CC BY
19THE ROLE OF THE WORLD FOOD SECURITY
Khodjayeva Aziza Bahtiyarovna,
Tashkent state university of law, Tashkent, 100047, Uzbekistan
Annotation: This article outlines the general recommendation, key features of FAO and the World Food Program, compliance with specific international standards, as well as the importance of food security and analysis of Uzbekistan's measures and their further improvement.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), as a specialized UN agency for nutrition, food and agriculture, has been striving for more than 60 years to expand its main goals: to improve the quality of food and the standard of living of people all over the world; ensuring the growth of efficiency of production and distribution of all food and agricultural products; to improve the situation of the rural population and thereby contribute to the growth of the world economy and ridding humanity of hunger and malnutrition.
FAO has a unique international experience in the application of the latest agro-industrial techniques and know-how, breeding high-yielding, drought-resistant crops and highly productive livestock, combating diseases and pests in agriculture and forestry. FAO has a powerful research and information base that allows you to quickly transfer to member countries for practical use in the economy the latest achievements and developments in agriculture, forestry and fisheries. It develops recommendations for specific regions and countries. Food security on a global scale at the present stage of the development of civilization has acquired the status of a multidimensional and most difficult problem. Ofparticular practical importance are the international norms and standards for agricultural, forestry and fishery products being developed within the framework of FAO, the implementation of which is of key importance for exporters under conditions of fierce competition in international trade and intensifying the struggle for potential markets.
Keywords: FAO, WFP, world food problem, food security, fishing, seafood, forestry and forestry products.
Аннотация: ушбу мацолада ФАО ва Жауон озиц-овцат дастурининг умумий тавсиялари, мууим хусусиятлари, муайян халцаро стандартларга мувофицлиги, озиц-овцат хавфсизлигини таъминлашнинг ауамияти ва Узбекистонда амалга оширилган чора-тадбирлар таулили ва уларни янада яхшилаш масалалари ёритилган.
Озиц-овцат ва цишлоц хужалиги буйича БМТнинг Озиц-овцат ва цишлоц хужалиги ташкилоти (ФАО) узининг асосий мацсадларини кенгайтириш учун 60 йилдан ортиц вацт давомида уаракат цилмоцда: озиц-овцат сифатини ва бутун дунё ауолисининг турмуш даражасини яхшилаш; озиц-овцат ва цишлоц хужалиги маусулотларини ишлаб чицариш уамда тарцатиш самарадорлигини ошириш; цишлоц ауолисининг ауволини яхшилаш ва шу билан жауон ицтисодиётининг усиши ва очлик ва озиц-овцат етишмаслигига ёрдам беради. ФАО сунгги агротехника ва ноу-хауларни цуллаш, юцори самарали, цургоцчиликка чидамли экинлар ва юцори маусулдор чорвачиликни купайтириш, цишлоц хужалиги ва урмон хужалигида касалликлар ва зараркунандаларга царши курашда ноёб халцаро тажрибага эга. Жауон цивилизацияси тарацциётининг уозирги босцичида озиц-овцат хавфсизлиги куп циррали ва энг мураккаб муаммо мацомини олган БМТнинг ихтисослашган ташкилоти уисобланиб, ушбу ташкилот минтацалардаузининг сиёсий-ижтимоий курсатма ва ёрдамини беради.
Калит сузлар: ФАО, Жауон озиц-овцат дастури, озиц-овцат хавфсизлиги, балиц овлаш, денгиз маусулотлари, урмон хужалиги ва урмон маусулотларининг асосий турлари.
Аннотация: в данной статье рассматриваются общие рекомендации, ключевые особенности, Всемирная продовольственная программа и ФАО (Продовольственная и сельскохозяйственная организация), соответствие определенным международным стандартам, а также международные аспекты бедности, голода и продовольственной безопасности в Узбекистане. Продовольственная и сельскохозяйственная организация Объединенных Наций (ФАО), являясь специализированным учреждением ООН по вопросам питания, продовольствия и сельского хозяйства, вот уже более 60 лет стремится к расширению главных целей своей деятельности: к повышению качества питания и уровня жизни людей во всем мире; обеспечению роста эффективности производства и распределения всех продовольственных и сельскохозяйственных продуктов; улучшению положения сельского населения и содействию, тем самым, росту мировой экономики и избавлению человечества от голода и недоедания.
