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commercial activities - with sales, final financial results, investment activity of an enterprise, and financial management. Each of the proposed types of business activity have their own indicators for assessing business activity:
1. Manufacturing activity (labor productivity).
2. Technical and economic activity (return on resources, capital productivity, energy efficiency, turnover ratio of current assets, return on assets, return on investment).
3. Financial and commercial activity (sales profitability absolute liquidity ratio, total debt to equity own funds ratio).
For each of the indicators it is proposed to calculate
j = _y^_
chain index by the following formula n , charac-
y n-1
terizing the dynamics of indicators change, and hence economic activity of units of an enterprise. The index of each type of activity should be calculated as arithmetic average of the indices of relevant indicators, and index of overall business activity - as arithmetic average of the indices of production, technical, economic, financial, and commercial activity.
The approach of I. V. Sidorenko is different from the above discussed approaches: it defines three aspects of business activity with their relevant indicators. The main advantage of this system of indicators is determining an index of overall business activity, making it possible relatively easily to conduct a comparative analysis of business activity of several businesses. However, in our opinion, such approach to the assessment of business activity does not provide a comprehensive assessment. This is due to controversial set of indicators presented and the lack of quality criteria for business activity assessment.
In summary, it should be noted that at present there is no generally accepted system of indicators to measure business activity The authors of existing methodologies offer various systems of indicators for business activity assessment. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages, which have been studied above. The authors of all discussed systems agree only in one thing: analysis of business activity is impossible without taking into account turnover indicators that allow to analyze the velocity of assets and liabilities within circulation of capital. In addition, “the higher the velocity, the more business activity is conducted by an organization” [13, p. 2 - 3]. As for the use of other indicators for business analysis assessment econ-
omists hold different opinions. Some consider turnover of certain assets as the single most important criterion for evaluating business activity. Others highlight such indicators as income, profitability, etc. In many approaches, special attention is given to qualitative indicators, without which, in our view, analysis of business entity would not be complete. Thus, the absence of a uniform system of indicators makes it difficult to analyze economic activity and raises doubts about the objectivity of already conducted assessments. That is why now there is an urgent need to develop a unified system of indicators to assess business activity of economic entities, which, in our view, should be based on principles such as relevance, completeness and accuracy.
1. Анализ финансовой отчетности / под ред. О.В. Ефимовой, М.В. Мельник. М.: ОМЕГА-Л, 2005
2. Басовский Л.Е., Басовская Е.Н. Комплексный экономический анализ хозяйственной деятельности. М.: Инфра-М, 2006.
3. Бочаров В.В. Комплексный финансовый анализ. СПб.: Питер, 2005.
4. Гугелев А.В., Яшин Н.С. Конкурентоспособность субъектов хозяйствования: проблемы обеспечения и методы регулирования // Вестник СГСЭУ. 2004. № 7.
5. Донцова Л.В., Никифорова Н.А. Анализ финансовой отчетности. М.: Дело и Сервис, 2006.
6. Ендовицкий Д.А., Лубков В.А., Сасин Ю.Е. Система показателей анализа деловой активности хозяйствующего субъекта // Экономический анализ: теория и практика. 2006. № 17.
7. Киселев А.П. Теория и практика современного бизнеса. Киев: Либра, 1995.
8. Ковалев В.В., Волкова О.Н. Анализ хозяйственной деятельности предприятия. М.: Велби, 2002.
9. Прыкин Б.В. Экономический анализ предприятия. М.: ЮНИТИ, 2000.
10. Пястолов С.М. Анализ финансово-хозяйственной деятельности предприятия. М.: Академия, 2004.
11. Рогатенюк Э.В., Пожарицкая И.М. Финансы предприятия. Симферополь: КАПКС, 2002.
12. Сидоренко И.В. Влияние деловой активности на результативность деятельности промышленных предприятий: автореф. дис. ... канд. экон. наук. М., 2010.
13. Степанова И.П. Методические основы оценки качества менеджмента предприятия // Вестник СГСЭУ. 2007. №16.
14. Финансовый менеджмент: теория и практика / под ред. Е. С. Стояновой. М.: Перспектива, 2003.
15. Шеремет А.Д., Сайфулин Р.С., Негашев Е.В. Методика финансового анализа. М.: ИНФРА - М, 2000.
