CC BY
10
UDC 811.581.11
Вестник СПбГУ. Востоковедение и африканистика. 2021. Т. 13. Вып. 2
The Principles of the Formal Construction of the Lexical-Semantic Field in Modern Chinese
A. M. Karapetyants1, E. A. Timchishena2
1 Lomonosov Moscow State University,
1, Leninskie gory, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
2 Plekhanov Russian University of Economics,
36, Stremyanny per., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
For citation: Karapetyants A. M., Timchishena E. A. The Principles of the Formal Construction of the Lexical-Semantic Field in Modern Chinese. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies, 2021, vol. 13, issue 2, pp. 234-251. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.207
The article presents an attempt to formally construct a lexical-semantic field for the Chinese language, taking into account the fact that the concept of such a field presupposes a certain classification system of the vocabulary, which is divided into large and small groups ordered in relation to each other. Due to the presence in the Chinese language of a large number of copulative complexes, paradigmatic relations of semantic proximity are expressed in syntag-matic relations of juxtaposition, which allowed the authors of the article to construct semantic fields based on the data of normative dictionaries and vocabulary lists. This article presents formal methods for constructing a semantic field for the modern Chinese language, a semantic method for fixing the language. It is based on a graphical representation of combinations of symbols (synographic images) and their explanations in dictionaries and wordlists of the modern Chinese language. As typical examples, the sphere of designations of emotions and verbs with the meanings of purchase and sale was chosen. The article defines the features of the structure of the lexical-semantic field of the verbs of sale and purchase, reveals the lexical units that are included in the core, near and far periphery. The material presented in the article indicates that in the case of the Chinese language, a similar method of constructing a lexical-semantic field can be applied both to tokens with an abstract meaning and to tokens with a specific meaning.
Keywords: lexico-semantic field, binomial unit, copulative connections, core, near, far and extreme peripheries, lexeme.
The "field" as a linguistic term was first introduced in 1924. Among the first to define this concept were G. Ipsen and J. Trier. Trier suggested that there are two types of fields: conceptual and verbal (or lexical) ones. Conceptual fields are fields that directly reflect reality, and verbal fields are a plane of expression for the conceptual field. This approach involves two procedures. The first of them is the classification of concepts, on the basis of which a group of similar concepts is determined; apparently, this is the "reflection of reality". The second is the identification of the group of words expressing these concepts, the definition of the relationship between them; this is the plane of expression for the conceptual field. An ideal example of such an approach is Roget's Thesaurus, which was
© St. Petersburg State University, 2021
published almost a century earlier than the theory of the semantic field first appeared. In it, both a set of fields in the form of a synopsis of categories and their specific content (the fields themselves) are given in the form of the main text, in which thematic lists such as names of animals, flowers, etc. are highlighted.
We believe that since Chinese hieroglyphic writing ('synography') is a symbolic form of writing, it can be assumed that in this case such a division is not necessary. The lexical-semantic field for this language can be obtained in a formal way according to the dictionaries' data based upon the compatibility of symbols in the formation and interpretation of copulative combinations. This principle corresponds to the third characteristic of the semantic field as stated by I. M. Kobozeva: "interconnectedness and interdependence of lexemes" (the first two characteristics, "semantic relations between the elements" and "systemic type of these relations", are self-evident) [1].
Due to the presence of many copulative combinations in the modern Chinese language, paradigmatic relations of semantic proximity are expressed in syntagmatic relations of juxtaposition. This allows to construct semantic fields based on the data of normative dictionaries and vocabulary lists. In Chinese dictionaries, explanations, as a rule, are given by assigning two hieroglyphs to each hieroglyph that needs explaining (i. e., a single syllable unit is explained through a two-syllable binomial unit). In the same way, a binomial unit can be explained by a four-syllable one. Thanks to this principle, more and more hieroglyphs are getting involved into the process, and those that are introduced through the existing ones must relate to the same semantic field.
