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3THE SMART GRID'S DEVELOPMENT -A NEW AND BETTER ELECTRICITY SYSTEM
SHAH ZAIB
Master Degree Student Institute of Energy Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) Saint Petersburg, Russia
KHAN ZARAK ALI
Master Degree Student Institute of Energy Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) Saint Petersburg, Russia
YASMEEN ISMAIL
PhD Degree Student Institute of Physics, Nanotechnology and Telecommunication Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) Saint Petersburg, Russia
KHADIM MUHAMMAD NADEEM
Master Degree Student Institute of Energy Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) Saint Petersburg, Russia
Abstract: This paper explores the path of the smart grid and highlights its key features and benefits. The integration of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) allows for real-time monitoring and two-way communication between utilities and consumers. This facilitates remote meter reading, time-based pricing, and demand response programs, giving consumers information and control over their energy use. These developments have resulted in a significant transformation of the power grid, a critical infrastructure for electricity generation, distribution, and consumption. Improved grid management, fault detection, and predictive maintenance are possible thanks to real-time data on power flows, voltage levels, and equipment states provided by automation devices and sensor-equipped grid monitoring and control systems. An overview of smart grid technology and its potential for the near future are given in this article. The architecture, goal, benefits, drawbacks, and environmental effect of smart grid technology are illustrated and explained along with the conventional grid system to illustrate this modern equipment.
Keywords: Smart Grid, Modern Grid, Power Grid, Distributed Energy Resources.
Moreover, the smart grid embraces the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar panels, wind turbines, energy storage systems, and electric vehicle charging stations. These resources can be coordinated and optimized to enhance grid stability, support renewable energy integration, and reduce carbon emissions. Demand response programs enable utilities to communicate with consumers and adjust electricity usage during peak demand periods, fostering grid flexibility and efficient load management.
Energy management systems (EMS) play a vital role in optimizing grid operations, managing energy resources, and making informed decisions based on real-time data. The smart grid also
facilitates the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) by providing charging infrastructure, demand management, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities. V2G enables EVs to discharge stored energy back to the grid, enhancing grid flexibility and resilience.
To ensure the success and security of smart grid implementations, robust cybersecurity measures and data privacy protections are paramount. The paper emphasizes the significance of safeguarding against cyber threats and establishing consumer trust in these interconnected digital systems.
Also, the smart grid represents a transformative evolution of the power grid, offering numerous benefits such as enhanced reliability, optimized energy utilization, increased integration of renewable energy, and cost savings. The path of the smart grid is paving the way for a more efficient, sustainable, and responsive power grid that meets the evolving demands of the modern energy landscape.
Interconnected Smart/Micro grid
Interconnected microgrids and smart grids refer to the integration of multiple microgrids into a larger smart grid infrastructure. This integration enables efficient energy exchange, improved grid management, and enhanced reliability at both the microgrid and grid levels. Interconnecting microgrids allows for the sharing of energy resources between different microgrid systems. In the event of a power outage or disruption in one microgrid, energy can be sourced from neighbouring microgrids, enhancing overall grid resilience. This sharing of resources improves reliability, reduces vulnerability, and ensures a more stable electricity supply [2]. Also, provide a scalability and flexibility in meeting changing energy demands. As energy needs evolve or new loads are added, interconnected microgrids can adjust their energy generation, storage, and distribution capabilities more effectively. This flexibility supports the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as solar panels and energy storage systems, and facilitates the adoption of new technologies.
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Fig 1: Typical Micro grid including elements [1]
The integration of microgrids into a larger smart grid infrastructure enhances grid stability and optimization. It enables better management of power generation, load balancing, and frequency regulation across the interconnected system. Advanced control and optimization algorithms can be employed to coordinate energy flows, optimize resource utilization, and maintain grid stability in the presence of variable renewable energy sources. Figure 1 is expressed interconnected microgrids support the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and enable effective demand response programs. DERs, such as rooftop solar panels and battery storage, can be coordinated and optimized
across multiple microgrids to efficiently balance energy supply and demand. Demand response programs can be coordinated at the interconnected level, allowing for more effective load shifting and demand management.
1. Conventional Grid vs Smart Grid
While conventional grids have served as the backbone of electricity supply for many years, smart grids offer enhanced capabilities, efficiency, and sustainability. The transition to a smart grid involves the integration of advanced technologies, communication systems, and policy frameworks to optimize energy management, improve reliability, and enable the integration of renewable energy sources. Figure 2 shows a difference in traditional and smart grid.
