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22blending, clipping, acronym, backformation and conversion, and also different categories of each were explained.
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THE ROLE OF IDIOPHRASEMES (SEMI-IDIOMS) IN CREATING THE NATIONAL LINGUISTIC
WORLD PICTURE
Idrisalieva L.
Senior teacher,
Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology
Namangan, Uzbekistan
Abstract
The article deals with national linguistic world picture and the role of idiophrasemes in it. It is not obscure to anybody, at the late XXth century and the beginning of XXIst century a new paradigm in linguistics came into existence. It is called anthropocentric paradigm. New sciences begin to come into being in the field of linguistics, such as cognitive linguistics, cultural linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, and many others, which deals with the relation between language and human. A code of every language has independent creative power. It does not just appear. The language is closely related to the culture; Consequently semi-idioms are also very factual to the language on the behalf of the human factor in linguistics. Semi-idioms or idiophrasemes are one of the means of creating the linguistic world picture.
In this article we touched upon the meanings of types of world picture, such as world picture, conceptual world picture, mental entity, linguistic world picture, a mental and lingual entity, and date about the emergence of these terms in linguistics. Besides, there is stated how the linguistic world picture categorizes the world.
Keywords: world picture, conceptual world picture, mental entity, linguistic world picture, a mental and lingual entity.
Phraseology, which studies phraseological units of the language, as the branch of Linguistics appeared in the 1940s. The object of Phraseology is phraseological units, their nature, and the way they function in speech. Thus, one part of phraseology - semi-idioms are also in deep research as they play an important role in creating linguistic world picture basing on cultures.
In this article we are going to discuss the problem of the term of "world picture", linguistic world picture in turn and by what means it categorizes the world.
A language has a communicative function. The success of this process much depends how the speaker uses his background knowledge. We should underline the importance of the speakers' cultural awareness, the factors that support the communication, how language and culture correspond between themselves, how language reflects the world through consciousness of the person, how the individual and collective mentality, ideology and culture are reflected in the language, how language and culture create a world picture - primary, from the native language, and secondary, acquired when studying foreign languages. The maintenance of
a cultural and national connotation of idioms is interpretation of the figurative basis of idiomatic picture of the world in the sign of cultural and national "space" of this language community.
The term "world picture" was first introduced by Ludvig Vitgenstein in his work "Logical and philosophical trilogy" for indicating a system of images which reflects the results of science development. From the 60th of the last century the problem of world picture has become the subject of discussion in semiotics (L. Veisberg).
Another prominent linguist W. Humboldt was also interested in the problem of the world picture. He claims that "for the native speaker the mother tongue represents a form of the conceptualization of the world characteristic for the given culture. The system of values, created within the culture, has its reflection in the language". Moreover, according to W. von Humboldt, each language reflects some definite worldview. Consequently, "the perception and activities of a person depend on his views," and attitude towards "objects" of the real world [Humboldt, 1956].
The conceptual world picture is the reflection of the world in the human mind, the individual perception of the world, the information about the environment and the man. In the conceptual world picture the main components of human consciousness, cognitive, moral, aesthetic, ones correspond to the spheres of human activity: science, morality, law, art and etc.
The conceptual world picture is based on all the mentioned sources. The world picture is a mental entity. The basic elements of world picture are so called informemes. The conceptual world picture is exhibited in language and mimics, in art and music, in rituals and ethiquette, in ways of householding, in sociocultural stereotypes of people's behavior and etc.
As for the linguistic world picture it is based on the knowledge instilled by mother tongue (linguistic source), its units and categories. The language world picture occupies considerable space in the conceptual world picture, because knowledge taken from native language is far superior in terms of diversity and quality than the knowledge derived from all other sources combined. It is expedient to say that any knowledge possessed by a human being in one way or another is due to language. The conceptual world picture fixed in the language is called linguistic world picture.
The so-called "categorization of the world", which is often mentioned in connection with the language world picture is carried out not in the language, but with the help of cognitive classifiers and belongs to the cognitive world picture. The language does not divide (categorize) reality - it reflects and fixes cognitive division; language only signals about this categorization.
The linguistic world picture - is a mental and lingual entity, its elements are concepts. The language world picture is exhibited in an ethnic language. The language world picture is determined by the ethnic language and is represented in it. The relations between the world picture and the language world picture can be described as the relation between the whole and the part. It is the essential part of the conceptual world picture, reflecting only part of the "image of the world." It counts for the contradiction between the infinity of the world and the finite number of discrete units of language. E.S. Kubryakova states that the language world picture is an important part of an overall conceptual model of the world in the human mind [Kubryakova, 1988. p. 169].
So, the linguistic world picture is a mental and lingual entity, the information about reality, fixed in individual or collective consciousness and represented by linguistic means. The specificity of the language world picture and its nature is determined by the language. The man cognates the objective reality and records the results of cognition in the word (language). The knowledge represented in linguistic world picture which is also called "linguistic world representation", "linguistic model of the world".
The language world picture is of a dual nature. On the one hand, it is determined by the living conditions of the people, the material world that determines their consciousness and behavior, which is reflected in their language world picture. On the other hand, a human being perceives the world primarily through the native
language, its semantics and grammar determining the structure of thought and behavior. The linguistic world picture is a subjective image of the objective world, it bears the features of the human way of world perception. In other words it is characterized by anthropocen-trism, a system concentrating on human factor in the language. The linguistic world picture is the holistic, global image of the world, which is the result of human's spiritual activity.