There are two difficulties here. The first of them is a possible interpretation of the copulative relationship as attributive and vice versa. The second is the possibility of assigning binomial hieroglyphs not to one field, but to two adjacent fields. The first difficulty can be overcome by the possible appearance of the indicator of an attribute EE in the interpretation, the second — by the appearance in the interpretation of a con-necting-adversive component like M. However, these indicators do not always appear, so the boundaries of the field turn out to be somewhat blurred, which fully corresponds to the 4th and the 5th characteristics stated by I. M. Kobozeva: "conditional autonomy of the field" and "the continuity of the designation of its semantic space" [1].
Formally, the field can be represented as a graph1 — with the hieroglyphs located in the nodes, and the arrows indicating their possible combinations. It is convenient to arrange the nodes regularly in the form of a matrix, in which the hieroglyphs, more closely related to each other, should also be located closer to each other.
Along with the aforementioned syntagmatic connections, there are paradigmatic connections that are revealed through the explanation of signs and their combinations. Such connections could also be represented through arrows to the corresponding signs and arrows, but in this case, the Graph would be illegible and difficult to read. Therefore, paradigmatic connections have to be presented separately through the indication of the nodes themselves and their coordinates.
At first glance, this method is only suitable for abstract concepts. Indeed, in the first half of the article we will discuss the field of "negative emotions", which was derived from the hieroglyph ^ai "mourn, grieve, suffer." The corresponding Graph (Graph 1) is on the next page.
1 A similar method has already been applied to the modern Chinese language by A. M. Karape-t'janc [2].
01234567
а №] с Ю (Ш (Ю С») (&)
о
30
9 СИ)
аав ab^j ac>f adg аей§ afii agil ah-t aitt ajf£ акй а\Ш ат?Я
an Ш ao/jif
1Й ar^ as^fe at^C au^: av® awM ахй ayJff Graph 1. The field of negative emotions
ЛррепШх Ш Ше field о£ negative е
02 ^ 2) 1202Я^; 1201^М ~ 1202Я^ 1303^®=1202Я^ *021Ш^=1102^ 0212^Я=1202Я^ 0225^Й=0264-4625^Ш1Й 0264^®=1202-4664Я^:Мй 02ас^Я§=1202Я^+
04 ^ 1)0412^Я; 2) 0430^Й 3041 Жи
0412^Я=12Я 0430^Й ~ ааЗОШЙ *0441^И=0430-4241^ЙШн *0442^'&=0430^ё,0441^И
07 Ш 3422Ш^>23021^
10 Ш3 23123ЙЯ
*1001®М=10+01Х®ХМ
*1002®^=1110-1202^МЯ^
#1003Ш®=1110-0203^Ш^Й
#1004®^
1011Ш^
1012ШЯ=10+12ХШХЯ
11^ *2)1102^ 3)1202Я^, 2312
М
1102^ ~аЬ02^
1110^Ш ~ 1202-2322Я^Ш
11аЬ^=1102^ -
12Я 2 1204Я^ 3) 2322#Ш 2312
М
1202Я^ ~ асаа^^ 1203ЯЙ=2312^Я.0203^Й 1205ЯЭД ~2312^Я 1241ЯИ=А212 404ЩЯ ШИ 1255ЯШ=ае05 6655?Ш *1263ЯШ ~ 6355Ш.1255ЯШ #1274ЯШ #1276Я^
12А1Я^ ~ 1702Ш^
13 # 1)2313» 13А4#^ ~ 1416ШШ 1302#^=1413-1202Й#Я^ 1306#^=1416ШЖ,1413Й# 1312#Я=2313-1202»Я^ *2ГИ=1413Й# 1327'Ш=1416ШЖ,1413» 1337#Ш!
