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132THE ROLE OF LOGISTICS IN TOURISM
Kuvonchbek Toshkentov Nilufar Suyunova
Student of KarSU Student of KarSU
ABSTRACT
The development of the logistics industry and its application in various fields, including the role of tourism
Keywords: Logistics network, tourism, vehicles, water transport, air transport, underground
There is increasing in the market for transportation and tourist services the interest in logistics, which is aimed at continuous optimization of material and information flows management, defining the any kind of peculiarities of these flows. Logistics is a corporate activity of different tourist companies aiming at integration of all processes concerning with attaining the objectives of their businesses. The tourism logistics is the science of planning, control and management of operations carrying out during the process of preparing the travel offers, delivery of finished product to customer in compliance with his/her interests and requirements, as well as during the process transfer, storage and processing of information concerned. It follows from this definition that logistics is a system containing the functional areas, each of which solves some problems. Importance of tourism logistics, wherein are involved such major parties as customer- travel agent-supplier of transportation and tourist services, where it is important to properly plan, manage and operatively control the complex material and informational process of preparing and implementing the travel in compliance with interests and requirements of customer.
Aims and tasks of tourism logistics are different on various regional levels. If the introduction of logistical principles in the management of the travel company (micro level) to reduce costs and thus increase the efficiency of tourist enterprise activities and increase its profits, the logistic approaches at higher taxonomic levels (macro, mesoscale) provides an opportunity to ensure the sustainable development of tourism business in the tourist-andrecreational zones, areas and country as a whole [1-12]. On mega- and meta-level of the regional logistics systems there is considered the tourism sustainable development within the scales of world tourism macro-regions, and emphasized the World Tourism Organization, global issues of the balanced development of tourism industry Functional structure of tourism logistics includes such traditional elements as the procurement logistics; manufacturing and selling logistics. They relate to all the component and regional elements of tourism logistics. Tourist flow is a main object of study in tourism logistics. Feature of tourism logistics as a service
industry consist in defining the tourist flows as the main object of studies. This explained by fact that the travels pertain to those types of services, when the consumers move towards manufacturer, but not manufacturers with their products - to the consumer.
Logistics refers to the overall process of managing how resources are acquired, stored, and transported to their final destination. Logistics management involves identifying prospective distributors and suppliers and determining their effectiveness and accessibility. Logistics managers are referred to as logisticians.
"Logistics" was initially a military-based term used in reference to how military personnel obtained, stored, and moved equipment and supplies. The term is now used widely in the business sector, particularly by companies in the manufacturing sectors, to refer to how resources are handled and moved along the supply chain [13-20].
In its most basic form, logistics refers to the planning and execution of a complex operation. This can include both long and short term logistics operations. Logistics management is part of the supply chain. It involves planning, implementing, and overseeing the effective storage of goods and their transportation from the point of origin until the final destination (the point of consumption).
In other words, logistics manages forward and reverse merchandise flows.
Logistics managers have to move products from their point of origin to their point of sale under optimum conditions. That means managing inventory, equipment, locations, distributors and costs. It has a knock-on effect at different levels of the economy. Good logistics has the power to minimise costs, increase profits and drive international imports and exports. Logistics is a precision process that relies on targeted planning and resource management for its success [21-30].
The logistic activities in the tourism companies contribute to the improvement in the experience and satisfaction of customers, workers, businessmen, suppliers and community, where tourism activity is developed, constituting an effective business management tool, adding value to tourism.
The logistics discipline in tourism aims to support the main activities of the sector. In the case of tourism companies, it is about providing services that complement the main activities such as a hotel, whose essential function is to host tourists; a restaurant, whose basic function is to produce food and serve them; a travel agency, provide tourism packages and excursions to attractive places and transport, among other types of companies.
This industry presents the characteristic of being highly sensitive to various variables: it is dependent on the economic, social situation, health crises and natural disasters. Therefore, each activity must be planned in advance, then once it is in development, it is difficult to solve a problem that could be detected in advance.
The relationship between tourism and logistics is basically focused on provisioning, supply and provision activities, activities that are reflected in the transportation of passengers, food, accommodation and material support to tourism programs, being fundamental to consider them when planning and organize a tourist activity or event. The elements of logistics can be organized into a single system adapted to each event, allowing the order and supply of consumers, products and facilities, seeking to act in favor of the environment, communication and its needs. Tourism activity has three well-defined phases: a beginning, a development and an end. Each of these phases has its particularities, where logistics intervenes in each case in particular.