The language world picture fulfills two main functions: interpretative, which provides world perception; and regulative, which helps to orientate the man in the world. Besides the main functions, there distinguished others ones: nominative - the nomination of objects, signs, phenomena, relations, situations, events and etc.); identifying - identification of world phenomena; social - denoting reference of the man to this or that culture.
Phraseological units reflect generalized set situation, revealing important truth, instructions, laws, principles of behaviour, moral laws formulated on the basis of the past experience. Phraseological units can be divided into units containing cultural information and units without cultural component in their meaning [Maslova, 2001: 89; Telia, 1996: 12; Ikonomidi, 2005:7].
In terms of semi-idioms, they do not highly carry a specific cultural aspect for a particular nation; however, it is possible to comprehend areal peculiarities and their daily routines due to their occupation in the past or maybe at current time. Semi-idioms express an idea of the history, daily activities, their interests, and intellect of the English people. The sources of semi-idioms are the evidence of the English habitat and their acts in it. For example, most of the English people were interested in hunting much, and a lot of terminologies of this profession were brought into everyday speech to express everyday life situations similar to the ones in hunting. Likewise, PhUs defining a particular object, state, case, event, or action of hunting process are applied to the daily human speech to carry other meanings. A term or professionalism possesses two meanings: one is literal, the other is a transferred meaning created on basis of metaphor-applying the qualities of one thing or notion to another case. Let's take an idi-ophraseme "cut of the jib". Firstly, it carries a message about the areal position of the English language: most of the English native speakers live near the sea where sailing is popular and in need. Secondly, it reflects in the language to show how important place sailing takes in the native speakers' life and mind. As we know from the previous part of the research, its literal meaning is a frontal sail on a ship (the most visible sail of a ship): "The cut of the jib is not appropriately fixed to meet the upcoming wind". The transferred meaning is one's appearance: "I like the cut of her jib at the party". Here, the English people see or accept a person with the qualities of a ship sail, and it is reflected in the language to avoid simplicity or to maximize the vividness of the delivered message through transferred meaning of the term. Another example can be "a diamond of first water". From the cognitive point the semi-idiom proves
that England was once in the first place of diamond industry. They discovered many types of this precious stone while finding out sources and mining out diamonds. English people were so highly informed and educated about the quality of diamond, consequently any English people whether they are members of diamond industry or not became acquainted with several ways of pricing diamond. The emergence of the second meaning in everyday English language shows how English people mark people, objects and other things happening in their life. This semi-idiom informs us what the English people were busy with once during that industry age.
In the examples above one may see the signal of the English culture and their daily activities, and their expression through the language. The examples show us the way of usage of semi-idioms and their importance to have figurative meanings and to express the ideas for native speaker and the English language learners too.
Idiomatic expressions or idioms should not be neglected and should not be taken for granted. Idioms are used daily and repeatedly by native speakers of the English Language. Idiomatic expressions are a part of every language's vocabulary and are based on that language history, heritage, and culture. Learning idiomatic expressions helps non-native speakers of a language become more fluent, and sound more native-like. Learning idiomatic expressions increases the vocabulary and lexicon of the English language learner. Moreover, idiomatic knowledge leads to a better understanding of the culture and customs of that particular country.
It is not obscure to anybody, at the late XXth century and the beginning of XXIst century a new paradigm in linguistics came into existence. It is called anthropo-centric paradigm. New sciences begin to come into being in the field of linguistics, such as cognitive linguistics, cultural linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolin-guistics, and many others, which deals with the relation between language and human. A lot very actual and factual research works devoted to these sciences have been being done. All of these sciences put the factor of humankind and his or her cognition in their target. All linguists of these new sciences approach to the language with an issue of a human factor and his conceptualization of the surrounding world. In these sciences we witness the facilities of the language. The world and reality are reflected in the language. A code of every language has independent creative power. It does not
just appear. The language is closely related to the culture; the aspect of them we call lingua-culturemes. Phraseological units stand out among lingua-cul-turemes and occupy a very important place. Consequently semi-idioms are also very factual to the language on the behalf of the human factor in linguistics. Semi-idioms or idiophrasemes are one of the means of creating the linguistic world picture. They show how the acts of the English people in the English society are conceptualized. For example, up to the mark - a term used in sailing is an example of the human factor to create the linguistic world picture as the linguistic world picture is the main part of the conceptual world picture. Its literal meaning is being in the needed sea level. The secondary meaning is applied to the human state of being healthy and being in a good mood - "He is notfeeling up to the mark today." Here, the qualities of being in the sea moved to the human state in particular case.
As the linguistic world picture is a mental and lingual entity, semi-idioms are its aspects. A mental and lingual entity reflects in the examples of the idi-ophrasemes. Idiophrasemes reflect the English people's world picture devised from their occupations and their daily activities in their language.
In conclusion, it should be noted that world picture is a conceptualization of the surrounding existence. Culture and accepted values in it reflect in the language. In the article we discussed what world picture, conceptual world picture and linguistic world picture are.
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