14^ 3) ~2322асаШШ§й
14А3?Ш= ~ 1416ШЖ; 23223№ 5667ШН
14А5Ш*=14ШШ *14028^=2313-1202^#Я^ 1403Й®=1413-1202Й#Я^ 1405М=1416+2333ШЖММ, -2313»
*1410ЙШ=1416-2310Й^^Ш
1413Й#=1416-2313ШЖ»
1415Шй=1413Й#
1416ШЖ=14ШШ
14218«
1422?Ш=1416-2322ШЖМ 142718Ш
*1433?Ш=1416+2333ШЖМ;№ 1405М
*1454М=2322-3354;Ш^Й *1467ШН ~ 2322#Ш,5667'Ш
15 ^ 2322^
*1512^Я=2312^Я *1521ШЯ=2322М *1564ШЙ=7364'ШЙ
17 Ш 2)1202Я^ 3) 1255ЯШ 1702Ш^ ~ ag02ffl^ #1720ШШ
*1776ШШ=1255ЯШ
21'И 2322^ 2100? 'КШ *2103МЙ=2312^Я
22 ^ 3)2322^, 2333ЙЖ 4) ~ 7746
*2212|Ш ~ 1202Я^ *2223в=2322М
23 Й 1) 2322#Ш 2)4243ШМ 23Л2Й^=2333-Л212ЙЖ^Й;
2322-А225ЙШХЙ
2302Й^=2333-1202ЙЖЯ^
2303Й®=2302Й^
2305М=2312М
2307ЙШ=2312М
2310;Ш=2312;Ш
231Ш^=2310ЙШ
2312ЙЯ=22аМ^>6
2313ЙШ ~ 1202Я^
*2314ЙЙ=2322-1405ЙШШ
2315Й'^=2322Й'Ш
2316;Ш=1416ШЖ
*2321М=2322Й'Ш
2322¿й'Ш=22ahacaf^h^ft
2324ЙШ=2322-3424Й'Ш'№Ш
2333ЙЖ=22аМ^>6
2335тШ=2322-3435;№№®
*2336Й'Й ~ 2333ЙЖ
234Ш§=2322-404ШШМн
*2343;ШЙ=3342ШФ
2344Ш=2322Й'Ш
*2347ЙЭД=2322-4735Й'ШЭД®
2363;Ш=2312-6353ЙЙШ&
24 Ш 3497№Й; ~ 13А4#^ 2402Ш^=3424-0264'№Ш^Й *2403ШЙ=3424-1202'№ШШ^ *2413Ш#=3324-1413^ШЙ#,
2313»
2425ШЙ=3424-4625№ШМЙ
*2435Ш®=3435№®
*2444ШЙ=3422Ш^
*2446ШМ=3497-0264'№Й^'Й
*2497ШЙ=3497№Й
25Й
*2535РШ=3525М
26 В ~ 3424'№Ш
*2625|вЙ=2425ШЙ,4625МЙ *2635|Ш=0225^Й,4735М
30 Й 3) 3041Й!н 3041?Й^
3042ШФ=3041+4243Й!нМЖЙ 30аШЙ=0430^ё-
31 * 1)4243ШМ 2)3497'№Й
32 # 1)4243ШМ, 4241Ш^ *3231#Ш=4243ЖЙ; 4243-ai31
ЖЙЙ*
*3241Шн=4241Ш§,3042Й# *3243ШЙ=4243ШМ,3342Й#
33^ 1)2322Й^,2312ЙЯ 2)а:'ак^
& 3)4243ШМ
*3302Ж^=2333-1202ЙЖЯ^
*3305М=1405?Ш
3312^Я=2322Й^, 2312ЙЯ
*3314Ш1=2322;Ш^
*3315Ж'^=3322Ж'Ш
*3316ЖШ=2313ЙШ, 1416?Ш
3322^=23221^
#3324^Ш
*3327^=2305М
3332^#=4243^^,3342^#
#3336М
3342.ШФ=4243ШМ
*3343ШЙ=3342ШФ
3344^Й=2322Й^, 3322^
3354ЖЙ ~ 2322-5455Й^ЙШ
34'№ 1) 3424№Ш 2) 3420'№Ш *3402№^=3424-0264№Ш^® 3420№Ш=а®02-20асй^,М 3422Ш^=3424-2322'№ШМ 3424'№Ш ~ 0225^Й 3425№Й=2425ШЙ #3426Шв 3435М=3425'Ш 3444М=3422'Ш #3446'№М #3463'№Ш
34А6№Й=3424-а1аЩШЙ'й>
34аЬ'№^=3497-аЬ02'№Й^ 34аЩ&=3497№Й-
35® ~ 2322М
40 Ш: 4041ШИ?