ФАО обладает уникальным международным опытом в сфере применения новейших агропромышленных приемов и ноу-хау, выведения высокоурожайных, засухоустойчивых зерновых культур и
высокопродуктивного домашнего скота, борьбы с болезнями и вредителями в сельском хозяйстве и лесоводстве. Продовольственная безопасность в мировом масштабе на современном этапе развития цивилизации приобрела статус многоаспектной и труднейшей проблемы. ФАО разрабатывает рекомендации правительствам касательно политики в этих областях применительно к конкретным регионам и странам. Особое практическое значение имеют разрабатываемые в рамках ФАО международные нормы и стандарты на сельскохозяйственную, лесную и рыбную продукцию, выполнение которых имеет ключевое значение для экспортеров в условиях жесткой конкуренции в международной торговле и обострения борьбы за потенциальные рынки сбыта.
Ключевые слова: ФАО, ВПП, безопасность пищевых продуктов, рыболовство, морепродукты, лесное и лесное хозяйство.
Although food production per capita has generally increased over the last four decades, millions of individuals are still unable to have access to food as a result of their economic circumstances. The irony is that global food adequacy coexists with widespread hunger and food insecurity. In fact, scholars have noted that countries are becoming less rather than more self-sufficient in food production, which is critical as a source of foreign exchange and as a basic need for domestic populations.
The problem of global food insecurity has reached such enormous proportions that scholars have identified what has been coined the "world food problem" - a crisis which began in the early 1970s and that has since been underscored by recent famines that have plagued Africa and Asia.
A large number of international agencies have organized in response to the food crisis as the severity of these national-level problems have come to require international solutions. Food-deficit nations, especially those in the developing world, have turned increasingly to international organizations to help alleviate poverty and food insecurity. For more than four decades, international organizations at the global, regional and local levels have committed vast amounts of resources towards addressing the problem of food insecurity, particularly in Central America, South Asia and Africa. Two international organizations that have been especially active in the food and hunger issue-area are the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and World Food Program (WFP). Both were created to deal explicitly with issues related to food and agricultural development. The goal of this study is to explore and assess how these two food organizations have confronted the challenge of food insecurity and relatedly, how this bears on the functions of organizations [1].
Yet it has been noted that the FAO and WFP attempt to accomplish their objectives under less than favorable conditions. Scarce resources, conflict between nation-states over the goals of the organization, disagreement over the implementation of policy from within the organizations' own professional ranks, and difficulty in eliciting cooperation among states, are just a few of the obstacles that confront the food organizations in their day-to-day operations and in their decision-making.
Following the Second World War, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) teamed up to construct an international Codex Alimentarius (or "food code") in 1962. Inspired by the work of its European predecessor, the Codex Europaeus, these two UN agencies assembled teams of health professionals, government civil servants, medical and scientific experts to draft food standards. Once ratified, the standards were distributed to governments for voluntary adoption and implementation. By the mid-1990s, the World Trade Organization (WTO) identified the Codex as a key reference point for scientific food standards [2].
The role of science within this highly political and economic organization poses interesting questions about the process of knowledge production and the scientific expertise underpinning the food standards. Standards were constructed and contested according to the Codex twin goals of: (1) protecting public health, and (2) facilitating trade. One recent criticism of Codex is that these two aims are opposed, or that one is given primacy over the other, which results in protectionism. .[3. Brigit Lee Naida Ramsingh./The history of international food safety standarts and the Codex Alimentarius(1955-1995).Institute for the History & Philosophy of Science & Technology University of Toronto.2011y]. The Codex Alimentarius is to be a collection of internationally adopted food standards presented in a unified form. These food standards aim at protecting consumer's health and ensuring fair practices in the food trade. Their publication is intended to promote the standardization of foodstuffs in the various parts of the world, to facilitate harmonization of standards and in so doing to further the development of the international food trade. [4].