УДК 37:33 A.V. Nikitov
THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ECONOMY
This article analyzes the role and place of education in the innovative development of economy. The author considers the fundamental changes in education policy; influence the quality of education in the innovative component of economic development. The necessity of modernization of education through creation of new types of educational institutions - the federal and research universities, the application of new information technologies, the formation of partnerships between the system of higher education and business with state support, to rethink its role and mission of developing new approaches and identify new priorities for development.
Key words: knowledge economy, education, national research universities, federal universities, the magnitude of the innovation sector, technological upgrading, industrial parks.
А.В. Никитов
РОЛЬ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В СИСТЕМЕ РАЗВИТИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ
В статье проводится анализ роли и места образования в системе инновационного развития экономики. Автором рассматриваются принципиальные изменения в образовательной политике, влияние качества образования на инновационную составляющую экономического развития страны. Обоснована необходимость модернизации образования путем создания новых типов образовательных институтов - федеральных и исследовательских университетов, применения новых информационных технологий, формирования партнерских взаимоотношений между системой высшей школы и бизнесом при поддержке государства, переосмысления ее роли и миссии, выработки новых подходов и определения новых приоритетов развития.
Ключевые слова: экономика знаний, образование, национальные исследовательские университеты, федеральные университеты, масштабы инновационного сектора, технологическая модернизация, технопарки.
Nowadays one of the main challenges the Russian economy faces is the innovative development, transition to the “knowledge economy”. The necessary component of formation of the innovative economy is modernization of education system, which is becoming the background of dynamic economic growth and social development of society, factor of a well-being of the citizens and state security.
In the light of this fact the national systems of higher education of different countries face the problem of provision of quality of education in training of specialists, enhancing their competence and professionalism level.
In the frames of education system modernization of Russia the priority tasks were defined in this sphere: “Firstly, education must be available for our citizens, and its quality should correspond with the best domestic and international patterns. There is a necessity in crucially new education quality estimations based on the criteria demanded by society, economy employers and labor market”[5]. On October 2008 Ministry on education and science of Russian Federation the project of the state program “Education and innovative economy: introduction of modern pattern of education in 2009-2012” was drafted. To fulfill the basic aim 6 tasks were formulated, among which the following are of special importance: introduction of efficient mechanisms in fundamental education system, to meet the requirements of economy; introduction of effective quality and demand of educational service assessment mechanisms; formation of common approaches to quality assessment of all educational levels.
According to “Long- run social-economic development of Russian Federation till 2020 Concept” at the end of this period “knowledge economy» sector will come to 17-19 % of the GDP instead of 10,9 % in 2007. The share of oil-gas sector will drop from 18,7% to 10-12% [2]. “Rosnano” state corporation' plans foresee 400 -500 thousand engaged employees up to 2015 (while the labor place cost in science-consuming industries accounts for tens thousand dollars).
Naturally, “knowledge economy” will need the employees of another kind. Is educational system ready to settle this task?
The World Bank report offered a scheme of transition to “knowledge economy”. There are 4 strategic elements: appropriate economic and institutional system, a strong base for increasing the human capital, dynamic information infrastructure and effective national system for creation
and disseminating of innovations. The higher education presents in each element as a very important constituent. That's why countries with the world's best educational institutions build the “knowledge economy” more rapidly.
Russia is intended to create new types of educational institutions - federal and research universities within the frames of modernization of higher education. Federal universities must become the prototype of a new educational system in Russia that will make our economy innovative. National research universities - are the universities subjected to the Russian Federation, engaged in educational programs of higher professional education and postgraduate vocational training and fulfilling fundamental and applied scientific research in a wide range of science [6]. The main indicator of innovative modernization is the strengthening and development of higher education system, and improving the quality of education.
The application of new information technologies brought about serious qualitative changes in a system of higher education of the leading countries. First of all, access to quality education became available. Regardless of the place, resident country, and time zone potential students have opportunity to study at any institution through a distant (on-line) technology. Secondly, the basic information resources (lectures, seminars, handbooks, scientific publications) are converted into digital form in a mass scale and accessible for remote users by their request. Thirdly, governmental and public organizations, private persons and corporations are involved in creation of educational content in the electronic form that substantially increased the information field. Fourthly, Web 2.0 technology and virtual spaces are becoming more user-friendly and do not demand special knowledge in the sphere of computer science. Today new technologies are introduced in state and private universities that marked a new stage of technological revolution in education.
It's a common knowledge, that the level of graduates’ preparation depends not only on the quality of translation and mastering the knowledge by universities and students, but on their personal abilities and skills to use acquired knowledge in practice, on so-called competences of the graduates. All these are taken into account in the Third generation standards projects, which are based on absolutely new idea - on the competence model of the graduate. These state standards imply entirely new indicators of the results of graduates' training: mastered knowledge,
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skills and competences, which are interpreted as “ability to use knowledge, skills and personal qualities for successful activity in a certain area” [10].
