CC BY
12
y^K:415.412
Jollibekova M.R., PhD docent
Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus city
THE PROBLEMS OF PHRASEOLOGY AND PHRASEOLOGISMS
Annotation. The aim of the present article is to study some linguacultural problems ofphraseological units of English and Uzbek languages. As a result of experience of comparisons English and Uzbek phraseological units the following ways of translation ofphraseological units are distinguished: equivalence-based translation, calque-basedtranslation and descriptive translation.
Keywords: Phraseological units, idiom, national-cultural specificity, linguistic and extra linguistic character, reality.
Introduction. Throughout our lives, we encounter many events around us. In such cases, each time we want to get news for ourselves and we are curious about their history. In fact, we have a unique national character we collect socio-historical, intellectual, and emotional information that is Nowadays, the phraseology department gives a special charm to our communication I am not mistaken in saying that it has already attracted the attention of many scientists. In fact phraseology is a popular field of various philological studies is According to scientists, phraseological units are culture related to understanding them as phenomena, their culture properties are studied in the sentences in which they participate. Thus, The word "phraseology" was introduced into the field of sociolinguistics. Phraseological one of the best descriptions of the units is as follows: it is partially two complete is a stable, consistent combination of figurativewords.
Translation has been a means of communication between nations and people for many years playing an important role in obtaining information about the culture and many years history of two or more nation representatives. Nowadays the role of translation is increasing in the development of a nation and society too. Through translation, different nations can get an opportunity to get to know about the lifestyle, culture, history and the achievements of the society of a certain country.
Each nation has it's certain national peculiarities in their speech which is getting down from generation to generation. Among such peculiarities, onomastic units and phraseological units with onomastic components are inextricably linked with the spiritual culture, customs, profession, living
conditions, aspirations, attitude to reality of the people of the certain language4.
Material and methods. In order to analyze translation techniques of set expressions from the theoretical side, it is necessary to divide translation methods of all fixed phrases of the given language. Many scholars resort to this linguistic classification as an initiation, which differentiate phraseological units as translatable and not transferable, in accordance with a number of compound parts and their metaphorical distinctions. We are aware of the following phrases: contraction fixed phrases (idioms), combined phraseological locutions (metaphorical units), accordant and phraseological words (In compliance with the classification of Sh.Bally, V.V.Vinogradov, B.A.Laryn, N.M.Shanskiy). In accordance with Ya.I.Rescker, this classification is convenient method in translation theory and practice. However, he considers only contraction fixed phrases and combined phraseological locutions. He contemplates that we should use complete variation method while translating contraction fixed phrases and image alteration way during interpretation of combined phraseological locutions.
S.Vlahov and S.Floryn show the following ways of translation of phraseological units from an original language into translation language:
To translate fixed phrases with the help of equivalents in translation language;
• To translate phraseological units by means of variant (analog) in translation language;
• To translate set expressions with the use of non-phraseological language means, If there is neither equivalent nor other version of the phraseological units in an original language.
Throughout studying special literature on translation phraseological units we have met the next types of them. They are phraseological translation and non-phraseological interpretation. Phraseological translation is interpretation of set expressions of one language into another by means of those fixed phrases which exist in the second language, finding meaningful closeness between an original language and translation one, then presenting suitable phraseological equivalent. In other words, to translate set expressions in an original language with phraseological units of a translation language or to interpret phraseological locutions with phraseological units. We can find such appropriateness in both languages. By way of example: To leave Partridge they hurried to ride horses at the crack of dawn. At dawn he himself woke up Baytas, who came to the city to take him with. All day long he did not get off the horse and was skipping ahead than other wayfarers. Translation version: Last light transition was in prospect, and a boy, a pupil at medrese woke up all his fellow travelers with the first rays of the sun. They got on horses and left Partridge at first light, and the rest of the way the boy galloped ahead of all, at a distance of arm bullet. The translation is
4 Abdullayev Sh. D. Tarjima asarlarda frazeologizmlar semantikasi. - Tashkent, 2017. -p. 157.
exact5.
Semi phraseological equivalent is existence of several versions of phraseological units translated from original language into translation one, namely if there are few components of the fixed phrase in an original language,
then there will be many elements in a translation language and on the contrary, if there are a lot of units in a phraseological locution, in a translation language they can be just a few. This kind of interpretation can often be met.
Results and discussion. The aim of the study is the improvement of the linguistic and cultural peculiarities of studying of phraseological units of English for the students of higher educational institutions.
Objectives of the study are due to the essence of the scientific topics: Determination of structural, semantic and componential distinctive features of phraseological units in English and Uzbek languages;
To classify idioms in the English and Uzbek languages cultural characteristics; Determination of the degree of knowledge of idioms by students;
Identify difficulties encountered in the process of translation of phraseological units;
The development of teaching methods of translation of phraseological units and conduct experimental test and analysis results.
The object of the study is the translation of idioms in the English language to students of higher educational institutions.
The subject of study is the forms, methods and means of teaching idioms in the English language to the students.
Scientific novelty of research is reflected in the following: the structural peculiarities of the phraseological units according to the verb in the English language,the noun and the adjective in the Uzbek language, and semantic - for the emotional and psychological condition of human life, experience, moral character, physical appearance, employment, maturity; identified the thematic groups of phraseological units in English and Uzbek languages on geographical names, historical terms, national clothing, names of animals and plants, colors, national and cultural peculiarities.
The definition in the text of the idioms in the translation, identifying lingvocultural of the difficulties of extra-linguistic features.
Improved method of transfer techniques such as the expression of English idioms and Uzbek languages in the classroom-debates, and who is nimble, resourceful translator, the repetition of who is stronger, idioms in action.