41 И 3041ЖИ, 514ШИ
42 Ш) 4243ШМ,4241ШИ 2) 30Ж *4230^ё=0430^ё 42311^Ш=4243'|^|Й
4241~ 30ашЖ^ 4243
42ак^^=4230^Ж-
43|Й 1) 4243'|^|Й 2) 3424'Ш *432Ш'И=3342Й1^ *4331ШЖ=4243'|^|Й *434Ш;И=4241Шв
44Щ, 2) 3424'Ш, 2333Ю
45М 5455Ш®
46 Ш) 4525МЙ2) 7745^М 4) 45аЬ
*4624;№=4564-3424Шй'Ш
4625МЙ=0225^Й
*4634М'№=4564-3424Шй'Ш
*4635®®=4525ШЙ
4664Мй=4525-0264Ш^Й
*4676®Ш=7776ЖШ
*4677М^=7745^М
46аЬМ^=2425ШЙ, 3445'№М
47 Ш
50 'Ш:
505Ш-§=5160^Ш
51 ^ 5160^Ш 5141^ ~ 3041ЖИ 5160^Ш ~ 3041ЙИ
52 Ш: 5262 !ШШ
53 Ш 6353'Ш^
54 Ш 1) 5455Ш®, 6555ШМ 2) ап54 ШШ
*5402Ш^=5466+1202Ш'ШШ^
5437Ш#=6566№1
5445ШМ=5466Ш'1
5453ШШ=5466-6453Ш'1®&
5461ШЛ=5466Ш'1
5463 ШШ
*5465ШШ=5455Ш®,656^^ ;2454
тш
5466Ш'! ~ 6566^1
*5472ШШ=5466-6372Ш'1ШШ
*5474ШШ=5466+аю74Ш'Ш^'Ш
5493Шх=5466Ш^
55 ®1)6555Ш®, 5455Ш® 2)7455Ш®
*5576®Ш=7776ЖШ
56 Ж? *5640ШШ=~ 4041 5665^^=5756-6465 'ИШйй 5667ШН=5756-А367МШ'Й
57: И
5766'Н1'^=2425ШЙ
60 Ш 5160^Ш
61^ 2)5455Ш®
62 Ш)63ар ШШ 2)ад62 ШШ)6252 ШШ
63Ш?; ат53£&
6353Ш^=asat 6355ШШ ~ asat ^^ 6362?
6372ШШ=4735-4625Й®МЙ 63арШШ=6353+ Ш&
64® 1) аэа^^,, 6355ШШ 2)4625® Й, 7364Ц®
#6453®&=6372®Ш 6455®Ш=asat +5455
*6481®^=7364Ш®, 7381Ш^
65Ш 2)6555Ш® #6554 1Ш 6555Ш® ~ 5455Ш® *657НЛШ=7165Шй 6586ШШ=6555Ш®
6611 7776ЖШ, 55®
6655'1®=7776-1255ЖШМ *66751Ш=66761Ш, 7776 ЖШ 66761Ш=66551®, 7776ЖШ *66771Ж=7776ЖШ
67 Жauav^®
70 Р9170ШЯ
7055р®=9170 ШЯ 7080£Ш=7091РШ 7090^^=9170 +90ахШЯШ^В 70а1#Ш=9170ШР
71Ш 2)7165ШШ, 6555Ш®
7102Ш^=71ах+1202 ШЮШ^ *7147ШЙ= ~ 71ах ШШ *7163ШШ ~ 6355ШШ 7165ШШ ~ 6555 Ш®
72:Ш
73Ш 4664МЙ, 7455Ш®
*7355Ш®=7455Ш®
7364Ш®=4664МЙ
7374? ШШ
7381?
