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THE ROLE OF LEXICAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE TRANSLATION
PROCESS
This article is devoted to showing the importance of lexical transformation in the process of translation, interpreting in different ways. Various aspects of lexical transformation are analyzed and their specific features are explained. The article examines the interaction of lexical transformation in translation.
Key words: translation, lexical transformation, translator, grammatical transformation, stylistic transformation, changes, substitution, translation history, originality.
Данная статья посвящена тому, чтобы показать важность лексической трансформации в процессе перевода, интерпретируя по-разному. Анализируются различные аспекты лексической трансформации и объясняются их особенности. В статье рассматривается взаимодействие лексических трансформаций в переводе.
Ключевые слова: перевод, лексическая трансформация, переводчик, грамматическая трансформация, стилистическая трансформация, изменения, замена, история перевода, оригинальность.
INTRODUCTION
Translation and interpreting is one of the oldest creative fields that have been forming in the history and culture of the peoples of the world for centuries. Generations of mankind, who have been living in different continents and regions of the earth for several thousand years, have shown their creative passions, interests, opportunities, and interests through the medium of translation. He turned it into a means of communication between peoples, and always used it successfully. Through translation and translators, the peoples of mankind became aware of each other and communicated with each other. At the same time trade, crafts. He gradually developed and launched such fields as housing, road construction, farming, and armaments manufacturing. People learned from each other how to live a comfortable and safe life, showed each other the way, took examples from each other and showed each other the attractive aspects of various cultures.
Achilov Oybek Rustamovich
Professor of Tashkent state transport university Inog'omjonova Robiya Rustamjon qizi
Student of Tashkent state transport university
ABSTRACT
АННОТАЦИЯ
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
Humanity's mutual relations, dealings, communications, and the thirst and need for various kinds of communication have been roaming around the world for ten thousand years, moving from continent to continent. Merchants, generals, scientists, religious scholars, propagandists, astrologers, artisans, healers, judges, and translators will certainly be among these endless caravans. [1,2,3] A linguist, an explainer, intelligent and always alert, these people who use their tongues more orally to each other, in those times, a translator, that is, one who converts one language into another, who makes communication and negotiation understandable and regular, the parties agreements and compromises between them were seen as final. Interpreters made an incomparable contribution to the knowledge and learning of peoples. The first historians, people engaged in geography, geodesy also grew out of translators. Although the translation process seems easy at first glance, there is a secret of its own. Think about it yourself, haven't you encountered problems such as different meanings of the same word, different spellings, etc. while translating? During the study , we call on the transformation types for help. The transformation structure is divided into 3: lexical, stylistic and grammatical. What I want to show you is lexical transformation. Bilingual dictionaries are of great importance in solving lexical problems of translation. However, usually dictionaries only provide alternative meanings. No matter how perfect the translation dictionary is. it is not possible to cover all the meanings or meanings of the word, because the dictionary deals with the elements of two language systems. Speech, not language systems for translation. more precisely, the text, which is the product of speech, is more important. During the translation process, the translator must determine the meaning of the ambiguous word based on the context. In the translation, lexical transformations are used to avoid the use of various literal, idiosyncratic combinations, and instead to translate a literary, understandable, bright word. In the theory of translation, lexical transformations are also referred to as replacing the word in the cog.text. [4,5,6]
RESULTS
This article analyzed the lexicological features of several nouns and word groups. As a result of the research, several problematic situations: suffixes, two or three different translation processes of the same sentence, or the use of independent word groups with a verb group, etc., were partially studied and various solutions were proposed.