Fig 2: Typical traditional grid and smart grid
1.1 Power Flow
In a conventional grid, power flows in one direction, typically from large centralized power plants to consumers. There is limited visibility and control over power flows and consumption patterns. Smart grids enable bi-directional power flow, allowing for the integration of distributed energy resources and enabling energy exchange between consumers and the grid.
1.2 Grid Operation
Conventional grids rely on manual monitoring and control systems with limited automation. Grid operators have limited real-time data on power flow, system conditions, and consumer usage. Smart grids leverage advanced monitoring, control, and communication technologies to provide realtime data on power flow, system conditions, and consumer usage. This enables improved grid operation and optimization.
1.3 Reliability
The reliability of a conventional grid is primarily based on redundant infrastructure and manual response to faults and outages. This can lead to longer outage durations and slower restoration times. Smart grids enhance grid reliability through real-time fault detection, isolation, and self-healing capabilities. They can reroute power to minimize outage duration and improve overall system resilience.
1.4 Integration of Renewable Energy
Conventional grids face challenges in integrating renewable energy sources due to their intermittent nature. The grid infrastructure may not be designed to handle distributed energy generation effectively. Smart grids are designed to support the integration of renewable energy
sources. They enable the efficient management of intermittent generation by forecasting and balancing supply and demand in real-time.
1.5 Consumer Engagement
Consumers have limited visibility and control over their energy usage. Billing is typically based on fixed tariffs without considering time-of-use or demand response programs. Smart grids empower consumers with information and control over their energy usage. Advanced metering systems provide real-time energy data, enabling consumers to monitor and manage their consumption. Time-of-use pricing and demand response programs incentivize consumers to shift their energy usage and reduce peak demand
2. Benefits and Drawbacks of Smart Grid/Micro Grid
It's important to note that the environmental benefits of microgrids and smart grids depend on various factors, including the mix of energy sources, the efficiency of grid operations, and the overall energy management strategies implemented. Figure 3 represent a smart grid revolution. However, their potential to integrate renewable energy, optimize energy usage, and reduce carbon emissions makes them promising tools for achieving a more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy system [2].
Fig 3: The Smart Grid Revolution [3]
• Both microgrids and smart grids facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydro power. By generating electricity from clean and renewable sources, these grids help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. They contribute to mitigating climate change and promoting a transition to a low-carbon energy system.
• Microgrids and smart grids prioritize energy efficiency through advanced monitoring, control, and optimization capabilities. They enable the efficient distribution and utilization of energy resources, reducing energy losses during transmission and improving overall grid efficiency. By minimizing energy wastage, these grids help conserve natural resources and reduce environmental impact.
• Smart grids, in particular, enable demand response programs where consumers can adjust their electricity usage based on price signals or grid conditions. By incentivizing consumers to reduce or shift their energy consumption during peak demand periods, smart grids help balance supply and demand, reducing the need for additional power generation from fossil fuel-based plants. This helps lower carbon emissions and enhances grid efficiency.
• Microgrids, which often incorporate distributed energy resources, enhance grid resilience and reliability. By generating electricity locally, microgrids reduce the need for long-distance
transmission, which can result in energy losses. This localized generation reduces the environmental impact associated with transmission infrastructure and improves overall system efficiency.
• Smart grids provide real-time data on energy consumption, generation, and grid conditions. This information facilitates environmental monitoring and optimization of energy resources. Grid operators can make informed decisions to optimize the use of renewable energy sources, reduce emissions, and minimize environmental impacts.
• Both microgrids and smart grids support the integration of electric vehicles (EVs). By providing charging infrastructure and managing EV charging patterns, these grids promote the adoption of electric transportation, reducing reliance on fossil fuel-powered vehicles and lowering carbon emissions.
3. Candidates For Microgrid Deployment
3.1 Remote or Island Communities
Remote communities, islands, or areas with limited access to the main power grid can benefit from microgrids. They can establish local generation sources, such as solar, wind, or biomass, to meet their energy needs independently. Microgrids provide a reliable and sustainable energy solution in these isolated areas.
3.2 Military Bases
Military bases require a secure and resilient power supply. Microgrids can enhance energy security by incorporating renewable energy sources and energy storage systems. They provide reliable and uninterrupted power, even during grid outages or disruptions, ensuring the operational readiness of military installations.