7382Ш^=4664М®, 1274ШШ
74 Ш7374ШШ, ау74ШШ
*7412ШШ=7374-1202 ШШШ^ 7455Ш®=7374ШШ
75Ш 2)7554ШШ 3)7776ЖШ *7546ШМ=7746ЖМ 7554ШШ=5455 Ш® #7566Ш1 7576ШШ=7776ЖШ
*7577ШЖ=7776 ЖШ 7586? ШШ 7596Ш#=7776+ЖШ
76 Ш 9777ЙЖ, 6655Ш®
77 Ж2)7746ЖМ, 7576ШШ 3)66761 Ш, 7776ЖШ
7746ЖМ=75Ьа46+9777 ЙЖ *7755ЖШ=7776-1255ЖШЖ 7776? ЖШ
*7787ЖК=8746Ш1, 7776 ЖШ 7796Ж^=7776ЖШ+7596Ш^
80 Ш)7091РШ 2)66551® #8055ММ 8070ШЯ=9170ШЯ *8090$^=8070+90ат^РШ^^
82: Ш
83 ^1)8374^Ш 8374?
84 Ш8584МЙ #8412'№ 8455? №®
*8474№Ш=9184-7455^№Ш®
*8494'№^=8584МЙ 8495№№=8584Ш^
85 Ш8584Ш^ 8584? Ш *8594Ш^=8584Ш^ *8595Ш№=8584Ш^
86 Ш4)?
87 Й2)8746ЙМ, 7746ЖМ 8746ЙМ ~ 7746ЖМ, 9777ЙЖ
93:х5493Шх
94^ 8584МЙ
95 №8584МЙ
This field is built on the basis of the data from five sources: M^SipiA Xiandai hanyu cidian (XHC) [I], Xiandai hanyu cidian bubian (XHCb) [II],
^.TOi^A Changyong gouci zidian (CGZ) [III], Tongyici cilin [IV]
and the Shanghai Chinese-Russian Dictionary (CRD) [V].
Hieroglyphs highlighted in bold on the diagram have more than one meaning related to this field. Angle brackets indicate that the first meanings of the corresponding signs belong to this field, square brackets indicate that these meanings are not the first. The curly brackets contain hieroglyphs that formally are undoubtedly related to this field, but for which the corresponding meaning is not indicated in any of the sources involved. Finally, in parentheses are hieroglyphs participating in some typical combinations, but obviously not directly related to this field (going out to a neighboring field or representing a "not quite copulative" connection).
Combinations appearing in XHC [I] are indicated by black solid arrows, in XHCb
[II] — by black dashed arrows, in CGZ [III] — by gray (red) solid arrows. Arrow direction indicate the order of following. Thick bold arrows are indicative of indecomposable combinations: the arrow points to the hieroglyph, instead of the meaning, of which a reference to this combination is provided.
Let us show the algorithm for constructing the field unfolding from the main signs with the meaning of "sorrow" — 23 and 33. In all dictionaries, these signs also have the meaning of "mercy", transmitted through 42-43. This meaning sets the "pity" area located in the middle left. The main meaning of these signs is transmitted through 23-22 or 23-12. The meanings "injury" (or "damage") and "pain" lead to the periphery of the field, but only the first leads to the outside, since for the meaning "pain" the connections are strong enough. The periphery also includes the area of figurative language in regard to flavors (upper left corner). The meaning of "grief" is associated (but not directly related) with the meanings of "depression" in the literal sense (47) and "harshness / severity" (27).
An important part of the field of negative emotions is the "discontent" area, the center of which is represented by hieroglyphs 54 and 55. The connections between the areas are weaker than the connections within the areas. The strength of these connections could be evidenced not only by the arrows on the diagram, but also by explanations (paradigmatic connections of the next level), represented by arrows connecting arrows or signs and arrows. However, to include them is to render the diagram unreadable.
