CC BY-NC-ND
11
Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2023. Vol. 20. N 1. P. 62-70. Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. 2023. Т. 20. № 1. С. 62-70. DOI: 10.17323/1813-8918-2023-1-62-70
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INVOLVEMENT IN THE USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND FAMILY SOCIAL CAPITAL
D. DUBROVa
a HSE University, 20 Myasnitskaya Str., Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation
Взаимосвязь между вовлеченностью в использование информационно-коммуникационных технологий и внутрисемейным
социальным капиталом
Д. Дубров"
"Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», 101000, Россия, Москва, ул. Мясницкая, д. 20
Abstract
The study goal was to empirically test the direct and indirect effects of involvement in the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) and family social capital. To test these effects, we interviewed 104 families (parents and adolescents, n = 208). The direct effect test showed that the involvement in ICT use is a significant predictor of family social capital. At the same time, there is an inverse relationship: the higher the level of involvement of family members in ICT use, the lower the level of family social capital and all its components, especially trust. This means that the more adolescents and their parents are involved in ICT use
Резюме
Цель проведенного исследования состояла в эмпирической проверке прямых и непрямых эффектов вовлеченности в использование информационно-коммуникационных технологий (ИКТ) и внутрисемейного социального капитала. Для проверки данных эффектов нами было опрошено 104 семьи (родитель и подросток, итого 208 человек). Проверка прямого эффекта показала, что вовлеченность в использование ИКТ является значимым предиктором внутрисемейного социального капитала. При этом наблюдается обратная связь: чем выше уровень вовлеченности членов семьи в использование ИКТ, тем ниже уровень внутрисемейного социального капитала и всех его составляющих, особенно доверия. Это означает, что чем больше подростки и их родители вовлечены
The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project N 19-18-00169, https://rscf.ru/project/19-18-00169
Исследование выполнено при поддержке Российского научного фонда, проект № 19-18-00169, https://rscf.ru/project/19-18-00169
(Internet, tablets, phones and other gadgets), the less they trust each other, pay attention to needs and mutual support, and the relationship becomes more distant and formal. As we can see, the primary results obtained using the construct of "family social capital" confirm the "displacement hypothesis", according to which involvement in ICT use reduces the time for contacts between family members and they "displace" direct interaction, making it formal. The indirect effect test showed that the involvement in ICT use is a significant mediator of the relationship between family social capital and subjective well-being. In this case, involvement in ICT use acts as a coping strategy if individuals are not satisfied with their relationships with relatives. The results obtained confirm the "social compensation hypothesis".
Keywords: information and communication technologies, ICT, family social capital, adolescents, parents.
Dmitrii Dubrov — Research Fellow, Center for Socio-Cultural Research, Associate Professor, HSE University, PhD in Psychology.
Research Area: parents and children, family relationships, family social capital, intergroup relations. E-mail: ddubrov@hse.ru
в использование ИКТ (Интернет, планшеты, телефоны и другие гаджеты), тем меньше они доверяют друг другу, уделяют внимание потребностям и взаимной поддержке, отношения становятся более дистанцированными и носят формальный характер. Как видим, полученные первичные результаты с использованием конструкта «внутрисемейный социальный капитал» подтверждают так называемую гипотезу вытеснения, согласно которой вовлеченность в использование ИКТ сокращает время на контакты между членами семьи и они как бы «вытесняют» непосредственное взаимодействие, делая его формальным. Проверка непрямого эффекта показала, что вовлеченность в использование ИКТ является значимым медиатором связи внутрисемейного социального капитала с субъективным благополучием. В данном случае вовлеченность в использование ИКТ выступает как копинг-стратегия, если индивиды не удовлетворены отношениями со своими близкими. Полученные нами результаты подтверждают гипотезу «социальной компенсации».
Ключевые слова: информационно-коммуникационные технологии, ИКТ, внутрисемейный социальный капитал, подростки, родители.
Дубров Дмитрий — научный сотрудник, Центр социокультурных исследований, Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», кандидат психологических наук, доцент.
