CC BY
2SRSTI:68.33.29
DOI: 10.51886/1999-740X_2023_4_85
Y.T. Nurmanov1*, V.G. Chernenok1, R.Sh. Kuzdanova1, K.H. Diri1 THE RESPONSIVENESS OF TAMASHA POTATOES TO BIOLOGICAL FERTILIZERS
1NCJSC «S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University», 62, Zhenis Avenue, Astana, 010011, Kazakhstan, *e-mail: nur.erbol@inbox.ru Abstract. The article presents the results of research work carried out in the direction of studying the influence of biological fertilizers on the yield and qualityof the Tamasha potato variety on heavy loam dark chestnut soils of Central Kazakhstan. It was carried out on a land plot with a humus content of 2.73-2.79 %, total nitrogen - 0.147-0.172 %, total phosphorus - 0.200.25 %, a high level of supply of mobile phosphorus and potassium, a low content of nitrate nitrogen, a weakly alkaline soil pH. The research work carried out showed that potatoes have a high need for biological fertilizers, which, according to the types of fertilizers, gave an additional yield of up to 20 %, and also had a positive effect on quality indicators. It was shown that the effectiveness of biological fertilizers depends not only on its composition, but also on the influence of external factors, including first the soil conditions and the supply of potatoes with macronutrients.
Key words: potato, soil, biological fertilizers, productivity, efficiency.
INTRODUCTION
Fertile soil plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the country's agro-industrial complex and providing a conducive environment for both ecological and economic aspects. It serves as a guarantee for the sustainable production of crops. Nevertheless, the intensive farming systems employed on farms may compromise soil quality. Enhancing soil composition, preventing soil-borne infectious diseases, and implementing a scientifically grounded crop rotation system positively impact soil properties, including agrophy-sical, chemical, and biological aspects [1].
Since the country gained independence, the agro-industrial complex has consistently witnessed a rise in production and an increase in labor productivity. The industry's fixed assets have been modernized, leading to a growth in exports of agricultural products. Under market conditions, aligned with the growing population, the demand for food products escalates each year, emphasizing the increasing necessity for high-quality products.
Solanum tuberosum L.,one of the most widely cultivated tuberous crop, it belongs to the Solanaceae family. The homeland of potatoes is Central and South
America, it was brought to India by Portuguese sellers at the beginning of the XVII century [2, 3]. The demand for the crop among the population immediately increased, and 2.13 million hectares were planted in India, with an average of 20.5 tons to 44 million tons per hectare [4].
Potatoes hold a significant place on the menu as one of the most crucial food items. The average daily potato consumption per citizen in the country stands at approximately 120-130 kg, underscoring the pivotal role of potatoes as a staple akin to a «second bread» for the people of Kazakhstan [5, 6].
It turns out that 75 % of the total cultivated potato area in the country is occupied by private land plots, and only 25% is occupied by agricultural production. However, in recent years, the share of potatoes grown in agricultural collectives has been increasing, and this figure is planned to increase several times in the coming years [7].
Potatoes exhibit a high sensitivity to environmental conditions and demand specific soil composition for optimal growth. Frequent fluctuations in air temperature have a correspondingly strong effect on crop yields [8, 9].
The potato crop requires a large supply of fertilizers, especially high requirements for phosphoric fertilizers [10-12]. However, inefficient systematic application of fertilizers negatively affects the soil ecosystem and leads to heavy metal poisoning [13, 14].
Heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr found in fertilizers are important elements for plants, however, therefore, its excessive use is toxic to potato plants and humans [15].
According to the Bureau of national statistics of the agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Strategic Planning and reforms, the potato yield in 2022 amounted to 20.5 t/ha[16].If we take into account the fact that the level of development of potato farming directly depends on the economic situation, potatoes are one of the most profitable sectors, such as vegetable crops. According to the specifics of each region, the cost of production per potatoe is 1520 tenge, the cost of sales is 50-60 tenge, profitability ranges from 50 % to 300 % [17]. This indicates a high demand for the crop in the market.
To meet the country's potato needs, it is impossible to increase the yield and quality of this crop without preserving and expanding the available acreage and increasing soil fertility, as well as it is important to introduce new domestic competitive, high-yielding potato varieties into production, which are distinguished by resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, high preservation and suitability for industrial processing.
