CC BY
16
SRSTI 73.31.41
Balgabekov Toleu Kunzholovich
Candidate of Technical Sciences, assistant professor,
the Department «Transport Engineering and Technology»,
S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University,
Nur-Sultan, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan,
e-mail: tdi_kstu@,mail.ru
Kongkybayeva Arailym Niyazbekovna
Master of Science, The Department «Transport Engineering and Technology», S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan, e-mail: araijanaarkaflmail.ru
THE QUESTION OF EFFICIENCY OF USING CARGO CARS
The article discusses the efficiency of the operation of trucks, as well as providing its components. It is necessary to analyze those aspects that either increase the results of the functioning of freight road transport, or reduce the costs of implementing the goals facing the industry as a whole and the system of technical operation in particular.
Therefore, when analyzing the factors influencing the efficiency of car operation, it is necessary first of all to consider the factors that change the performance of cars, the coefficient of technical readiness and the cost of maintaining a healthy state. The analysis of the current state of the automotive industry has revealed factors that reduce or increase the efficiency of vehicle operation. To systematize the factors affecting the efficiency of technical operation, their classification has been developed on the basis of the «Tree of technical maintenance of vehicles».
Keywords: Automobile transport, operation, car repair, classification, technology of freight traffic, efficiency, lifting and transport devices.
INTRODUCTION
Currently, for many transport companies, especially for those that operate foreign-made cars outside the warranty period, there is a lack of a regulatory framework for maintenance and repair of cars (there is no rationally set service interval corresponding to the operating conditions; standards for labor-consuming maintenance and specific labor-intensive repairs; there is no technological documentation, etc.). The coefficients for adjusting the standards of technical operation, the current «Provisions on maintenance and repair of rolling stock of road transport», for such vehicles are often not applicable. In this situation, enterprises have to either perform maintenance and repair work on their own with obviously low quality, or use the services of third-party enterprises. Both of these options lead to a decrease in the efficiency of operation of vehicles.
MAIN PART
The scope of maintenance and repair work. The first group «The scope of maintenance and repair» includes the factors that determine the need of the enterprise for the maintenance and repair of automobiles. The higher the need for these jobs, the more varied the number of jobs, the more difficult it is to ensure a high technical level of the rolling stock of cars [1].
The analysis of the state of the production and technical base (PTB) and the fleet of cars of the modem road transport industry in the country revealed the following features of this group of factors. At present, transport companies either carry out the whole complex of maintenance and repair of cars independently, or use the services of car service enterprises, it is also possible to combine these methods to maintain the operational state of the park.
In the first case, the organization of maintenance and repair work can be carried out on the basis of standards for technical operation of vehicles. Such an organization of the technical operation of vehicles is qualitatively implemented only at those enterprises where the requirements of the planned-preventive system of maintenance and repair of automobiles are strictly fulfilled; operating rolling stock with an age not exceeding the depreciation service life; having a developed technical inspection station (TIS), which provides high-quality performance of work; modes of operation of vehicles comply with existing regulations [2-3].
At the same time, in many modem enterprises, the planning of volumes and the list of maintenance and repair works often do not have a planned, preventive character. At the same time, the rational frequency of maintenance is disrupted, maintenance is carried out during periods when the vehicle is released from work, or maintenance is replaced by running repairs as needed. This, as a rale, leads to an increase in the volume of work and the number of linear failures of vehicles, an increase in vehicle downtime for repairs, etc. All this reduces the efficiency of technical operation, since the level of park performance is low. This tactic of managing the technical maintenance of automobiles is to some extent common in small and medium transport enterprises of private ownership [4].
In the second case, the maintenance and repair of vehicles is carried out under warranty and after warranty service of vehicles. However, servicing in specialized centers, as a rule, is more costly for car fleet owners, but at the same time, subject to the rules of operation, they are insured against the possible costs associated with car failure (replacement of units under warranty, high quality components and repair materials etc.). Another circumstance is connected with the fact that, if necessary, maintenance or repair, the car must be transported to a service company, and this often requires additional time, i.e. the car is forced out of the transport process, its downtime is increasing, the coefficient of technical readiness and use of cars [3, 4] decreases.
