units of a foreign language that are equivalent to the units of the translated language are called translation units.
Any language unit, such as a phoneme, word, or micro text, can be a translation unit. To correctly identify the source unit to be translated, it is important to identify the text function of the source unit.
Changes that result in the transition from the original units to the translation units are called translation transformations.
When analyzing translation transformations, we prefer the combined model of translation transformations, namely I. S. Alekseeva [Alekseeva, 2004:158] and L. S. Barkhudarov [Barkhudarov, 2010: 190], because we consider it the most convenient and understandable.
METHODOLOGY
In her work "Introduction to Translation Studies" I. S. Alekseeva [Alekseeva, 2004:158] understands transformations as interlanguage transformations that require restructuring at the lexical, grammatical and textual levels. The following transformations encountered in the translation process are elementary: permutations, substitutions, additions, and omissions.
A permutation is a change in the order of language elements in the translation text, as opposed to the original text. The components that can be rearranged are words, phrases, parts of a complex sentence and whole sentences in the text. [Barkhudarov, 1975:197]. Most often, there are permutations of sentence members, namely changing the word order: She will (1) do (2) the dishes (3) tomorrow night (4). - Завтра вечером (4) она (1) помоет (2) посуду (3). Changing the order of whole parts of a complex sentence is also actively used: If she ever gets a driving license, she will probably sing at the wheel-Probably, and she will sing at the wheel -if only she ever gets a license.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The most common type of translation transformation is considered to be substitutions, which can be subjected to:
1) grammatical units: a) substitutions of word forms: ink ( units) - ink (many parts); b) parts of speech: the Haiti's (adj.) economy ( n.) - Economy (n.) Haiti (n.); in) of the sentence (when translated into Russian language the most frequent replacement of the English passive into active voice): She was met by her brother -Ее встретил брат; d) types of syntactic connection (changing complex sentences into simple: it was so cold that I couldn't feel my toes - я не чувствовала пальцы на ногах от такого холода; d) replacement of simple sentences to complex: I never even once heard her sing - Я не слышала, чтобы она пела; e) the replacement of the main clause on the subordinate clause: While I was sleeping, my parents arrived. -Я спал, когда приехали мои родители.; g) a compound sentence to a compound sentence and vice versa: Cara didn't watch TV too long, because it was only around three p.m. when power went down. Телевизор Кара смотрела недолго, было три часа дня, когда отключили электричество.; h) the offer with Union connection can be replaced with a syndetic and Vice versa: It was freezing cold and the water in pipes froze, - Холод был лютый, холодная вода в трубах замерзла;
2) Lexical units are actively replaced, namely, certain stable phrases and words of a foreign language are replaced by lexical units of the translated language that are
not identical to each other [Barkhudarov, 2010:210]. Substitutions, in turn, are divided into the following options:
• concretization is the replacement of a phrase or word of the original text, the meaning of which is more broad, with a phrase or word that has a narrower meaning in the translated language: she was at the ceremony - она присутствовала на церемонии;
• Generalization refers to replacing an element of the original text with a narrower meaning with an element of a broader meaning of the target language: Anna visits Tom almost every month - Анна ездит к Тому почти каждый месяц.;
• modulation means " the replacement of a word or phrase of a foreign language by a unit of the translated language, the meaning of which is logically derived from the meaning of the original unit" [Komissarov, 1990: 248]. Using modulation, the angle of view from which we look at a certain situation changes, we somehow change the phrase, preserving the original idea. For example, in English, the phrase "You can have it" literally means "ты можешь это иметь (обладать) этим", however, it is better to translate this phrase as "you can keep it for yourself". Sometimes, in order to get an adequate translation, you can replace the process with the cause, the cause with the effect, and the consequence with the process: I don't blame them - Я их понимаю. However, there are situations in which it is important to look not for cause-and-effect relationships, but, for example, the relationship "part-whole", "tool-actor" or you have to paraphrase the phrase itself or part of it. Modulation is the replacement of a dictionary meaning in translation with a contextual one that is logically related to it.
Additions-imply an increase in the original text to more fully convey its content: You can apply for a gun license online - Подать заявление на разрешение ношения оружия можно в режиме онлайн.
Omissions are most often used to avoid semantic redundancy: He was fearless and brave - Он был храбрым. Contextual omissions in consecutive and simultaneous interpretation are related to text compression.
According to the combined model of translation transformations of I.S. Alekseeva and L.S. Barkhudarov, the main types of lexical transformations used in the translation process include the following translation techniques: elementary transformations (permutations, replacements, additions and omissions) and complex transformations (antonymic translation, descriptive translation, and compensation).
I. S. Alekseeva calls the following translation transformations complex transformations: antonymic translation, descriptive translation, and compensation.
When a direct path is impossible or undesirable, an antonymic translation is used. This is a complex lexico-grammatical substitution, which consists in the transformation of an affirmative construction into a negative one: I didn't think of it till we went half-way through the park - Вспомнил я об этом, когда мы уже проехали почти весь парк.1 remembered this when we had already passed almost the entire park.
Descriptive translation is carried out on the principle of definition of the concept and is a lexical replacement with generalization, accompanied by lexical additions: Seen him most every day of his life since he was out and around. "We've seen each other almost every day since he learned to walk and started running around the streets.
Compensation is used in cases where certain elements of the text in the source language, for one reason or another, do not have equivalents in the translating language and cannot be transmitted by its means. In order not to leave some unit of the source language untranslated or incompletely translated, the translator tries to make up for the loss of meaning and transmits the same information by some other means: You could tell he was very ashamed of his parents and all, because they said 'he don't' and 'she don't' and stuff like that...(J. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, 18)-It was immediately obvious that he was shy of his parents, because they they said "want" and "want" and all that sort of thing...
CONCLUSION
Like any creative process, translation is associated with certain difficulties, one of which is translation transformations. It is safe to say that translation transformations are an important and integral aspect of translation, and they are widely used and help to overcome various difficulties. This field has been widely covered by leading linguists and translation theorists.
According to the combined model of translation transformations of I. S. Alekseeva and L. S. Barkhudarov, the main types of lexical transformations used in the translation process include the following translation techniques: elementary transformations (permutations, substitutions, additions and omissions) and complex transformations (antonymic translation, descriptive translation and compensation).
Interpretation is divided into consecutive and simultaneous interpretation. During a speech, the translator in the first case first listens to the speaker, writing down some part of it, and then translates, relying on his notes and memory. Simultaneous interpretation is carried out simultaneously with the speaker's speech
without the ability to record anything, as well as to convey the meaning and features of the speech in a short time.
It is important for a simultaneous interpreter to have the appropriate skills of the art of translation. A special role in this translation is played by the personal qualities and skills of the simultaneous interpreter: clear diction, psychological stability, the ability to make quick decisions, quick reaction, and broad knowledge in various fields of science and social life, as well as cross-cultural knowledge.
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