However, despite this, potato yields are significantly lower compared to other countries (Belarus, Russia, USA, Canada, etc.). One of the main reasons is due to the fact that potatoes do not take into account the need for basic nutrients in the soil, their requirements for fertilizers. Currently, the results of numerous research works of scientists in the study of the biological features of potatoes, its selection and cultivation technology have been published
in Kazakhstan [6, 17-20]. However, such important questions as determining the conditions of mineral nutrition of potatoes and the need for biological fertilizers are not considered.
In this context, the objective of this research was to investigate the biological requirements of potatoes under varying mineral nutrition conditions and assess its responsiveness to biological fertilizers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Object of research. In the conditions of Central Kazakhstan, the goal was to determine the influence of biological fertilizers on the yield and quality of potatoes and their need for nutrients in the soil.
Research was conducted on the content of humus in heavy loam dark chestnut soil at the Karaganda Research Institute of Crop Production and Selection LLP in the Bukhar-Zhyrau District of the Central Kazakhstan region. The soil analysis revealed humus levels ranging from 2.73 % to 2.79 %, total nitrogen concentrations between 0.147 % and 0.172 %, and phosphorus levels ranging from 0.20 % to 0.25 %. The experiment involved sixteen variations with three repetitions each, covering a square area of 20.0 m2.
Before planting potatoes, both potato tubers and their aboveground organs during budding and flowering stages were treated with biomineral fertilizers, including Humate Souffler (applied at a rate of 0.25-0.3 l/ha), Bioorganic (BioStim Universal - 0.5-2 l/ha), and micro-fertilizers (In-termag Profi Kartofel, 1.0-2.0 l/ha).
In preparation for the planting season, soil samples were taken from all variations, assessing nutrient levels and moisture content in 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers. Additionally, control versions were sampled at every 0-20 cm layer, reaching a depth of one meter. Soil analyzes were carried out by methods generally accepted in agrochemistry for carbonate soils. In the samples obtained, the following indicators were determined: soil moisture - by weight
method, nitrate nitrogen - by reaction with disulfophenolic acid (according to the Grandval-Lyazhu method), mobile phosphorus and exchange potassium from one soil extract - by Machigin.
Planting was carried out using a «Grime» potato planter machine, with a sowing rate set at 3.5 t/ha and the Ta-masha potato variety employed. After planting, immediate soil compaction measures were implemented.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The agricultural year of 2014-2015 was marked by a cold autumn, limited snowfall, and a delayed spring, with an
420 400 38 0 360 340 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 ISO 160 140 120 100 SO 60 40 20
During the vegetation period of the crop (V-VIII months), there was a total precipitation of 169 mm, surpassing the average annual indicator by 34 mm or 44 %.
The agricultural year of 2015-2016 proved favorable for potato cultivation in the Bukhar Zhirau district. Precipitation
annual precipitation exceeding the average by 90 mm. Additionally, the monthly average air temperature was 2-3°C lower than the annual average, as depicted in figure 1.
In the months of April and May, persistently low air temperatures, coupled with substantial precipitation, posed challenges for tillage and sowing activities. Potato planting, in particular, was deferred until the latter part of the third decade of May. Consequently, the harvest was delayed by 2-3 days beyond the stipulated deadline, aligning with the specific characteristics of the potato variety.
from September to August reached 451 mm, exceeding the average annual precipitation by 146.9 mm. Additionally, the precipitation of 43.7 mm in MarchApril contributed to high soil humidity, positively impacting potato germination (figure 2).
Figure 1 - Amount of precipitation in the years of the study (according to the meteopost data of LLP «KRIGP&S»)
Figure 2 - Effective soil moisture content and dynamics in potato fields, mm
In the subsequent agricultural year of 2016-2017, climatic conditions remained at the average multi-year level. However, lower temperatures in May-June adversely affected the development of potato tubers.
Hydrothermal conditions also played a crucial role in determining soil moisture levels. Before planting potatoes, the productive moisture content in the 0-40 cm soil layer was 70.1 mm, 55.9 mm, and 73.3 mm in the respective study years. Irrigation (200-300 m3) during the budding and flowering period of potatoes helped maintain satisfactory soil humidity until harvest.
Winter-spring rainfall in the study years increased soil moisture, with the productive moisture content in the one-meter soil layer before potato planting measuring 241.0 mm in 2015, 193 mm in 2016, and 188 mm in 2017.
June-July rainfall further contributed to maintaining soil moisture at satisfactory levels until harvest. The hydrothermal conditions had a notable impact on the mineral nutrition of potatoes and ongoing
soil processes, as indicated in table 1.