Another feature for many transport enterprises is currently characterized by the acquisition and operation of foreign models of cars, both new and used. The fleet of trucks in Kazakhstan is increasing annually by several thousand cars.
However, in many motor transport enterprises (MTE) and service enterprises, the existing production base is not adapted to quality maintenance and repair work on foreign and modem domestic cars due to the lack of necessary equipment, specially trained personnel, etc. In addition, new cars purchased by an enterprise usually have a warranty period (mileage), during which they should be serviced at specialized service centers of car dealers. This circumstance affects the level of performance of the park, and, consequently, the efficiency of technical operation.
The second group «System of Maintenance and Repair» includes factors determining the level of technology, organization and management of maintenance and repair of automobiles in an enterprise (adopted system of maintenance and repair, planning
and placing of vehicles into maintenance, perfection of technology and quality control, performance of work, operational management of maintenance and repair, etc.). The better the regulatory and technical support of the production and maintenance of auto-mobiles is organized at the enterprise, the higher the working capacity of the vehicle fleet is, and accordingly the efficiency of the technical operation of vehicles (TOY) [5].
Table 1 - The relationship of the volume of work and maintenance and repair and vehicle operation efficiency
Characteristics of state factors in the industry The reasons for reducing the effectiveness of TOV The effect of lowering the efficiency of TOV
The growth of the fleet of trucks, including foreign brands Increased maintenance and repair Increased downtime in maintenance and repair. Reduced technical readiness. Reduced performance cars. Higher maintenance and repair costs.
Insufficient level of development of TIS for maintenance and repair The high volume of work. The need to perform maintenance and repair on the side
The third group of factors affecting the efficiency of technical operation of vehicles includes the factors «Production and Technical Base», which determine the technical feasibility of maintenance and repair of automobiles in an enterprise. As it is known, the production and technical base of ATP [6, 7] includes production buildings, structures, transmission devices; work posts for maintenance, repair and diagnostics of transport vehicles; production units, workshops and sites, various services; mechanized conveyor lines; lifting and transporting devices and accessories at workplaces and posts; technological equipment (control and diagnostic, lubricating and filling, disassembly and assembly, tire fitting, washing, welding, repair, etc.). This, the PTB consists of production areas, various machines, equipment, appliances and devices.
The structure of the production and technical base of MTE. The structure of the production and technical base of MTE depends on its capacity. With the increase in the capacity of the enterprise (including the cooperation and specialization of enterprises), such indicators as the degree of coverage of the repair personnel with mechanized labor, the level of mechanization of production, the mechanics of the repair of its workers, the intensity of use of production areas, posts, technological and especially diagnostic equipment. However, most modem transport enterprises have from 25 to 150 cars. Cooperation of enterprises is practically absent. Under these conditions, maintenance and repair is organized mainly on universal posts. At the same time, technological discipline is violated, the level of mechanization of production is insufficient, a large amount of related repairs of rolling stock is carried out with a considerable age of the park and mileage since the beginning of operation. All this leads not only to downtime and loss of working time, but also significantly increases the cost of maintenance and repair of motor vehicles [6-9].
The causal relationship depending on the efficiency of car operation on the level of organization of maintenance and repair is presented in Table 2.
The causal relationship of the dependence of the efficiency of car operation on the level of production and technical base of the enterprise is presented in Table 3.
The fourth group «Personnel» includes the factors that determine the security of an enterprise with labor resources, which include such main categories of workers as workers, employees, specialists and managers. In some cases, the functional responsibilities of workers are combined or, conversely, broken up into more specific ones.
The efficiency of car operation is directly dependent on the availability of MTE workforce and its proper use. Security of the enterprise with labor resources and their use are characterized by the number of personnel, its composition by groups, occupations, qualifications and work experience, the use of working time by the number of days and hours worked, the loss of working time for various reasons. In addition, the increase in the share of key workers (repair workers, drivers, etc.) in the total number of personnel increases the efficiency of the use of labor resources of the enterprise.
Scheme of the influence of the enterprise workforce effectiveness of security on the technical operation of vehicles is shown.
The recent increase in the number of subjects engaged in road transport activities, with a decrease in their capacity (fleet size, number of personnel, number of service and repair posts, production areas), has caused a significant change in the functional responsibilities of specialists. For small enterprises of transport and enterprises in which motor transport activity is auxiliary, it is typical to combine the functional duties of technical service workers associated with the organization and maintenance of transportation activities, technical support, traffic safety, and in some cases, financial and economic.