Since the early 1960 s, this Codex, published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), became an instrument for setting international food standards. Within its first decade, the Codex had developed a variety of standards for products ranging from honey to lard, canned fruit and vegetables, rendered pork fat and fish sticks; they also established food
labelling guidelines, standards for scientific methods of analysis, as well as tolerances and parameters for food additives, food hygiene and pesticide residues. Inspired by the work of its European predecessor, a group known as the Codex europaeus, these two UN agencies assembled teams of health professionals, government civil servants, medical and scientific experts to draft the food standards. The Codex was intended to meet the agencies' twin aims of protecting human health and promoting trade interests of its member states. Once ratified, the food standards were distributed to governments for adoption and implementation on a voluntary basis. In the 1970s and 1980s, however, several factors began to increase pressure on worldwide markets. With the rising trade agenda of the 1970s, and in the wake of the 1972 global financial and food crisis, the 1973-74 oil crisis, and an increased focus by world leaders on the North-South divide, by the early 1980s it became of paramount importance to harmonize and establish international standards for many commodities and products. This need for standardization was apparent, and some of the issues and tensions inherent to the process of harmonization of food standards first played out on a regional level within the European Economic Community, a microcosm of the Codex [5].
General Assembly strongly urged that the Codex serve as the basis for informing national food policy of governments worldwide. By the mid-1990s, the World Trade Organization (WTO)identified the Codex as a key reference point for scientific food standards [6].
The World Summits on Food Security were held in 1996 and 2002. The last meeting was fully learned by the agreed measures approved at the 1996 summit. The original of these requirements was taken into account in 2002. The World Food Summit was held on 10-13 June 2002 in Rome under the auspices of the FAO, in which representatives from 179 countries took part (73 of them were represented at the level of heads of state or government), and the Commission representing the European Community as an organization FAO member. The summit unanimously endorsed a document entitled "Declaration of the World Food Summit: five years later". (Rome Declaration 2002) [6].
The Rome Declaration of 2002 affirmed the right of everyone to access safe and nutritious food, which is consistent with the right to adequate food and the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger. Representatives of the summit's participating states solemnly promised to show political will, general and national preparedness to achieve universal food security, as well as to make continuous efforts in the fight against hunger in all countries.
In this Declaration of 2002 emphasized the inadmissibility of more than 800 million people around the world (and especially in developing countries) do not get enough food. The problem of hunger has a global dimension and is likely to continue to exist, and even grow critically in some regions, unless urgent, decisive and concerted action is taken, especially taking into account the expected increase in the world population and the increasing pressure on natural resources.
Also, The Rome Declaration of 2002 states that poverty is the main cause of food insecurity. Therefore, serious progress in eradicating poverty is crucial in facilitating access to food for large sections of the population. Conflict, terrorism, corruption and environmental degradation also significantly undermine the foundations of food security. In this regard, it is necessary to organize an increase in food production, in the first place, the production of such basic products [7].
Founded on October 16, 1945 in Quebec, Canada, the FAO was the first of the UN's specialized agencies and had the major goal of ending malnutrition in Asia, Africa and Latin America [8].
The uniqueness of the FAO position is that it has exceptional opportunities to confirm its high international and professional authority, based on the strengths of its status as the largest international organization, including such factors as a comprehensive mandate; Huge experience; recognized leadership in many technical areas; interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral coverage within a single organization; a real presence in many countries of the world, as well as generally accepted neutrality and independence.