DISCUSSION
There are five types of such transformations. l. The first type of transformations is used when translating words that have a broad meaning or the
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meaning of which is difficult to define. This type of transformation is used when clarifying or concretizing the original word. In most cases, it is used in the process of translating English verbs into Uzbek. Verbs in English are usually used in a general and vague sense. This is especially evident in translation. Verbs in the Uzbek language express a clear and concrete action. For example, let's analyze the multi-meaning verb "to get" in English. The context is definitely necessary to translate this verb, because its meanings are not related to each other. available. It is translated into Uzbek as "olmoq", "yulib olmoq", "tshunmoq", "bajarmoq", "aloqa qilmoq", "tutmoq", and a number of other meanings, the meaning of the verb used with a preposition in English has the feature of completely changing. For example, this verb itself "to get out" in the form of several meanings It has the meanings "to come out", "to take out", "to come down". The same can be said about a number of other English verbs. These include "to be", "to have", "to make", "to become" and other verbs. In translation, it can be about giving. If we take the verb "to be" mentioned above, its following characteristics can be identified. The main meaning of this verb corresponds to the verb "to be" in Uzbek language. However, the meaning of this verb is so wide that depending on the word that comes after it, the meanings are different. As it is the most convenient and broad meaning in English, it is subject to various transfonnations. If we compare the translation of the sentences "He is in Hollywood" and "He is in Cambridge", the above-mentioned points are confirmed. Thus, the first sentence translates as "He works in Hollywood" and the second sentence as "He studies at Cambridge." In most cases, this auxiliary verb corresponds to the hyphen (-) or -"dir" suffix in Uzbek. Noun, adjective, number, adverb and other words can be used with this verb, and each time the meaning of the verb changes depending on the meaning. Taking into account these features of the verb in translation creates the basis for a successful translation. In addition, it is recommended to use transfonnation when translating semantically neutral words such as "thing", "matter", "stuff", "c.hallenge", etc., because these words are always out of context. Depending on the context, "thing" can be translated into Uzbek as a narsa, foyda, faktor. Sometimes there are cases where it is completely lost in the translation. The context requires such a word to be omitted in the translation, and this word is considered superfluous in the translation. For example, the sentence "I don't know this thing" can be translated in two ways - "I don't know this thing" or "I don't know that". As it can be seen from the translation, the meaning of the translation was not damaged by omitting the word "thing". In translation, it is necessary to take into account not only the denotative, but also the connotative meaning of the word. The English verb "to employ" usually has the meaning of "to employ". This verb can have
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a positive meaning as well as a negative meaning depending on the context. Negative verbs with meaning are usually translated by a very general verb. The English word "you" deserves special attention. It should be translated with the pronoun "you" or "you", which differs in terms of "no". When translating this word, it is important to consider who the word is used against, his age, gender, position in society, relationship with the speaker and the scope of the word should be taken into account. 2. The second type of transformation is called generalization. In translation, in most cases, some accuracy is generalized because the meaning given in the original is considered excessive in the norms of the translated language. In English, it is accepted to give a person's height and weight in exact numbers. In Uzbek, height is novcha. high, long words, and weight is given by determiners such as heavy, light. In the Uzbek language, the various numbers used for height and weight are redundant. The different meaning of the word generalization is also widely used in translation. Translation practice. In most cases, the generalization shows that it is also directly related to the pragmatic features of the translation. For example, proper nouns in the original text may be informative to speakers of that language, but they will not be informative in the translated language. Name the company accordingly. includes store name, product name. To the Uzbek reader, these names are, firstly, unknown, and secondly, as we mentioned above, they do not have any informative value. That's why these names are omitted. It is necessary to give them information about what kind of products the company produces, what is the relationship between the name of the store and the name of the owner, and summarize the words in the translation. It is enough to give the name known to the international community by transcription and transliteration. For example, "Coca Cola", "Pepsi Cola", "Chevron", "Tayota" are among them. 3. The third type of transformation is based on the logical connection between two events. One of them refers to the original text, while the other is considered to be its translation variant. This transformation requires semantic and logical analysis of the situation described in the text. The situation in the text, in turn, is developed semantically. If the situation is developed correctly from the semantic point of view, that is, the ideas in the original text and the translated text are semantically connected as cause and effect, then transformation serves to give the content of the text, observing the norms of the translated language. In translation, cause is replaced by effect. The most important thing is that the translation does not violate the language norm. In practice, there are also cases where the result is replaced by the cause: the same thing is observed in the translation of the sentence "It not only shared a cabin with him and ate three meals a day at the same table" into Uzbek. Translating this sentence into Uzbek as " Men u bilan kuniga uch marta bir