Table 2 - The relationship between the level of organization of maintenance and repair and the efficiency of vehicle operation
Characteristics state of the factor in the industry The reasons for reducing the effectiveness of TOV The effect of lowering the efficiency of TOV
Changes in the structure of the fleet of trucks The lack of a regulatory framework for the maintenance and repair of cars that meets modem conditions Reducing the quality of maintenance and repair. Reducing the technical readiness coefficient. Reducing the performance of cars. Higher costs of the maintenance and repair
The complexity of car design The absence or complexity of quality control work and repair
New technology of TS and repair for foreign car brands The lack of techno logical documentation and repair for foreign brands of cars. The need to perform maintenance and repair in third-party organizations
In addition, there was a decrease in the level of special and general training. Among specialists, approximately 18 % have higher education and 31 % - secondary special education of the motor transport profile, 28 % do not have special education corresponding to the functions they perform, but have received qualification training in road transport and are conditionally classified as «practices» and up to 23 % are specialists with an education that includes only the basics of automotive training. Thus, up to 50 % of those who do not have a specialized higher or secondary specialized education work in the positions of specialists in automobile transport enterprises. Especially this share
is high (up to 70-80 %) among the enterprises responsible for the transport activities that own vehicles only for their own needs [9, 10].
The fifth group of «Rolling stock, spare parts and materials» includes factors such as the level of reliability of vehicles, durability, dependability, maintainability and maintainability; nomenclature and quality of used materials, age structure of rolling stock. The duration of vehicle downtime for technical reasons largely depends on these factors; the volume, content and cost of maintenance and repair work - therefore, the efficiency of technical operation [10-12].
Table 3 - Correlation level of industrial and technological enterprise base and efficiency of cars operation
Characteristics of factors state in the industry The reasons for reducing the effectiveness of TOV Consequences of reducing the efficiency of TOV
Technical and moral obsolescence of the PTB The lack of modern production equipment Reducing the quality of maintenance and repair. Increase linear failures. Increased downtime in maintenance and repair. Reducing the technical readiness coefficient. Reducing cars performance. Higher maintenance and repair costs.
The impossibility of servicing modern cars, including those of foreign origin
Low level of cooperation and specialization of PTB Low level of mechanization.
Loss of working time.
With a decrease in the reliability of automobiles, the number of cars orders and the complexity of restoring a working condition increase. In turn, the number of failures depends on the level of reliability laid down in the design, quality of car manufacturing, compliance with operating rules, age of the car. The complexity of maintaining cars in a technically correct condition also depends on these factors.
The cost of the materials used in maintenance and repair of materials and spare parts for used vehicles has a great influence on the efficiency of car operation. Currently, many transport companies in the purchase of cars do not take into account this factor, which subsequently leads to a decrease in the efficiency of operation, since the cost of maintenance and repair significantly increase. For example, as the age increases, there is an expansion of the nomenclature of spare parts spent several times to maintain the performance of the car. Already in the third year of operation, this nomenclature is 2 ... 3 times more than in the first year. In turn, the cost of spare parts and materials at the enterprise also depend on the conditions of their storage, the proper organization of accounting, the order of issuance and expenditure during maintenance and repair of cars.
CONCLUSIONS
As a result of the analysis of factors affecting the efficiency of vehicles' operation, it was revealed the following:
1) A large number of complex factors affect the efficiency of car operation: maintenance and repair system; the scope of maintenance and repair; state of production and technical base; rolling stock structure; operating conditions, MTO system, etc.
2) Depending on the type of activity of the automobile transport enterprises, they identify the subsystems of commercial exploitation, technical exploitation and service exploitation of automobiles.
3) When determining reserves, increasing the efficiency of vehicle operation, at first, necessary to analyze the scope of technical operation, since TOV is fundamental and provides the scope of commercial operation with working rolling stock.
4) When analyzing the factors affecting the efficiency of the operation of vehicles, it is necessary first of all to consider the factors that change the performance of vehicles, the coefficient of technical readiness and the cost of maintaining a healthy state.