3.3 Industrial Complexes and Business Parks
Microgrids offer opportunities for industrial complexes and business parks to optimize their energy usage, reduce costs, and enhance grid reliability. These microgrids can incorporate combined heat and power (CHP) systems, energy storage, and demand response capabilities, supporting the efficient operation of manufacturing facilities and commercial buildings. Figure 4 is showing a application of microgrid.
3.4 Critical Infrastructure
Microgrids can be deployed in critical infrastructure facilities such as hospitals, data centers, and emergency response centers. These microgrids ensure uninterrupted power supply to essential services during grid failures or emergencies, enhancing the resilience and reliability of critical infrastructure.
3.5 Industrial Microgrids
Large industrial facilities, such as manufacturing plants, refineries, and mining operations, can benefit from microgrids to improve energy efficiency, reduce emissions, and enhance grid reliability. These microgrids incorporate advanced energy management systems and on-site generation sources to meet the specific energy demands of industrial processes.
Commercial/
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Institutional/
Campus
32%
Community
Utility distribi 12%
Fig. 4. Applications of Micro grid within 2024 [4] 4. Microgrids and Smart Grids Key Components
4.1 Generation Sources
Microgrids and smart grids incorporate diverse generation sources, including renewable energy systems like solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines, hydroelectric generators, and biomass facilities. These sources may also include conventional generators powered by fossil fuels or combined heat and power (CHP) systems that produce both electricity and heat.
4.2 Energy Storage Systems
Energy storage is a critical component of microgrids and smart grids. It allows for the capture, storage, and release of excess electricity generated during times of low demand or high renewable energy production. Common energy storage technologies include batteries (such as lithium-ion batteries), flywheels, compressed air energy storage (CAES), and pumped hydro storage [5].
Fig 5: Prominent Micro/Smart Grid Components [3] 4.3 Power Conversion and Conditioning Equipment
Power conversion and conditioning equipment ensure the compatibility and stability of power flows within the microgrid or smart grid. This includes devices such as inverters, converters, transformers, and voltage regulators, which convert and regulate electricity to match the grid's requirements and maintain quality and reliability.
Wind
4.4 Control and Monitoring Systems
Advanced control and monitoring systems are essential for microgrids and smart grids. These systems collect real-time data on power generation, consumption, and grid conditions. They enable grid operators to monitor, optimize, and control energy flows, balance supply and demand, and respond to grid disturbances or changes in renewable energy availability.
4.5 Communication Infrastructure
Communication networks form the backbone of smart grids, facilitating the exchange of information between various grid components, control systems, and grid operators. These networks enable real-time data transmission, remote monitoring, and control of grid operations. Communication technologies can include wired or wireless networks, such as fiber optics, cellular networks, or dedicated communication protocols.
These components work together to create a dynamic and intelligent energy system, allowing for the integration of renewable energy, efficient energy management, grid optimization, and improved reliability and resilience. The specific components and their configurations may vary depending on the scale, goals, and requirements of the microgrid or smart grid deployment.
5. Operating Modes for Microgrids and Smart Grids
The operating mode of a smart grid or microgrid can be dynamically adjusted based on grid conditions, consumer demand, renewable energy availability, and grid management strategies. The flexibility and intelligence of these systems allow for efficient energy utilization, grid optimization, and improved reliability.
5.1 Grid-Connected Mode
In this mode, the smart grid or microgrid is connected to the main utility grid. Power flows bidirectionally, allowing for the exchange of electricity between the grid and the microgrid. The grid supplies power to the microgrid during periods of high demand or insufficient local generation. Figure 6 demonstrate an operation mode a grid-connected system. Conversely, the microgrid can export excess power to the grid when local generation exceeds demand.
Fig 6: Grid-Connected Mode
5.2 Islanded Mode
Islanded mode refers to the operation of a microgrid or smart grid in isolation from the main utility grid. This mode is typically used when there is a grid outage or when the microgrid is intentionally disconnected from the main grid. Figure 7 shows an island mode of the microgrid. In islanded mode, the microgrid relies on its own generation sources and energy storage systems to meet local energy demand. It ensures uninterrupted power supply to critical loads within the microgrid.
