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Niyozova Y. T. an english teacher foreign languages department
KEEI Uzbekistan
TRANSLATION PROBLEMS OF A LITERARY TEXT
Annotation: This article is dedicated to the theory of translation where the ways and transformations of translation are described and different opinions of scholars and translators on this topic.
Key words: Phraseological equivalent, Non-phraseological translation, Lexical Translation, Verbatim, Descriptive translation.
Translation is a very ancient kind of human activities without which it would be difficult to provide such good known historical facts, as the creation of great empires, human numerous and multilingual people, the culture of dominant nation, its high social prestige, dissemination of religious and social teachings. He plays a role in rapprochement of people and growing interest in literary translation. And since literary translation is a creative process, it requires corresponding approach. [1]
A creative nature of literary translation captured the soul original was expressed in the following words: 'The proximity to the original is not passed to the letter and spirit of consciousness. Appropriately, so same as the corresponding words are not always visible by the words: so that the inner life of the translated expression consistent with the internal life of the original expression.
Any literary work appears on the national ground, reflects national problems, features and at the same time the problems common to all mankind. Passing from one nation to another literature enriches and extends the notion of people about each other. [2]
And to achieve this different translation transformations are used, involving changes phraseological, grammatical and lexical. Any literary work appears on the national ground, reflects national problems, features and at the same time the problems common to all mankind. Passing from one nation to another literature enriches and extends the notion of people about each other. [3]
It is one of the most difficult cases to convey national coloring. Owing to the translation very important literary works were able to appear in many other countries and became available for people speaking other languages. The translation helps mutual knowing and people's enrichment.
The national beginning of one or another country reflected in its literary culture and in written culture that is especially interesting for us from the translation point of view. It is the aggregate of characteristic peculiarities and
features that are specific for this nation and the constant historical development of this nation.
What does every translator imply and what kind of tasks are in front of him? Why does he begin to translate works from another national literature?
At first, He must know and understand the individuality, unique of figures. Every artistic figure is unique according to its nature and irrespective of its national origin.
Secondly, he must know and understand the essence of figures and ideas of works of social class.
Thirdly, he must take into account he national originality reflected in the work: its plot, form, images, style, language, etc.
Fourthly, he must reveal international coloring of the work that is significant for different countries, states and nation elements.
Fifthly, he must reveal elements common to all mankind irrespective of their belonging to any country, epoch and nation.
And, a last, he must pay his attention to the phraseological difficulties of translation, i.e. the translation of phraseological units and idioms.
Translating a phraseological unit is not an easy matter as it depends on several factors: different combinability of words, homonymy, and polysemy, synonymy of phraseological units and presence of falsely identical units, which makes it necessary to take into account of the context. Besides, a large number of phraseological units have a stylistic - expressive component in meaning, which usually has a specific national feature. The afore-cited determines the necessary to get acquainted with the main principles of the general theory of phraseology.
The following types of phraseological units may be observed: phrasemes and idioms. A unit of constant context consists of a dependent and a constant indicator may be called a phraseme. An idiom is a unit of constant context which is characterized by an integral meaning of the whole and by weakened meanings of the components, and in which the dependant and the indicating elements are identical and equal to the whole lexical structure of the phrase.
Any type of phraseological unit can be presented as a definite microsystem. In the process of translating of phraseological units functional adequate linguistic units are selected / by comparing two specific linguistic principles. These principles reveal elements of likeness and distinction. Certain parts of these systems may correspond in form and content (completely or partially) or have no adequacy. [4]
Phraseological equivalent is the phraseological unit of the TL, which are equal in all sign. As a rule independent from the context it must have the same denotative and connotative meanings, i.e. there mustn't be differences between correlative phraseological units in correspondence to semantic contents, the meaning, metaphority and stylistic-emotional coloring, they must have approximately alike component composition, posses a number of lexica-
grammatical indexes: combinability, be one of grammatical categories, usage, connection with other contextual words, etc. and one more thing-absence of national coloring.
E.g.: Black ingratitude-o'ta noshukurlik
Here we speak mainly about full and absolute equivalency, pointing extremely high requirements, which are brought to phraseological units. All of them are ready existing not to so many units. While working with them translator has to find them in the text; the main role in his work belongs to the excellent knowledge of TL and dictionaries.