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dasturxon atrofida uchrashardim " is a vivid example of our above opinion. A literal translation of an English sentence obviously does not convey any information to the reader. The literal translation of this sentence is "I not only shared a room with him, but we met three times around the same table." It seems that the phrase "I am not only in the same compartment with him" is redundant here. 4 The ninth type of transformation is an antonymic translation. This means that in some cases the original word is replaced by an antonym in the translation, in other words, if there is a negative word in the sentence, it is omitted in the translation. "take it easy-don't worry" can be translated as "I don't want to cheat. I'm telling the truth." [7,8,9] There are three main reasons for the need for antonymic translation: 1) the nature of the original and translated languages; 2) the requirements of the context and 3) the existence of a traditional norm in the language of translation. Now let's consider each reason separately. I) In cases where the group of antonymous words do not necessarily correspond to each other in the original and translated languages: the words "annament" - "disarmament" are translated into Uzbek as "armament" and "disarmament". 2) Sometimes the translation of antonyms can be considered the most appropriate way to give the meaning in the context: "a murder is only safe when he is in prison" - "a murderer is only safe when he is in prison". The word "safe" taken separately here translates as "trustworthy", "x3vf-free". However, based on the context, it is appropriate to translate it as "not dangerous". In some cases or as required by the context, transformation is useful in translating emotionally and stylistically rich texts. "Why don't you know he is dear?" - "He's dumb!" "Don't you know he's dumb?" it can be translated, but the emotional level of the sentence is low compared to the previous one. 3) The last transformation is called compensation or filling in the omitted part of the sentence. This is usually used when there is no alternative or equivalent to the original stylistic techniques in the translated language. The stylistic completeness of the text implies the use of another stylistic tool or stylistic method that completely suppresses the essence of one stylistic method as much as possible. When translating the characteristics of the character's speech from compensation, it is widely used to give puns and rhyming words. The main reason for its use is to preserve speech features in the translation, because it is not always possible to find the equivalent of words with stylistic meaning given in the original text. stylistic tools and methods are mostly omitted, and in order to compensate for its loss and balance the content, to fill the stylistic loss it would be appropriate to use compensation. In this case, it is recommended to widely use stylistic tools and language elements that can cover the essence of the same stylistic method. For example, one of the Uzbek films is called "Sevginator". The suffix q of this sum was
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taken as a rhyming word for the Americanization "Terminator" - the movie "Terminator".[11,11,12] From stylistic layers, this word related to oral speech can also be considered a neologism, that is, a new word. Translating it into English as "Love-abandant" instead of "Loveminator" can be chosen as a stylistic alternative and a replacement unit for the above Uzbek word. There is another type of compensation in translation theory, which essentially involves creating the same general meaning in the target language. For example, the oral speech of characters in the works of most writers. there are defects in their speech, they use the wrong words due to their illiteracy, etc. In English, the tongue-tied can use the [s] sound instead of the [ch] sound. In the translation, if possible, it is possible to use the sound s instead of the sound sh in the Uzbek language. In Uzbek language, such cases are also found in most cases. In Uzbek language, in addition to the above-mentioned phonetic deficiency, there are three cases of using /1/ or /y/ instead of Ir/. The features used at the phonetic level are the phonetic features of the target language, the lexical features of the translated language at the general level, and finally the grammatical features of the translated language at the grammatical level. Appropriate use of lexical layers of the language, lexical-stylistic tools and methods gives the opportunity to positively solve the lexical problems of translation and, as a result, to increase the quality of the translation and reach the level of adequacy. Lexical problems of translation can be solved using the five types of transformations discussed above. It is up to the translator's skill and experience to determine which transformation method is appropriate where. It is very important for a businessman to be fluent in two languages, as well as to be aware of all its fields. Taking into account the features and possibilities of style and genre when choosing words gives a good result. [13]
CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis, it is natural that changes occur during the translation of the text from one language to another. We talked about lexical transformation, which is one of the most common types of these changes. I think that the above examples give a sufficient understanding of this type of change.
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(E)ISSN:2181-1784 www.oriens.uz 3(4), April, 2023
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