Fig 7: Islanded Mode Micro-Grid
6. Communication and Control for Microgrids and Smart Grids
Control and communication systems play a crucial role in the operation and coordination of smart grids and microgrids. These systems enable real-time data exchange, monitoring, control, and optimization of grid operations. SCADA systems monitor and control the grid infrastructure, including generation sources, energy storage, and distribution equipment. They collect real-time data on grid conditions, energy flows, and equipment status. SCADA systems provide operators with a comprehensive view of the grid, enabling them to make informed decisions and take necessary actions to optimize grid performance and maintain system reliability.
EMS platforms are responsible for the overall management and optimization of grid operations. They integrate data from various grid components, perform advanced analytics, and make decisions to balance supply and demand, ensure grid stability, and optimize energy usage. EMS can incorporate forecasting algorithms, load scheduling, demand response coordination, and renewable energy integration strategies [6]. DMS focuses specifically on managing and optimizing distribution operations in smart grids and microgrids. DMS platforms monitor distribution equipment, detect faults, and coordinate grid restoration. They enable real-time control of distribution switches, voltage regulators, and other devices to enhance grid reliability, improve power quality, and reduce outage durations [7]. With the increased digitalization and connectivity of smart grids and microgrids, cybersecurity is of paramount importance. These systems protect grid infrastructure from cyber threats and ensure the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of critical data and control commands. Cybersecurity measures include firewalls, intrusion detection systems, encryption, access controls, and regular security audits. The IoT plays a significant role in smart grids and microgrids by enabling the connection and communication of a wide range of devices and sensors. IoT devices can provide real-time data on energy consumption, equipment performance, environmental conditions, and grid status. This data enhances grid monitoring, analytics, and decision-making processes.
7. Predicting the Future Development of Smart Grids and Microgrids
Smart grids and microgrids involves considering ongoing trends and emerging technologies. While it's challenging to provide precise predictions, here are some potential advancements and trends that could shape the future of smart grids and microgrids.
8,000-40,000
Fig 8: Market Growth of Micro grid within 2024 [4]
• The integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, is expected to continue growing in smart grids and microgrids. Advances in renewable energy technologies, energy storage systems, and grid management strategies will enable higher penetration of renewables, leading to cleaner and more sustainable energy systems. Figure 8 represent a Market Growth of Micro grid within 2024.
• The proliferation of DERs, including rooftop solar panels, small wind turbines, and residential energy storage systems, will contribute to the expansion of smart grids and microgrids. These DERs will play a more active role in the grid by generating electricity, storing energy, and participating in demand response programs, resulting in more decentralized and flexible energy systems [6].
• Grid-edge intelligence refers to the deployment of advanced sensors, communication, and data analytics technologies at the grid's edge. This allows for real-time monitoring, control, and decision-making capabilities closer to the point of consumption. Grid-edge intelligence will enhance grid stability, enable localized energy optimization, and support the integration of electric vehicles and smart appliances [7].
• Energy management systems will become more sophisticated, leveraging artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and predictive analytics. These systems will optimize energy generation, storage, and consumption based on real-time data, weather forecasts, consumer behavior, and grid conditions. Advanced algorithms will enable more accurate load forecasting, demand response coordination, and energy scheduling.
• The electrification of transportation, including electric vehicles (EVs) and charging infrastructure, will have a significant impact on smart grids and microgrids. The increased demand for EV charging will require grid operators to manage and optimize charging infrastructure, implement smart charging strategies, and integrate EV batteries into the grid for energy storage and grid support.
• With the growing concern for grid resilience, smart grids and microgrids will incorporate enhanced security measures and resilience features. This includes advanced cybersecurity systems, grid hardening against physical and cyber threats, and the use of microgrids as localized power sources during grid outages or emergencies [8].
An extensive analysis of smart grid technology and its potential applications in the future has been laid forth in this paper. Along with the traditional grid system, the smart grid's operation has been demonstrated, along with its benefits, drawbacks, and environmental implications. Afterwards, possible customers including institutional/campus locations, commercial, industrial facilities, remote "off grid" settlements, and military bases had their needs for the smart grid's effectiveness, dependability, security, sustainability, and economic possibilities examined. Furthermore, there will be an increased focus on resilience, grid security, and consumer empowerment, allowing individuals To actively participate in energy management and contribute to the energy transition. While the future is inherently uncertain, it is clear that smart grids and microgrids will continue to evolve, driven by
technological innovation, policy support, and the collective efforts towards a cleaner and more
sustainable energy future.
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