It's hard to ignore the fact that the quality of graduate's training should be considered only as the combination of his personal, individual abilities, allowing using the acquired knowledge in practice and carry out his professional activity successfully.
To avoid unwanted specialists and their incompetitiveness on the labor market, for the most efficient assessment methods applied to quality of graduate's training by Russian universities we need precise criteria and requirements to education quality. Annually the higher schools prepare about 1 million specialists, while economy needs no more than 500-700 thousand specialists [4]. In current time Russian economy badly needs specialists in social, engineer or natural science spheres, which provide innovative development of the industry, society and state in general. But sometimes, employers can't be sure in the competences of a young specialist today, to say nothing about tomorrow. Thus, expectations of employers do not meet the opinion of higher establishments how and what should be taught.
To create rational conditions for educational system functioning and efficient general economic feedback it is necessary to establish partnership relations of business and higher school. Mutual interest should be a basis of such relations. The higher school interests are connected with the main function of provision sufficient number of specialists for the industry; they must be demanded by labor market and able to settle innovative social-economic challenges. The employers' interests lie in the sphere of responsibility for a labor market situation. Their common interest is the provision of innovative economy with highly qualified specialists.
In this connection the government ratified the decree on creation of the Research Centre at the universities, accredited by the Russian Federation Ministry on education, with an active participation of businessmen. The aim of the Research centre - is creation of innovative projects, promoting the unity and coordination of the state standards' requirements, elaborated by the Ministry on education of the Russian Federation, and the particular professional standards of specialists' training, and promoting education development and modernization
The transition of Russian economy on the innovative rails is carried with a very slow pace.
Meanwhile, all regions are elaborating innovative development strategy, reported the introduced innovations, provided their own means for realization of innovative projects, holding innovative forums, building of industrial parks etc. [9].
According to the long-run social-economic development of RF concept, the scale of innovative economic sector may be approximately presented in the form of the following components (figure).
Analyzing the innovative sector of Russian economy, one may distinguish the constituents of the future success: staff and IT products. As it was mentioned above, National research and federal universities - new types of educational institutions were founded in Russia. In the nearest perspective the sudents'number will account for 15-17 % of all students studding Russian universities (excluding Moscow State University and Sent Petersburg University). To produce highly productive products nanocentres, special economic zones, scientific-industrial centers, industrial parks, research and development centers, new innovative clusters and the nets of highly technological medical centers are created [1].
About 30 Nanocenters were founded in Russia. ’’Sigma” nanocentre project, presented by Krasnoyarsk Company SM.group was supported by the state corporation “Rosnano”. It will invest about 1 billion dollars to equip the centre [3]. “Rosnano” plans to output nanoproducts costing 900 billion rubles, or 30 billion dollars by 2015 year 95 billion dollars in 2008). Medicine and biotechnologies, medical instrument-making and medical electronics, information-communicative technologies, and digital TV, means of communication will be developed in nanocenters.
Up today 13 special economic zones of three types exist in our country: two industrial-productions, four technology -introduction, seven tourist-recreational, where about 170 residents were registered with the volume of investment about 140 billion rubles. One labor place in a special economic zone makes 2 million rubles in 2008 year. The sector will become significant when the number of job places will reach a million. It means no less than 100 special economic zones. Compare - China has 1000 zones of developed high and new technologies (data for 2005 year) [2]. Average annual growth of the basic economic indicators of these enterprises remains at the level of 60% for the last 13 years. According to the state program “Creation of industrial parks in the sphere of high technologies in RF in 2006-2010”, the industrial parks are being built in seven pilot regions of RF: Moscow, Novosibirsk, Nizhnyi Novgorod, Kaluga, Tumen, Tatarstan republic, Sent-Petersburg. Later, Kemerov's region joined this program. According to the estimation of RF Chamber of Commerce, Russia possesses more than 100 industrial parks, more
Innovative sector
Main components of innovative economic centre
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than 110 technology transfer centers, about 120 business incubators [8].
