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1УДК 619: 616.98: 578.824.11:619
THE ROLE OF WILD ANIMALS AND RODENTS IN THE EPIZOOTIC PROCESS OF RABIES IN THE TERRITORY OF THE WEST KAZAKHSTAN REGION.
SVOTINA MARINA ALEXANDROVNA Ph.D., Senior Lecturer at the Zhangir Khan National Academy of Sciences, Uralsk,
Kazakhstan.
VALIYEVA ZHADYRA MENDIKHANOVNA
Ph.D., Senior lecturer at the Zhangir Khan National Academy of Sciences, Uralsk,
Kazakhstan.
KARAGULOV ADILBAI ITEMGENOVICH
Master's degree, Senior lecturer at the Zhangir Khan National Academy of Sciences, Uralsk,
Kazakhstan.
SHOLOKH KRISTINA YURIEVNA
4th year student of the specialty "Veterinary Medicine" NAO "Zhangir Khan Veterinary Medical University", Uralsk, Kazakhstan.
Annotation. This article examines the dynamics of the incidence of rabies in wild carnivores, in particular foxes, analyzes the accounting of the number of foxes and rodents, their relationship and determining role in maintaining the circulation of rabic virus in the West Kazakhstan region, conducted a graphical and statistical analysis of the studied data for the period 2016-2023.
Keywords: rabies, West Kazakhstan region, epizootic monitoring, wild carnivores, rodents, epizootic situation, epizootic process.
In Kazakhstan, and in particular in the West Kazakhstan region, the risk of the spread of rabic infection among animals and the occurrence of human cases has not decreased over the past 10 years. In almost every district of the region, the activation of natural foci of rabies is periodically noted, the number of cases of the disease among wild carnivorous animals is growing, stray dogs and cats are increasingly involved in the epizootic process, farm animals account for a high percentage of the incidence of this natural focal zoonosis[1,2].
The foci of rabic infection in the West Kazakhstan region are divided into three types: synanthropic, natural and mixed. In synanthropic foci, the existence of the rabies virus is supported by a high population density of neglected dogs and cats, in natural ones - a high number of wild carnivorous animals, in particular foxes, rodents can also be involved in the epizootic process, but they do not actively participate in it due to the specifics of the lifestyle [3,4,5].
The purpose of our work is to determine the role of wild animals and rodents in the territory of the West Kazakhstan region in maintaining the epizootic process of rabies.
Objects and methods of research. The work was carried out on the basis of the Higher School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry of the West Kazakhstan Agrarian Technical University named after Zhangir Khan. The initial materials of the work were statistical reviews and official reports of specialized institutions and organizations (annual primary reports of the regional territorial inspection of the Committee for Veterinary Control and Supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the regional veterinary department, the regional epizootic detachment, the regional branch of the Republican Veterinary Laboratory and the Department for Consumer Protection of the West Kazakhstan region), the number of foxes was estimated according to harvesting of the skins of these animals and winter route records (ZMU) for 2016-2023.
The number of mouse-like rodents was studied based on the materials of operational accounting work performed at the Ural anti-plague station. All eco-logo and epizootological indicators were processed using graphical and statistical analyses.
Results and discussion. According to the analysis of statistical reports, the epizootic situation of rabies in the West Kazakhstan region of animals remains tense. During the period 2016-2023, this disease was registered in 16 animal species. The rabies situation is determined by the presence of natural foci and the number of wild carnivores. In most seasons, the fox is 2-5 times more numerous than the korsak. Thus, according to the regional territorial inspection, the number of foxes and korsaks at the beginning of 2023 is about 3,498 and 705 individuals, respectively. In total, 99 cases of rabies were registered in the period 2016-2023, of which 18 were wild carnivores, including 10 cases among foxes. (Fig. 1)
Fig. 1. Registration of rabies cases among foxes and all animal species for the period
2018-20123.
The incidence curve of foxes determines the dynamics of the detection of cases of rabies in animals of all other species, including agricultural ones. The value of the Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.99, which corresponds to a very high closeness of the relationship between cases of rabic infection in foxes and the number of cases of rabies in all animal species of the region. This correlation is statistically significant (p<0.01). Changes in the number of foxes and the degree of their concentration in a certain area depend on a number of factors, primarily on the state of the food supply (abundance of mouse-like rodents), climatic conditions (thickness of snow cover), determining the availability of feed, as well as the intensity of prey and diseases. The mass reproduction of small rodents entails a sharp increase in the number of foxes in the West Kazakhstan region. On the other hand, due to the lack of food supply, foxes often begin to appear on the outskirts of villages and towns. It is known that increases in the number of small rodents, as the main food base of foxes, also have a cycle of 2-3 years. (Fig.2)
Fig.2. The number of cases of rabies in animals (in copies) the number of foxes (in individuals per 10 sq. km), the number of rodents (in copies per 100 lov/day) in the territory of the West Kazakhstan region in 2018-2023.
The maximum decrease in the incidence of rabies in the region in 2018, 2023 was due to both a reduced number of foxes (3746-3954 os.) and a very high number of rodents (9.7 os. per 100 catch / day). On the other hand, the sharp rise in morbidity in 2013 and 2014 was due to the high number of foxes (4779 and 4217 os.) and the very low abundance of its food supply (3.9 os. per 10 catches / day).
Conclusions. According to the laws of synergetics, self-regulating processes in natural foci of rabies can be characterized as follows. According to Farr's laws and the theory of self-regulation of biological systems, academician V. D. Belyakova-if there are a number of interrelated factors in the territory of the natural focus of rabic infection, such as the high number and increase in migration of wild carnivores, the lack of their food supply, as well as the unfavorable epizootic situation preceding this, then a dissipative (multiply conditioned) situation of abrupt changes in epizootic processes arises [6, 7, 8].
Even such minor pertubations as an unreliable inverse dependence of the incidence of rabies on the number of rodents contribute to a qualitatively new, but difficult to predict change in the epizootic process. At such critical moments, the influence of even such insignificant factors as livestock deaths, meteorological conditions, the presence of infectious diseases in the population, etc. increases sharply on the epizootic situation [9, 10].
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