Сфера научных интересов: родители и дети, взаимоотношения в семье, внутрисемейный социальный капитал, межгрупповые отношения. Контакты: ddubrov@hse.ru
Each of us now lives in the age of information and communication technologies (ICT), which include many gadgets: personal computers, smartphones, tablets, used for work and contacts on the Internet, for shopping anywhere in the world (Abar et al., 2018; O'Keeffe et al., 2011; Soldatova et al., 2017).
The invention of these technologies and their implementation caused a rapid change in society, influencing communication between individuals (Attewell et al.,
2003; Siraj, 2018). Now an increasing number of people are involved in the use of ICT to meet their social and psychological needs (Siraj, 2018).
We can observe the impact of such technologies in almost any sphere of life: from family relations to industrial relations. This fact has led to close attention to them from researchers who intend to find out how ICT affects society and social relationships, in particular family relations (Barbosa Neves et al., 2018; Kobayashi et al., 2006; Siraj, 2018).
A number of studies devoted to how ICT affects relationships within a family show mixed results. Some studies show that these technologies negatively affect this type of relationship. They indicate that ICT displaces social contacts between family members, causing the formation of conflict behavioral patterns (George & Odgers, 2015; Kraut et al., 1999; Kraut et al., 1998; Turkle, 2012. The time spent on the use of ICT is negatively related to the time spent on personal contacts. This fact made them think that the use of ICT has a negative impact on family relationships.
Other studies show that ICT, on the contrary, strengthens relationships in the family. Research has shown that online interaction allows individuals not only to support, but also to maintain social ties, to provide help to family more quickly (Davis, 2013; Jacobsen & Forste, 2001; Peter et al., 2005; Valkenburg & Peter, 2007). ICT cannot be the main consequence of anything (McKenna & Bargh, 2000; Peter et al., 2005), but contextual and individual factors determine the impact on social contacts. That is, in this case, ICT is a tool that can support or strengthen social contacts with the family (Resnick, 2001).
Other studies show that ICT contacts improve the quality of life for those who have limited physical abilities and those who have poorly developed social contacts (Barbosa Neves et al., 2018; Kraut et al., 2002; McKenna et al., 2002). The use of ICT may be an effective way to cope with negative social factors (e.g., dissatisfaction in the family). However, it should be said that due to the correlation design of these studies, it is quite difficult to find the cause-and-effect relationships between social ties and ICT use.
In order to understand the role of ICT in family relationships, it is necessary to take into account the contextual conditions in which they occur. This requires a special construct that would include the psychological components of family relationships. This leads to a contradiction between the need for a special construct to take into account all the components of family relations and the lack of such a construct in the literature. In our opinion, family social capital (FSC) can act as such a construct as a dynamic resource of socio-psychological relations within the family, which is one of the foundations of the subjective well-being of family members. FSC is an integral reciprocal system of child-parent socio-psychological relations, the structure of which includes the following types of relations between parents and children: mutual trust, psychological closeness, parents' attention to the child, and mutual support (Dubrov, 2019). We suppose the use of this construct will help to overcome the limitations of previous research.
The study goal is to test how family social capital is associated with involvement in the use of ICT. We hypothesize that ICT use has the relationship with family
social capital. Since this construct is relatively new, and such studies have not yet been conducted, this study will be an exploratory one.
Method
Sample
The participants of this study were parents and adolescents from Moscow and St. Petersburg, n = 104 families. Table 1 shows the gender and age characteristics of the sample.
Procedure
We surveyed participants in secondary schools in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The use of ICT in these cities is most active, which explains the choice of these cities for conducting the research. We used two versions of the questionnaire: one for adolescents and one for parents. The questionnaires provided detailed instructions for the participants. Questionnaires for parents were forwarded by adolescents. The survey was anonymous, but for research purposes, we coded questionnaires for each family. One parent and one adolescent were surveyed in each family. Participation in the survey was voluntary. Before filling out the questionnaire, participants filled out a consent form.
Measurements
Family social capital. The FSC questionnaire (Dubrov, 2016). Respondents expressed the degree of their agreement with 24 statements according to a 6-point Likert scale (1 — absolutely disagree; 6 — absolutely agree). We used two symmetrical versions of the questionnaire, for adolescents (a > .75) and their parents (a > .77). For example, "I usually feel warmth in my relationship with my parents (child)".