The governmental commission headed by vice-president S.B. Ivanov agreed to prolong the development industrial parks program till 2014, though it expiry term is 2010 year. In four years the total volume of manufactured products and services to the industrial parks residents must account for 234 billion rubles, as Ministry of communications reports. It implies the output of products in the industrial parks at the cost of several billions of rubles. For this purpose the federal budget intends to provide 13 billion rubles. In other words a planned growth of the output is measured in tens times. Belgorod, Ivanovo, Kursk, Penza, Tambov regions, Bashkortostan republic, Krasnoyarsk and Primorsky territories are eager to join the development of this program.
There are about 50 Scientific-industrial centers in Russian federation, including naukograds and academic towns. The Prime minister of the RF government considers that Russia must have 5-6 centers of this type [7].
Research and development centre - the American prototype of the Silicon Valley. The place of this centre is in the Moscow region (s. Skolkovo), where the elite school has already been opened. Financial feedback may be expected in 10-15 years, according to the first Deputy of the RF president administration head V.U. Surkov the sum may reach 1 trillion rubles [11]. He also promised that gradually the similar innovative centers will appear throughout the whole country.
Nowadays, Russian population's needs in highly technological medical aid are satisfied only by 20%. Today 131 types of highly technological medical aids in 20 disease profiles are determined. Consequently new innovation clusters of the pharmaceutical character and nets of highly technological medical centers are created.
Eventually, the output growth of highly technological production and services will account for 60 billion dollars (or 2 trillion rubles). This value is equal to export turnover of 100120 million tons of oil (prices of the end of 2009) or the turnover of Moscow retail sale in this year through all channels of distribution. Taking into account Scolkovo centre we may reckon on 3 trillion rubles.
The main problem of innovative institute's development is a timely investment support, and the lack of modern social and transport infrastructure. To support the innovation projects Ministry of finance is charged with changing the budget project to find the means to support the innovation program, and companies are charged with reserving their capitals to finance innovations, what is the element of social responsibility of business. Ministry of Finance pro-
posed to remain a preferential rate for the nearest years for such companies, having enlarged the list of them, adding the residents of technological-introduction special economic zones, small innovative companies of the universities and other innovative companies. As A.L. Kudrin informed “by the most optimistic estimations, we may increase preferential advantages for innovative enterprises to 150 billion rubles in two or three years” [3]. But in his opinion, modernization can't be carried out through preferential advantages only.
Ministry of economy suggests introducing a special tax regime for “Innovative centers”. It is about a zero rate on profit tax; land tax and organization property tax. The shift to VAT payment regime is planned to be voluntary, and insurance payment must remained at the level of 4,8 thousand rubles per month for one worker. “Tax holidays” are supposed to grant new companies for 5 years and to those companies that have been registered 2-3 years earlier before the regime's introduction. To “prevent abuse” at first advantages are planned to grant to the universities' innovation companies, accredited by Ministry on education of RF.
Summing it all up, it should be noted, that formation of the new types of educational institutions - federal and research universities, implementation of new IT, creation of partnership relations between higher school system and business, and supported by the government would sufficiently affect the educational policy and consequently, will influence the training of specialists and innovative economy development. Innovative trends of modernization of knowledge economy and new challenges show the necessity to rethink its role and mission, to elaborate new approaches and identify new priorities for development.
1. Gorbunov V.G. Innovative development of the human resources of the region // SSSEU Bulletin. 2010. № 2(31).
2. Kuleshov V.V. Modernization of economy and its staff maintenance. Notes of an economist // ЭКО. 2010. №6.
3. КоммерсантЪ. 2010. March 30 .
4. Lazarev G. Where will lead the stages of vocational training? // Higher education in Russia. 2008. №7.
5. Do not wait for changes, just push reformation // Higher education today. 2006. № 4.
6. Nikitov A.V. Structural- functional changes in the Russian system of education // SSSEU Bulletin. 2011. № 1(35).
7. Russian newspaper. 2010. Febr.3 .
8. Russian newspaper. 2010. April 8 .
9. Russian newspaper. Regions. 2010. February12 .
10. Saveliev B.A., Maslennikov A.S. Evaluation of the level of students' training for the purpose of accreditation of the educational organization: Manual. 2007.
11. Labor. 2010. March 23.
удк 338.47:656 I.V. Panova
LOGISTIC CENTERS AS INNOVATIONS IN INCREASING OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM COMPETITIVENESS
The functioning of united logistic transport system consisting of transport-logistic centers complex is required for effective different participants’ interaction of all product distribution delivery links. The system allows forming more effective managing model of adjacent transport mode interaction and can act as a mechanism for competitiveness increasing of the transport complex in a whole.
Key words: logistic system, transport-logistic centers, traffic center, information-analytic system.