The nitrate nitrogen content in the soil exhibited variations corresponding to spring-summer hydrothermal conditions. Prior to planting potatoes in 2015, the nitrogen level in the 0-40 cm soil layer was low, measuring 8.8 mg/kg, while in 2016, it was at a medium level (19.3 mg/kg). The levels in the lower layers (40-60 cm) were approximately similar to those in the upper layer.
In conditions of high humidity, the nitrate content indicates the leaching of nitrogen into the lower layers.The movement of nitrogen to lower soil layers indicates a dynamic interaction influenced by moisture levels, emphasizing the crop's heightened demand for nitrogen throughout its growth period under these conditions.
During the budding phase of potatoes, there was a gradual decrease in nitrogen content in the soil, indicating its utilization for crop development. Subsequently, during the flowering period, the nitrification process intensified, leading to an increase in nitrogen levels in the soil.
Table 1 - Amount of nutrients in the soil of the experimental plot, mg/kg
Soil layers, cm Before planting Budding period Flowering period
N-NO3 P2O5 K2O N-NO3 P2O5 K2O N-NO3 P2O5 K2O
2015
0 - 20 9.8 80.8 845 6,7 78,3 878 7,5 78,5 864
20 - 40 7,8 52,1 545 5,6 35,6 512 7,0 35,0 550
0 - 40 8,8 66,4 695 6,2 57,0 695 7,2 56,8 707
40 - 60 9,0 44,0 510 5,0 38,0 530 8.0 29.6 522
60-80 8.4 20.4 258 5.0 17.2 295 7.2 15.6 247
80-100 7,8 10.2 240 4.9 12.0 235 7.2 15.6 228
2016
0 - 20 20.4 82.4 951 17.3 8 2.0 943 23,0 81,6 940
20 - 40 18,2 56,0 730 13,0 64,0 729 10,8 64,0 761
0 - 40 19,3 69,2 840 15,2 73,0 836 16,9 72,8 850
40 - 60 22,2 36,4 590 15,7 34,8 586 16.1 2 2.8 536
60-80 18.2 1 4.8 269 11.2 17.6 _ 220 15.2 14.8 275
80-100 17.8 1 5.2 280 15.1 12.4 271 16.0 9.2 245
2017
0 - 20 7,8 72.2 885 9.4 62.3 838 9,2 65,0 851
20 - 40 7,3 69,8 763 8,9 51,0 758 8,1 52,2 735
0 - 40 7,6 71,0 824 9,2 56,6 798 8,6 58,6 793
40 - 60 3,4 38,1 442 7,2 27,0 467 5,4 13,6 424
60-80 3.2 16.6 293 5,6 5,6 280 4.9 5.8 275
80-100 2.8 6.8 286 5.2 4.8 235 3.8 5.8 233
In terms of mobile phosphorus content in the plowed layer of soil (0-20 cm), it was notably high, ranging from 80 to 82 mg/kg. This high level can be attributed to the application of substantial amounts of organic fertilizers in previous years. In the lower soil layers, the phosphorus content immediately decreased, with the primary concentration found in the 0-20 cm layer. The subsequent decrease in lower layers was approximately 2-2.5 times less. This emphasizes the significance of the top layer in providing phosphorus nutrition for potatoes.
Over the years of research, the content of potassium in the soil is also very high, as is phosphorus (845; 951; 885 mg/kg). Throughout the crop's growing season, the potassium levels remained constant. The findings from research indicate that potassium content decreases due to plant uptake, but this reduction is compensated by replenishment with other fractions in the soil.
The applied biological fertilizers are rich in all mineral and organic substances necessary for the growth and development of potatoes in terms of their qualitative composition. The BioStim Universal biofer-tilizer contains amino acids (10 %), nitrogen (6 %) and potassium (3 %), which are necessary for creating a crop. The amino acids it contains are the main material for the plant's enzyme system and protein biosynthesis. This, in turn, has a positive effect on the elongation of plant shoots, during flowering, product formation.
Humate Kalia Souffler is an organic-mineral fertilizer containing a high content of humic substances (80 %). During the stages of plant growth and fruiting, the active humic acid compounds present in the fertilizer play a proactive role, exerting a positive influence on the plant's development.
Intermag Profi Kartofel is a concentrated liquid microfertilizer. It increases the resistance of potatoes to diseases,
external environmental condi-tions, has a positive effect on the starch content of tubers, and the quality pro-perties of the product. The balanced trace elements contained in it (MgO, SO3, B,Cu, Fe, Mn, etc.) and total nitrogen (15 %) fully meet the nutritional needs of potatoes.