Both logistics and tourism are based on the same premise: the generation of promises materialized in customer satisfaction, where the service must be at the right time, in the right place and in the right quality. The development of tourism involves understanding and relating both disciplines by the tourist entrepreneur. The deep knowledge of each one of the logistic processes in search of its perfection, culminates in the organizational strategy and in the consequent competitive advantage.
With the refinement and marginalization of social division of labor, domestic and foreign scholars gradually realize the importance of logistics activities in tourism activities and the demand for logistics in tourism industry, therefore, a highly cross noun—"tourism logistics" is put forward. Although there isn't a unified understanding about the concept of tourism logistics currently, its definitions worthy for reference have been come up at home and abroad.
The three tourism factors define the border of economic activities in tourism industry, namely, on the basis of certain tourism resources, all the economic behaviors involved in the tourists' tourism behaviors are based on tourists' pursuit of personal values and spiritual pleasure. At the same time, tourism service providers carry out the appropriate economic preparatory work to support and meet the travel needs of tourists.
Tourism has been developing intensively in recent decades due to various social and economic trends. Rural tourism, which includes various tourist activities in rural areas (tourism in households, ecotourism, recreational, adventure, sports, health, artistic, heritage tourism, etc.) is also gaining in importance. The main instrument for the efficient realization of flows of people, goods and information in the Rural Tourism Supply Chain (RTSC) and increasing the competitiveness of tourism products is logistics. Logistics provides a material and a nonmaterial basis for rural tourism services. As suppliers of raw materials and finished products to other actors, but also as creators of their own tourism offer, households are significant actors in the supply chain and generators of logistics flows in rural tourism.
Given the services performed by logisticians, the main fields of logistics can be broken down as follows:
• Procurement logistics
• Distribution logistics
• After-sales logistics
• Disposal logistics
• Reverse logistics
• Green logistics
• Global logistics
• Domestics logistics
• Concierge service
• Reliability, availability, and maintainability
• Asset control logistics
• Point-of-sale material logistics
• Emergency logistics
• Production logistics
• Construction logistics
• Capital project logistics
• Digital logistics
• Humanitarian logistics
Procurement logistics consists of activities such as market research, requirements planning, make-or-buy decisions, supplier management, ordering, and order controlling. The targets in procurement logistics might be contradictory: maximizing efficiency by concentrating on core competences, outsourcing while maintaining the autonomy of the company, or minimizing procurement costs while maximizing security within the supply process.
Advance Logistics consists of the activities required to set up or establish a plan for logistics activities to occur.
Global Logistics is technically the process of managing the "flow" of goods through what is called a supply chain, from its place of production to other parts of the world. This often requires an intermodal transport system, transport via ocean, air, rail, and truck. The effectiveness of global logistics is measured in the Logistics Performance Index.
Distribution logistics has, as main tasks, the delivery of the finished products to the customer. It consists of order processing, warehousing, and transportation. Distribution logistics is necessary because the time, place, and quantity of production differ with the time, place, and quantity of consumption.
Disposal logistics has as its main function to reduce logistics cost(s) and enhance service(s) related to the disposal of waste produced during the operation of a business.
Reverse logistics denotes all those operations related to the reuse of products and materials. The reverse logistics process includes the management and the sale of surpluses, as well as products being returned to vendors from buyers. Reverse logistics stands for all operations related to the reuse of products and materials. It is "the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from the point of consumption to the point of origin for the purpose of recapturing value or proper disposal. More precisely, reverse logistics is the process of moving goods from their typical final destination for the purpose of capturing value, or proper disposal. The opposite of reverse logistics is forward logistics."
Green Logistics describes all attempts to measure and minimize the ecological impact of logistics activities. This includes all activities of the forward and reverse flows. This can be achieved through intermodal freight transport, path optimization, vehicle saturation and city logistics.
RAM Logistics (see also Logistic engineering) combines both business logistics and military logistics since it is concerned with highly complicated technological systems for which Reliability, Availability and Maintainability are essential, ex: weapon systems and military supercomputers.
Asset Control Logistics: companies in the retail channels, both organized retailers and suppliers, often deploy assets required for the display, preservation, promotion of their products. Some examples are refrigerators, stands, display monitors, seasonal equipment, poster stands & frames.
Importance of tourism logistics in market of transportation and tourist services in tourism is high, wherein are involved such major parties as customer- travel agent-supplier of transportation and tourist services, where it is important to properly plan, manage and operatively control the complex material and informational process of preparing and implementing the travel in compliance with interests and requirements of customer.
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