Involvement in the use of ICT. Methodology for assessing involvement in the use of ICT (Tatarko et al., 2020). Respondents estimated the frequency of using ICT in their daily lives. There were 16 statements with a 5-point rating scale (from 1 -never to 5 - daily). For example, "How often do you use a computer, tablet, or laptop in everyday life?" a =0.83/0.76.
To test the indirect effects of the involvement in ICT use and FSC we measured the subjective well-being using the life satisfaction scale (Osin & Leontiev, 2008).
Table 1
Demographic Characteristics of the Study Sample
N Male Female М^) age
Adolescents 104 40.4% 59.6% 14.8 (1.65)
Parents 104 44.4% 55.6% 43.0 (6.92)
Total 208 42.8% 57.2%
The scale consists of five statements with which the participants expressed their degree of agreement on a 6-point scale (from 1 - absolutely disagree to 6 - completely agree). For example, "In general, my life is close to ideal." a =0.82/0.75.
Data Processing
We used linear regression analysis to test direct links between the involvement in the use of ICT and FSC. To test indirect effects, we used regression analysis with additional mediation analysis. To improve the reliability of the results, we cleaned the data from the effects of such socio-demographic variables as gender, age, parents' education, and family income. All the calculations we carried out using SPSS 23.
Results
Table 2 shows the descriptive statistics of FSC and the levels of involvement in the use of ICT in the perception of adolescents and their parents.
Table 2 shows that, in general, the surveyed families have an average level of FSC. In the sample of parents, the highest value is observed for "Parental support". The smallest values are for "Trust". In the sample of adolescents, the highest value is also observed for "Parental support", and the lowest values are observed for "Psychological closeness".
As for involvement in the use of ICT, it can be noted that parents demonstrate low levels of involvement. This suggests that, in general, the younger generation is more involved in the use of these technologies.
As for subjective well-being, adolescents and their parents demonstrate average levels of satisfaction with their lives. The differences between adolescents and their parents for this variable are statistically insignificant.
Table 2
Descriptive Statistics of FSC, the Levels of Involvement in the Use of ICT and Subjective Well-Being in the Perception of Adolescents and Their Parents
FSC components Parents Adolescents t Family
M SD M SD M SD
Trust 4.93 0.88 4.45 1.13 *** 4.69 0.84
Psychological closeness 5.02 0.81 4.32 1.01 *** 4.67 0.76
Attention 5.37 0.71 4.68 0.93 *** 5.02 0.70
Support from parents 5.53 0.70 4.85 1.14 *** 5.18 0.75
Support from adolescents 4.97 0.92 4.58 1.03 *** 4.78 0.84
FSC 5.16 0.70 4.58 0.89 *** 4.87 0.69
Involvement in ICT use 2.81 0.70 2.90 0.58 *** 2.85 0.51
Subjective well-being 3.59 0.78 3.54 0.75 3.56 0.61
*** p < .001.
Table 3 presents the results of regression analysis of data, where the dependent variable was the components of the FSC, and the independent variable was the involvement in the use of ICT.
As can be seen from Table 3, involvement in the use of ICT is a significant predictor of FSC and its components. The strongest relation is observed with the FSC as a whole and "Trust", and the least with "Attention from parents". This variable explains 14% and 12% of the variance, respectively. However, the relationship here is reversed, that is, the higher the level of involvement in the use of ICT, the lower the level of FSC and all its components, especially trust.
Now we turn to the test of the indirect links between involvement in the use of ICT and FSC. This test was carried out using the variable "Subjective well-being", which implies the degree of satisfaction with the life of individuals. In our previous studies, FSC significantly positively predicted this variable (Dubrov, 2016).
Figure 1 presents a mediation model in which FSC acts as an independent variable and subjective well-being as a dependent and involvement in the use of ICT as a mediator.
As we can see, indirect links between involvement in the use of ICT and FSC are significant and explain 24% of the variance.