In this regard, in accordance with the Strategy for Action on Development in the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017-2021, approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Strategy for Further Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan" dated 7, February 2017, modernization and accelerated development of agriculture, in the field of safety:
- deepening of structural reforms and consistent development of agricultural production, further strengthening of food security of the country, expansion of production of ecologically clean products, considerable increase of export potential of the agrarian sector;
- reduction of cotton and grain crops, sowing potatoes, vegetables, feed and lubricant crops, as well as optimization of sown areas due to new intensive gardens and vineyards;
- creation of favorable conditions for stimulation and development of multi-profile farms engaged in processing, preparation, storage, sale, construction and rendering of services, first of all, with agricultural production;
- implementation of investment projects aimed at the construction of new processing plants, reconstruction and modernization of existing equipment for the deep processing of agricultural products, semi-finished products and ready-made foodstuffs;
- measures for the further expansion of the infrastructure for the storage, transportation and sale of agricultural products, and the provision of agrochemical, financial and other modern market services [9].
The head of our state, Sh.M.Mirziyoyev, said in his speech at the joint session of the chambers of the Oliy Majlis, "The issues of reforming the agricultural sector and ensuring food security will undoubtedly remain one of the most important tasks for us.
Since the early years of independence, the strategy has been pursued to revise and improve the structure of agricultural crops in the process of agricultural reform.
As a result, during the years of independence potato production increased by 705.0 % in comparison with 1991, fruits 528.6 %, grapes 323.8 %, vegetables by 298.5 %, melons and gourds by 199.8 %, and cereal production by 4 times.
It should be noted that in the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Food Quality and Safety", biologically active additives added to the food - foodstuff produced either by artificial feeding or by food, or by food products concentrates of natural or naturally occurring biologically active substances, food raw materials - plant, animal, microbiol used for food production nology fields, as well as minerals, water, food, food additives - food properties and (or) giving them added deliberately in order to maintain compliance with natural or synthetic compounds, compounds are reflected in the issues.
In my view, it would be expedient to do the following to further enhance food security: Changes and amendments made to the 1997 Law on Food Quality and Safety should be amended, taking into account achievements of foreign countries in the field of legislation, and in the field of science. In Article 1 of the current law, "The requirements of this Law are applicable to perfumes, cosmetics and tobacco products". It is proposed that you remove the rule in the second paragraph of this article. In our opinion, perfumes, cosmetics and tobacco products are subject to other laws.
Additionally, the law "On Food Quality and Safety" would be appropriate if the food production and production rights and obligations of the undertakings are to be subdivided into a separate substance.
In conclusion, it can be said that some of the existing production technologies have problems with food safety and food quality, which, in turn, adds additional measures to protect consumers' rights requires.
References:
1. K.Audra.Grant, International organizations and organization behavior: The case of the food and agriculture organization and the world food programme.
2. Brigit Lee Naida Ramsingh / The history of internationalfood safety standarts and the Codex Alimentarius (1955-1995). Institute for the History & Philosophy of Science & Technology University of Toronto. 2011.
3. Brigit Lee Naida Ramsingh / The history of internationalfood safety standarts and the Codex Alimentarius (1955-1995). Institute for the History & Philosophy of Science & Technology University of Toronto. 2011].
4. FAO/WHO, "Purpose and Scope of the Codex Alimentarius " ALINORM 62/8/WHO, 1962. Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Conference on Food Standards. 1-5 October 1962. Geneva. - Р.8.
5. W.H. B. Denner. 1990. "Food Additives: Recommendations for Harmonization and Control" In: Food Control. 1 (3): 150-162. http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y7867e/y7867e00.htm.
6. И.В.Антонова. Современные международно-правовые проблемы деятельности ФАО. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата юридических наук. - Москва, 2009. - C. 78.
7. Climate Change 2007. Mitigation of Climate Change. Working Group III Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chaunge //Ed. by Bert Metz, Ogunlade Davidson and others. UNEP. Cambridge University Press. 2007.
8. 8.Brigit Lee Naida Ramsingh. / The history of international food safety standarts and the Codex Alimentarius (1955-1995).
9. Узбекистон Республикаси Президентининг 2017 йил 7 февралдаги "Узбекистон Республикасини янадаривожлантириш буйичаХрракатлар стратегияси тугрисида"ги Фармони.