5) The following features of the current state of the transport industry in the country were established: the growth of the car fleet in the country, the low level of development of transport engineering enterprises, the lack of advanced technology and the low level of cooperation between transport companies, the lack of well-being of qualified personnel, changes in the logistics system, the increase in differently colored cars and deterioration of operating conditions. These features lead to an increase in linear failures, increased idle time of cars in maintenance and repair, reduced technical readiness and increased costs for maintenance and repair of vehicles.
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Material received on 20.05.19.
Балгабеков Твлеу Кунжолулы
т.г.к., доцент, «Келп< тсхникасы жонс технологиялар» кафедрасы, С. Сейфуллин атындагы «Кдзак; агротехникальщ университет!», Нур-Султан к.. 010000, Казакстан Республикасы, e-mail: [email protected] Цоццыбаева Арайлым Ниязбекцызы
гылым магистрi. ассистент, «Келш техникасы жэне технологиялар» кафедрасы, С. Сейфуллин атындагы «Кдзак; агротехникальщ университет!», Нур-Султан к.. 010000, К^азацстан Республикасы, e-mail: [email protected] Материал баспага 20.05.19 тустг
Жук автокелтн пайдалану тшмдштнщ сурактары
Жук Ke.niKmepi жумысыныц тшмдшгт, сондай-ац оныц цурамдас болттерт цамтамасыз emydi царастырылды. Жуют' автомобиль колшнщ жумыс icmey нэтижелерт жацсартатын аспекпилерЫ талдау щжет немесе тутастай алганда саланыц мацсаттарын ¡ске асыру шыгындарын азайтуга жэне техникальщ операциячьщ жуйеге байланысты. Сондьщтан, автомобилъЫ пайдалану тшмдшгте эсер етепин факторларды талдай отырып, ец алдымен, машиналардыц тшмдшгт озгертепин факторларды ескеру керек, техникальщ дайындьщ коэффициентi жэне салауатты жагдайды сацтау цуны.
Автомобиль онеркэсгбтщ агымдагы жагдайын талдау факторларды аньщтады, кол1к цуралдары жумысыныц тшмдшгт азайтады немесе арттырады. Техникальщ пайдалану тшмдшгте эсер етепин факторларды жуйелендгру уиин олардыц жтпелуг «Автомобильге техникальщ цызмет корсету жуйестщ агаштары» нег131нде жасалды.
KLnmmi создер: автомобиль колш, эксплуатация, автомобильдi жондеу, классификациясы, жук тасымалыныц технологиясы, тшмдшк, котергпи цурылгылар.
Балгабеков Толеу Кунжолович
к.т.н., доцент, кафедра «Транспортная техника и технологии», «Казахский агротехнически университет» имени С. Сейфуллина, г. Нур-Султан, 010000, Республика Казахстан, e-mail: [email protected] Конкыбаева Арайлым Ниязбековна
магистр наук, ассистент, кафедра «Транспортная техника и технологии»,
«Казахский агротехнически университет» имени С.Сейфуллина,
г. Нур-Султан, 010000, Республика Казахстан,
e-mail: [email protected]
Материал поступил в редакцию 20.05.19.
К вопросу эффективности эксплуатации грузовых автомобилей
Рассмотрена эффективность эксплуатации грузовых автомобилей, а также обеспечивающие её компоненты. Необходимо анализировать те аспекты, которые либо повышают результаты функционирования грузового автомобильного транспорта, либо снижают затраты на реализацию целей, стоящих перед отраслью в целом и перед системой технической эксплуатации в частности. Следовательно, при анализе факторов, влияющих на эффективность эксплуатации автомобилей необходимо прежде всего рассматривать факторы, изменяющие производительность автомобилей, коэффициент технической готовности и затраты на поддержание работоспособного состояния.
Проведённый анализ современного состояния отрасли автомобильного транспорта позволил выявить факторы, снижающие или увеличивающие эффективность эксплуатации автомобилей. Для систематизации факторов, влияющих на эффективность технической эксплуатации, разработана их классификация на основе «Дерева систем технической эксплуатации автомобилей».
Ключевые слова: Автомобильный транспорт, эксплуатация, ремонт автомобилей, классификация, технология грузовых перевозок, эффективность, подъёмно-транспортные устройства.