The application of biological fertilizers enhanced the mineral nutrition
The yield under control in 2015 was 29.6 t/ha; in 2016 - 20.2, in 2017 -28.3 t/ha. The additional productivity obtained from biomineral fertilizers in the years of the study varied from 2.3 to 5.5 t/ ha, according to the climatic features of the year and types of fertilizers. The highest yield was obtained from the«Humate Souffler» fertilizer (35.1 t - in 2015, 2.5t/ ha - in 2016, 2.3 t/ha - in 2017), the same indicator was obtained from the «BioStim Universal» fertilizer. Additional productivity for these years amounted to 4.5 t/ha, 2.2 t/ha, and 3.6 t/ha, respectively. The «Intermag Profi Kartofel»fertilizer consistently performed at the control level over the three years, suggesting a low content of trace elements in the fertilizer required for potato crop productivity.
Throughout the study years, climatic conditions had a negative impact on potato crop formation. In 2015, an abrupt tempe-
conditions for potatoes. In comparison to the control group, plants treated with biological fertilizers exhibited robust stem formation, leaves took on a deep green hue, leading to an augmented intensity of photosynthetic processes. This, in turn, had a favorable impact on harvest formation. The influence of biological fertilizers on the yield ofpotato varieties is detailed in table 2.
rature drop on August 25-26 (-3 and -5°C) caused frostbite, resulting in withered and darkened leaves within a week, leaving only the stems green.
Due to abundant precipitation in June-July 2016 (171.4 mm, which is 95.3 mm higher than the average), low air temperature, high soil moisture, the terrestrial organs of potatoes were affected by late blight. The first signs of diseases were observed on the stems and leaves of potatoes. Spots of purple color appeared on the leaves, increased in size, and subsequently the aboveground organs completely faded.
Climatic conditions for the 20162017 agricultural year were at the level of average perennials. However, low temperatures in May-June negatively affected the timing of the formation of potato tubers shows that with the effective use of biological fertilizers, it is possible to
Table 2 - Effect of fertilizers on potato productivity, t/ha
№ Treatments 2015 2016 2017
Productivity Additional productivity Productivity Additional productivity Productivity Additional productivity
t/ha % t/ha % t/ha %
1 Control 29.6 - - 20.2 - - 28.3 - -
2 Biomineral fertilizer 35.1 5.5 18.6 22.7 2.5 12.4 30.6 2,3 8.1
3 Bio- organic fertilizer 34.1 4.5 15.2 22.4 2.2 10.9 31.9 3.6 12. 7
4 Microfer tilizer 30.1 0.5 1.7 20.3 0.1 0.5 29.0 0.7 2.5
m, % LSD05 2.93 2.75 1.93 0.75 2.05 1.78
change the chemical composition of the resulting products, to increase their qualitative properties (figure 3).
Research studies have shown that biological fertilizers have a different effect on the quality of products. Moisture in the tuber affects the activity of the processes taking place in it, which is especially important during storage. The moisture content of potato tubers taken in the study fluctuated between 80-83. There was no pattern between the options.
The ash content in the potato crop varied according to the types and chemical
composition of fertilizers applied, from 0.85 to 0.89 % according to variants. The applied fertilizers had a low impact on the amount of ash.
The importance of fiber in the daily diet of a person is high. It gives food nutritional properties and has a positive effect on the cleansing of the body The fiber content in the yield of the Tamasha variety under study ranged from 0.82 to 0.90. Climatic conditions had a much greater impact on the qualitative composition of the tuber than biological fertilizers.
Figure 3 - Effect of biological fertilizers on product quality of potato (2015-2017 average indicators), %
One of the most important quality indicators of potatoes is starch. 75 % of the dry mass of the potato tuber touches the starch content and is the main carbon. Its content is 8-17 % in table varieties according to the characteristics of the variety, and starch in extractive varieties ranges from 15-25 %. The high starch content increases its taste qualities [10].
According to the standard classification of starch, 14-16 % is considered medium, 17-21 % - high [11]. In our experiments, potatoes have an medium starch content. Under the influence of the introduced biofertilizers, its content increased by 0.29-1,07 %. Research studies has also
shown that all biofertilizers when used, have a high economic efficiency, and the efficiency of the fertilizers used corresponds to their cost.
CONCLUSION Research work carried out in 20152017 on heavy loam dark chestnut carbonate soils of Central Kazakhstan showed that the effectiveness of biological fertilizers corresponded not only to its chemical composition, but also to the conditions of the external environment, including soil conditions and soil supply with nutrients. Compared to the control soil, biological fertilizers increased the potato yield by 10-18 %.