Table 3
The Relationship between the Involvement in the Use of ICT and FSC
FSC components B SE ß R2 F
Trust -0.56 0.14 _ 38*** .14 17.06***
Psychological closeness -0.42 0.13 -.32** .10 11.46**
Attention -0.36 0.12 -.29* .09 9.57*
Support from parents -0.41 0.13 -.31** .10 10.93**
Support from adolescents -0.48 0.14 -.32** .11 11.98**
FSC -0.46 0.11 _ 37*** .14 16.28***
* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
Figure 1
Mediation Effect of Involvement in ICT Use
Discussion
We have established that involvement in ICT use is a significant predictor of FSC and its components. This means that the more adolescents and their parents are involved in the use of ICT, the less they trust each other, pay attention to others' needs and mutual support, and the relationship becomes more distant and formal. The primary results obtained confirm the so-called "displacement hypothesis", according to which involvement in ICT use reduces the time for contact between family members and it seems to "displace" direct interaction, making it formal (see Dubrov, 2020; George & Odgers, 2015; Przybylski & Weinstein, 2017).
The data obtained correlate with a number of studies conducted on the problem of the use of ICT in everyday life and relationships between family members.
However, if we consider indirect connections, then involvement in ICT use acts as a coping strategy if individuals are not satisfied with their relationships with their family members. In this case, our results confirm the hypothesis of "social compensation" (see Dubrov, 2020; Valkenburg & Peter, 2007).
Conclusion
The invasion of ICT into everyday life can affect family relationships. The role of involvement in ICT use on family relationships has been interpreted in the literature in different ways. Some of them confirmed that ICT can help maintain and strengthen family relationships and cohesion, while others pointed out that these technologies, especially when it comes to their excessive use, weaken relationships between family members, especially when they are used to communicate with nonrelatives (Lee & Chae, 2007; Mesch, 2003; Valenzuela et al., 2014). Possible reasons for such contradictory results may be due to the fact that contextual variables related to family relationships were not taken into account. To solve this problem, we used a special construct "family social capital". We have determined that the higher the level of involvement of family members in ICT use, the lower the level of FSC and all its components, especially trust. However, the test of the indirect relation between these variables showed that involvement in the use of ICT acts as a coping strategy for individuals who are not satisfied with their relationships with their family members. By means of ICT, they can compensate, for example, for a low level of social capital in the family by building online relationships outside the family. Thus, ICT can act as a certain resource that allows individuals with low social resources to compensate for their lack (Przybylski & Weinstein, 2017).
However, in order to get a full understanding of the role of involvement in ICT use, it is also necessary to understand for what purpose individuals use these technologies. To do this, a qualitative methodology or experiment is needed on a sample bigger than we had in this study. This allows the analysis of each specific case of ICT use in families and provides the understanding of the direction of the relationships between the variables.
References
Abar, C. C., Farnett, S., Mendola, K., Koban, K., & Sarra, S. (2018). Relationships between parent-child social media interactions and health behaviors. Journal of Substance Use, 23(3), 335-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2017.1410586 Attewell, P., Battle, J., & Suazo-Garcia, B. (2003). Computers and young children: Social benefit or
social problem? Social Forces, 82(1), 277-296. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2003.0075 Barbosa Neves, B., Fonseca, J. R., Amaro, F., & Pasqualotti, A. (2018). Social capital and Internet use in an age-comparative perspective with a focus on later life. PLoS ONE, 13(2), Article e0192119. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192119 Davis, K. (2013). Young people's digital lives: The impact of interpersonal relationships and digital media use on adolescents' sense of identity. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2281-2293. https://doi.org/10.1016/jxhb.2013.05.022 Dubrov, D. I. (2016). Family social capital as a predictor of parents and adolescents' subjective well-