In linguistics theoretical basis of phraseology was investigated by A.V.Kunin, and in the Uzbek language idioms looking through such scholars as Sh.Rakhmatullaev6,A.Shomaksudov, Sh.Abdullayev.O.S.Akhmanava,
5 Partridge E. The World of Words: An Introduction to Language in General and to English and American in Particular. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis. 2015. - p. 354.
6 Rahmatullayev Sh. O'zbek tilining izohli frazeologik lugati. - Tashkent. 2012. - p. 380.
N.N.Amosova, H.Collins, E.Partridge explored the various features of phraseological units7.
In English proverbs and sayings, idioms are indispensable part of phraseologicalunits. In Uzbek proverbs and sayings are not part of idioms, but they are an integral part of folklore. Often it seems that proverbs and sayings are very similar to each other.
As a saying and a proverb help figurative expression of thought, enrichment of the content of the speech. When studying the difference between proverb and saying becomes clear that proverbs express finished thought, and thoughts unfinished, and thatthe latter, without expressing to the end of the idea, point to it. Saying no conclusion, morals, it is used to derive any conclusion. For example, the proverb: If you ran after two hares, you will catch neither ikki kemaga oyoq qo 'ygan g 'arq bo 'lur. No rose without a thorn gul tikansiz bulmas. Rome was not built in a day - musulmonchilik astachilik. Saying: Can the leopard change his sports? - bukurni go 'r tuzatadi. Except proverbs and sayings has an idiom or stable expression (locution). A stable phrase (locution) is a combination of words with a figurative meaning that expresses a concept or thought. A locution (phraseological unit): It's Greek to me bu aqlga sigmaydi. To kick the bucket jon bermoq. The real McCoy olmosdek qadrli narsa. Linguistic and cultural features of phraseological units in English and Uzbek languages are analyzed. National-cultural features of phraseological units are determined by extralinguistic factors. Under extralinguistic factors is the combination of factors that are important when creating social, economic, cultural prerequisites and conditions for internal structural and functional development of language in the development and education of phraseological units and which serve as prerequisite for submission of national nature.
Consequently, we have considered several methods of phraseological units' translation from one language into second one. According to translation order they can be divided in the following way. The first one is a fixed phrase which can be met in both languages. There is no need to translate them; it is enough to find suitable and proper phraseological locution from mother tongue's treasure. Sometimes they can match both in meaning and form. The second one is set expression that does not have ready samples in Uzbek language.
We have to use free translation to interpret them, but keep their content and shape. But all peculiarities of proverbs and sayings should be kept. In other words, proportionality, consonance, richness of content, impression should be fully given; they all must impact on a reader. The third is translation of phraseological units with the help of word for word interpretation. The forth is to turn set expressions by means of equivalents (adequate). The fifth is to use free translation to interpret fixed phrases.
Undoubtedly, problem of interpretation of phraseological units from one
7 Shomaqsudov Sh. , Shorahmedov Sh. , Sh. Hikmatova. O'zbek maqollarining izohli lug'ati. -Tashkent, 2010. -p. 527
language to another is very significant and complicated task. We do think that it is possible and necessary to translate phraseological units. Usage rate of fixed phrases in creativity of each writer also shows to use translation ways as much as possible. We can name the next types of translation methods of phraseological units in epopee of M.Auezov «The way of Abai». The first: a translator tried to transfer completely content and form, expressive-emotional impression; the second: even the meaning of idioms is presented correctly, but there are some changes in lexical-grammatical structure of phraseological units. It implies that substantial- figurative meaning is kept not fully but half. The third: we can use fixed phrases as ready equivalents appeared as a result of life and situational similarity of two nations. There are plenty of such lexical-semantic groups in each nation. Just we will have to find them. There are also phrases which cannot abide by these rules. These idioms have national distinct colouring. If they are translated they can lose their national singularity, on the other hand we cannot leave them without translation. Judging by these features they can be added to idioms. А. Kim also considered different methods of them8.
According to А. Pushkin, a translator should transfer a writer's ideas, views. As for Gogol's opinion about translation, he believes that in order to become closer to an original text, sometimes a translator should move aside from original text's words. L.Tolstoy assumes that it is not enough to translate words and meaning, it is significant to convey an impression of the text. K.I.Chukovskiy appealed to interpret laughter into laughter, smile into smile. Nevertheless, all the opinions above do not contradict general rules of a translation. There are text parts in each work that cannot be translated conventionally. I call it conventionally as sometimes it is quite impossible to translate some parts. These untranslatable parts are called like phraseological units.
Conclusion. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of phraseological units of national character in the system of non-related languages plays an important role in finding solutions to the problems of translation and improving the professional skills of future translators. Besides, the onomastic components found in the structure of phraseological units are considered national language units that represent the character of the nation.
References:
1. Abdullayev Sh. D. Tarjima asarlarda frazeologizmlar semantikasi. - Tashkent, 2017. -p. 157.
2. Partridge E. The World of Words: An Introduction to Language in General and to English and American in Particular. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis. 2015. - p. 354.
3. Rahmatullayev Sh. O'zbek tilining izohli frazeologik lugati. - Tashkent. 2012. - p. 380.
8 Avakova, R.A., (2019). Theory of Phraseology. Almaty, 292 (3)
4. Shomaqsudov Sh., Shorahmedov Sh., Sh. Hikmatova. O'zbek maqollarining izohli lug'ati. -Tashkent, 2010. - p. 527
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6. Avakova, R.A., (2019). Theory of Phraseology. Almaty, 292 (3)
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9. Jollibekova, N. A. M. (2021). English language and philology.". Yosh olimlar, magistr va iqtidorli talabalarning ilmiy faoliyatini oshirishda ularga qaratilgan kreativ g'oyalar, yechim va takliflar, 2(2).
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