According to the results of the study, biological fertilizers for the yield and quality of potatoes proved that there cannot be certain types that guarantee high
results in all cases, and showed that in the future it is necessary to study in this direction and more deeply.
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ТYЙШ
Е.Т. Нурманов1*, В.Г. Черненок1, Р.Ш. Кузданова1, К.Х. Дири КАРТОПТЫН, ТАМАША С¥РПЫНЫН, БИОЛОГИЯЛЫК ТЫН,АЙТKЫШТАРFА
ЖАУАПТЫЛЬ^Ы
1«С.Сейфуллин атындагы К,азак, агротехникалык зерттеууниверситетi» КеАК, 010011, Астана к., Жещс дацгылы, 62, К,азак,стан, *e-mail: nur.erbol@inbox.ru Ма;алада Орталы; Каза;станныц ауыр кумбалшьщты ^цпрт ;ара-;оцыр топырагында картоптьщ Тамаша сурпыныц ешмдШп мен сапасына биологиялы; тьщайтк;ыштардьщ эсерiн зерттеу багытында жYргiзiлген гылыми-зерттеу жумыстарыныц нэтйжелерi келтiрiлген. Курамында ;араш1рж мелшерi 2,73-2,79 %, жалпы азот - 0,147-0,172 %, жалпы фосфор - 0,20-0,25 %, жылжымалы фосформен жэне калиимен ;амтамасыз етiлу децгеш жогары, нитрат азотыныц мелшерi темен, топыра; ертндкшщ элсiз сiлтiлi жер телiмiнде жYргiзiлдi. ЖYргiзiлген гылыми-зерттеу жумыстары картоптыц биологиялы; тыцаитк;ыштарга ;ажеттыт жогары екенiн керсеттi, тыцаитк;ыштардыц тYрлерiне сэикес 20 %-га деИiн ;осымша ешм берiп, сапалы; керсеткiштерiне де оц эсер еттi. Биологиялы; тыцаитк;ыштардыц тшмдШп оныц курамына гана емес, сырт;ы факторлардыц эсерiнен, оныц iшiнде алдымен топыра; жагдаиы мен картоптыц макроэлементтермен ;амтамасыз етiлуiне баиланысты екендiгiн керсета.
ТYйiндi свздер: картоп, топыра;, биологиялы; тыцаит;ыштар, енiмдiлiк, тиiмдiлiк.
РЕЗЮМЕ
Е.Т. Нурманов1*, В.Г Черненок1, Р.Ш. Кузданова1, К.Х. Дири ОТЗЫВЧИВОСТЬ КАРТОФЕЛЯ СОРТА ТАМАША НА БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ УДОБРЕНИЯ 1НАО «Казахский агротехнический исследовательский университет имени С. Сейфуллина», 010011, г. Астана, пр. Женис, 62, Казахстан, *e-mail: nur.erbol@inbox.ru. В статье представлены результаты научных исследовании, проведенных на тяжелосуглинистых темно-каштановых почвах Центрального Казахстана, по изучению влияния биологических удобрении на урожаиность и качество картофеля сорта Тамаша. Содержание основных показателеи почв: гумус 2,73-2,79 %, общии азот - 0,147-0,172 %, общии фосфор - 0,20-0,25 %. Почва имеет высокии уровень обеспеченности подвижным фосфором и калием, низкое содержание нитратного азота, слабую щелочность почвенного раствора. Проведенные исследования показали, что картофель имеет высокую потребность в биологических удобрениях, дали прибавку урожая до 20% и положительно влияли на качественные показатели. Установлено, что эффективность биологических удобрении зависит не
только от их состава, но и от влияния внешних факторов, в том числе, в первую очередь, от состояния почвы и обеспеченности картофеля макроэлементами.
Ключевые слова: картофель, почва, биологические удобрения, урожаиность, эффективность.
INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHORS
1. Nurmanov Yerbol Toleshovich - Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Soil Science and Agrochemistry,
e-mail: nur.erbol@inbox .ru
2. Chernenok Valentina Grigorievna - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor of the Department of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, e-mail: chernenok2@ mail.ru
3. Kuzdanova Roza Shakhmanovna - Master of Agricultural Sciences, Senior lecturer of the Department of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, e-mail: roza_kuzdanova@mail.ru
4. Diri Kelvin Harrison - Masters degree Student, e-mail: kelvin.h.diri@kazatu.edu.kz