being. Kazanskii Pedagogicheskii Zhurnal [Kazan Pedagogical Journal], 6, 184-190. (in Russian) Dubrov, D. I. (2019). Vnutrisemeinyi sotsial'nyi kapitalkak factor mezhpokolennoi transmissii tsennostei [Family social capital as a factor of intergenerational value transmission] [PhD thesis]. HSE University. Moscow, Russian Federation. Dubrov, D. I. (2020). Information and communication technologies and family relations: harm or benefit? Sotsial'naya Psikhologiya i Obshchestvo [Social Psychology and Society], 11(1), 72-91. https://doi.org/10.17759/sps.2020110105 (in Russian) George, M. J., & Odgers, C. L. (2015). Seven fears and the science of how mobile technologies may be influencing adolescents in the digital age. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(6), 832-851. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615596788 Jacobsen, W. C., & Forste, R. (2011). The wired generation: Academic and social outcomes of electronic media use among university students. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(5), 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0135 Kobayashi, T., Ikeda, K. I., & Miyata, K. (2006). Social capital online: Collective use of the Internet and reciprocity as lubricants of democracy. Information, Community, & Society, 9(5), 582-611. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180600965575 Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J., Helgeson, V., & Crawford, A. (2002). Internet paradox
revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 49-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00248 Kraut, R., Mukhopadhyay, T., Szczypula, J., Kiesler, S., & Scherlis, B. (1999). Information and communication: Alternative uses of the Internet in households. Information Systems Research, 10(4), 287303. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.10.4.287 Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.9.1017 Lee, S. J., & Chae, Y. G. (2007). Children's Internet use in a family context: Influence on family relationships and parental mediation. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(5), 640-644. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9975 McKenna, K. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (2000). Plan 9 from cyberspace: The implications of the Internet for personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(1), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0401_6
McKenna, K. Y., Green, A. S., & Gleason, M. E. (2002). Relationship formation on the Internet: What's the big attraction? Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 9-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00246
Mesch, G. S. (2003). The family and the Internet: The Israeli case. Social Science Quarterly, 84(4),
1038-1050. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0038-4941.2003.08404016.x O'Keeffe, G. S., Clarke-Pearson, K., & Council on Communications and Media. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0054 Osin, E. N., & Leontiev, D. A. (2008). Aprobatsiya russkoyazychnykh versii dvukh shkal ekspress-otsenki sub"ektivnogo blagopoluchiya [Approbation of Russian versions of two scales for express assessment of subjective well-being]. In Materialy Tret'ego Vserossiiskogo sotsiologicheskogo kon-gressa [Proceeding of the Third All-Russian Sociological Congress]. Moscow: Institut sotsiologii RAN; Rossiiskoe obshchestvo sotsiologov. http://www.isras.ru/abstract_bank/1210190841.pdf Peter, J., Valkenburg, P. M., & Schouten, A. P. (2005). Developing a model of adolescent friendship formation on the Internet. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(5), 423-430. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.423 Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2017). A large-scale test of the goldilocks hypothesis: quantifying the relations between digital-screen use and the mental well-being of adolescents. Psychological Science, 28(2), 204-215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616678438 Resnick, P. (2001). Beyond bowling together: Sociotechnical capital. HCI in the New Millennium, 77, 247-272.
Siraj, A. (2018). Impact of Internet use on social capital: Testing Putnam's theory of time displacement
in urban Pakistan. The Journal of Social Media in Society, 7(1), 456 -468. Soldatova, G. U., Rasskazova, E. I., & Nestik, T. A. (2017). Tsifrovoe pokolenie Rossii: kompetentnost'
i bezopasnost' [Russian digital generation: competence and security]. Moscow: Smysl. Tatarko, A. N., Maklasova, E. V., Lepshokova, Z. H., Galyapina, V. N., Efremova, M. V., Dubrov, D. I., Bultseva, M. A., Bushina, E. V., & Mironova, A. A. (2020). Assessment methodology of involvement in information and communication technology using. Sotsial'naya Psikhologiya i Obshchestvo [Social Psychology and Society], 11(1), 159-179. https://doi.org/10.17759/sps.2020110110 (in Russian)
Turkle, S. (2012). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Hachette, UK.
Valenzuela, S., Halpern, D., & Katz, J. E. (2014). Social network sites, marriage well-being and divorce: Survey and state-level evidence from the United States. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 94101. https://doi.org/10.1016/jxhb.2014.03.034 Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2007). Online communication and adolescent well-being: Testing the stimulation versus the displacement hypothesis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1169-1182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00368.x