Partial phraseological equivalent is different from the full in that, the expression of the TL differs from the source one only in one aspect; others are often synonymous components, little changes of the form, syntactic construction, other morphologic attribute, combinability and others. In other respects it is the full correspondence of he target phraseological unit, the relativeness of which is concealed by context. For example, in English to turn one's back, but in Uzbek we use to show, instead of turn: orqasini (belini) ko'rsatmoq.
Non-phraseological translation as its name shows renders the given phraseological unit with the help of lexical, but not phraseological means. They are used when any of the phraseological equivalent or analogues can' be used. Such kind of translation cannot be considered as even taking into account compensation possibilities of the text: there are always some losses (figurativeness, expressiveness, color of meanings). That makes translators to address them only in case of emergency. Non-phraseological translation includes lexical, verbatim, descriptive kinds of translation.
Lexical Translation - Strictly, the lexical translation is used as a rule in cases, when the given notion is marked in one language by phraseology, in other by a word. Thus, many English verbs, expressed by expression can be easily rendered by their lexical equivalent marked in one word: drum someone out of the crops- haydamoq, quvmoq.
This kind of translation is used, though sometimes painfully, in translating phraseological units which have synonymous equivalents in the TL. Hey are mostly the idioms, i.e. expressions marking objects or notions.
Such kind of translations makes their job satisfactory in the dictionaries, pointing the exact semantic meaning of the unit. But in the context any correspondents must gain the phraseological type or at least stylistical coloring or expressiveness close to the original.
In one word in the lexical translation of the phraseological unit one should try to approach to the phraseological, and render at least some separate elements or parts. [5]
Verbatim (or Word for word translation) - Verbatim translation is preferred when with the help of other methods, and particularly with phraseology it's impossible to render phraseological unit completely: its
stylistic, semantic, expressive and emotional meaning, but because of some reasons its better advisable 'to carry to vision' of reader the figurative base.
The reason for verbatim translation is always the sufficient motivate of the meaning of the phrase logical unit with the meaning of its components, i.e. verbatim translation is possible in that case when word for word translation can carry to reader the real context of the whole phraseology (not the meaning of its components). It realizable first, in respect of figurative expressions, mainly in phraseological units which remained their metaphory (in real idioms-fusions the figurative base isn't almost perceived, and they seem to be a nonsense when they are translated verbatim); although a number of proverbs can be translated word for word firstly those which don't have any context. Some firm resemblances can be rendered in this way, but only after having make sure that carrier of the TL will perceive them correctly, For example; like a red rag to a bull-buqaga qizil mato ko'rsatgandek.
Descriptive translation - In descriptive translation translated not the phraseological unit itself, but its interpretation, as it usually happens with units which have no equivalents in TL. It may be descriptions, comparisons, explanations, interpretations-all meanings rendering the meaning and contest of given phraseology clearly and short form. For example, blue-g'amgin, run-of-the-meal-oddiy, odatiy. [6]
Grammatical difficulties of translation - It is necessary to use grammatical transformations (change of structure) in the process of translation. It gets great importance while making translation to add or omit some words since the structures of languages are quite different.
Grammatical transformations are characterized by various principles-grammatical and lexical as well, though the principal role is given to grammatical ones. Very often these grammatical changes are mixed so that they have lexical-grammatical character. [7]
The vigil of the British Embassy, supported last week by many prominent people and still continuing, the marches last Saturday, the resolutions or organizations have done something to show that Blair doesn't speak for Britain.
O'tgan hafta ko'plab ko'zga ko'ringan shaxslar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvat-lanib, hali ham Britaniya elchixonasi binosida davom etayotgan namoyish, shanba kuni bo'lib o'tadigan norozilik harakati va shuningdek, turli tashkilotlar tomonidan qabul qilingan qarorlar Bleyrning haligacha butun britaniya xalqi nomidan so'zlamayotganligi haqida aniq guvohlik bermoqda.
Thus, while translating this sentence we have made use of grammatical transformations and lexical as well.
As you know, English has an analytical character and therefore the relation between words is mostly expressed by word-order, that's by syntactic means, and morphological means play the secondary role. The priority of the role of syntactical changes appears in many cases but they don't always have similar conformities in Uzbek language which makes the translator make use of
various transformations while translating a piece of any text. Here we can point to well-known features of the location of syntactic items in the English, i.e. the combination of logically incompatible homogenous part of the sentence, the essential use of introductory sentences, the break of logical chain of the sentence, and especially while expressing the noun and the attribute of the sentences.
The structure features of English language require structural completeness of the sentence. One cannot omit a word without supplying another one instead. This criterion is governed by stylistic preference of the language to prevent word and make the sentence more emphatic. Even if the repetition is frequent in English its use in most cases is logically required and stylistically proved to be necessary. Otherwise, repetition is accepted as unnecessary component of the sentence or one of the stylistic shortcomings of the translation. The demand of syntactical completeness of the sentences and others stylistic criteria explain here the wide usage of structure filling words include pronouns (one, ones, this, that, these, those) and verbs (to do, to be, to have, shall, should, will, would, can, could, might, may, must, ought, need, dare).While translating the structure filling words we have to use words with complete meaning (sometimes pronouns) or make use of some other kinds of functional filling. [7]
The new British Government will face many problems, both acute and chronic: an acute one will be Northern Ireland, acute among chronic ones will be inflation and rising prices.- Yangi Britaniya hukumati bir qator dolzarb va xronik muammolarga duch keladi: dolzarb muammo bu-Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi vaziyat, xronik muammolar ichida eng dolzarbi esa pul qadrsizlanishi va narxlar ko'tarilishi masalalaridir.
When comparing the grammatical categories and forms of English and Uzbek languages we identify the following differences:
S the absence of the categories in one of the comparing languages; S partial correspondence and S complete correspondence.
The necessity of grammatical transformations arises only on two first cases. When comparing English with Uzbek we should mention that Uzbek does not have the notions like article and gerund and absolute nominative constructions as well. Partial conformity and unconformity in meaning and usage of corresponding forms and constructions also demands grammatical transformations. We can refer to this case the partial unconformity of the category of number, partial unconformity of in the forms of passive constructions, partial unconformity of the form of infinitive and gerund and some other differences in expressing the modality of the clause and so on.
First of all we should consider the article for article both definite and indefinite which despite its abstract meaning very frequently demands semantic expression in translation. As we know both these articles originated from pronouns; the definite one originated from index pronoun and the indefinite one
from indefinite pronoun, which refers to number one.
Yet, H.G. Wells had not an enemy on earth. - Biroq Gerbertning bironta ham dushmani yo'q edi.
Pretty often the definite article demands translation in cases when it comes before numerals.
The two sides also signed a Treaty in the Limitation of Underground Nuclear Tests. It is natural that transformation is required while translating sentences with participles of absolute nominative construction.
But often enough grammatical transformations are necessary while rendering conforming forms and constructions for some divergence in their meaning and usage. Such differences of opinions are observed in cases of usage of the category of number. This refers to both countable and uncountable nouns. Countable nouns have single and plural forms in both languages that usually coincide still we observe cases when their usage is different. [8]
Antonymous translation is more frequently used when rendering negative constructions by affirmative ones. This may be accounted for by the stylistic use of negative constructions in English for purposes of expressiveness. The English language uses grammatically only one negative in a sentence either with a verb or with a noun but it makes a stylistic use of two negatives of which one is formed by grammatical means and the other -by means of affixation (negative prefixes or suffixes) or by lexical means, i.e. by words with a negative meanings.
The choosing of the necessary method of translation is not an easy matter and the results of investigation gives the clear vision of the actuality of the given qualification paper.
Within the twenty years of its development Uzbekistan entered into the world community of independent nations and a great interest to our Republic appeared and translation of the original text from Uzbek into English can give its contribution into mutual understanding between countries.
References:
1. www.google.com
2. Barkhudarov L. S. General linguistic meanings of translation. L., 1962.
3. Koonin A. V. English-Russian phraseology language. M., 1967
4. N. N. Amasova. English contextology, L., 1968, pp. 87-100
5. Barkhudarov L. S. Language and translation. M., 1975.
6. Shelley Vance Laflin. Something to crow about. First published 1993
7. Barkhudarov L. S. General linguistic meanings of translation. L., 1962
8. Levitskaya T.R, Fiterman A.M. The problems of translation on the material of the contemporary English language. M.1974.