These semantic connections can be examined through the appendix, containing the main material, on which the diagram was built. It has an = sign in front of the explanations. The hieroglyphs included in the diagram are designated by their numbers and are ordered in ascending order of the latter, and those not included are given "as is". In the appendix, binomials and meanings that are considered to be outside of this field are marked with asterisks, and idiomatic combinations used for explanations are preceded by a sign. Instead of "both A and B" or descriptive explanations, the @ sign is affixed, and if this combination was found in the CGZ [III] or CRD [V] only, the & sign appears instead of an explanation. Characters before the first "-": "*" — XHCb [II]; "#" — CGZ
[III] or CRD [V]; signs between pairs in place of "-": "+" — meaning "and"; "#" — attributive connection; signs after the address of the second character: "!" — another field; "?" — descriptive; "~" means only the main part of the explanation. The hierarchy of sources is reflected by brackets — angle brackets for XHCb [II], square brackets for
CGZ [III], and curly brackets for CRD [V]. When only part of the explanation is given, it is enclosed in parentheses.
The semantic ratio of the constituent binomials ranges from identity to adjacency, but the field boundary remains fairly definite. It is partially confirmed by the antonymic field (Graph 2), connected with the diagram also through the sign 30, mainly correlated with the field "positive emotions". The "worship" area, represented by sign 90, is adjacent to the same field. The "positive emotions" field is similarly divided into four areas — "love" (left), "joy" (top right), "pleasure" (middle right) and "admiration" (bottom left). At the bottom of the Graph are hieroglyphs that appear sporadically in combinations. These hieroglyphs are referred to in the appendix by the two-letter combinations placed in front of them.
Let us note that some hieroglyphs of the negative emotions field participate in the interpretation of the hieroglyphs of the positive emotions field and vice versa. This will be further described in the paraGraph below.
Since the hieroglyph $ occurs in both fields, it appears in the explanations of the hieroglyphs ^ (Graph 1: see 04 — 0430, 3041, aa30), ft (Graph 1: see 41 — 3041), 11 (Graph 1: see 42 — 30, 4230, 0430, 30am), ^ (Graph 1: see 51 — 3041), belonging to the field of negative emotions, and in the explanations of the hieroglyphs ^ (Graph 2: see 52), U (Graph 2: see 54), (Graph 2: see 55), % (Graph 2: see 63), (Graph 2: see 62),
# (Graph 2: see 65), belonging to the field of positive emotions. The hieroglyph ^also occurs in both fields, and it can be found in the explanations of the hieroglyphs ^ (Graph 2: see 86 — 8685), M (Graph 2: see 84 — 8584), ^ (Graph 2: see 64 — 6485), related to the field of positive emotions, and in the explanations of the hieroglyphs ^ (Graph 1: see 70 — 7090), M (Graph 1: see 80 — 8090), related to the field of negative emotions. Some hieroglyphs of the negative emotions field take part in the explanations of the hieroglyphs of the positive emotions field. Hieroglyph M occurs in the explanations of such hieroglyphs as ft (Graph 2: see 34), % (Graph 2: see 35), and (Graph 2: see 55). Using the hieroglyph ft such hieroglyphs as $ (Graph 2: see 53), (Graph 2: see 53), (Graph 2: see 53) are explained. In the explanation of the hieroglyph $ (Graph 2: see 53), there are hieroglyphs 11, ff, and and the hieroglyph ^ also occurs in the explanation of U (Graph 2: see 54). The hieroglyphs 11 and l are used to explain the hieroglyph (Graph 2: see 115), and the hieroglyph ^ — in the explanation of (Graph 2: see 115).
The aforementioned data clearly shows that there are a number of hieroglyphs included in both fields or participating in explaining the hieroglyphs in the field with the opposite meaning. Therefore, we can conclude that the fields of negative and positive emotions communicate with each other.
A similar method of constructing semantic fields is applicable to the lexemes with concrete meanings. An example of this is the verbs of sales and purchase. They were successfully organized into the 12 x 9 matrix form, containing 105 hieroglyphs, forming 275 verbs.
The hieroglyphs located at the nodes of the upper part of the Graph gravitate towards the "purchase" area, the characters located at the bottom of the Graph gravitate to the "sales" area. The sixth line provides hieroglyphs for both fields, the so-called ambivalent verbs, which have both meanings: buy and sell. Black arrows indicate the data from the corpus HS Baidu, black dotted line — the data from the normative dictionary MjSi iiA Xiandai hanyu cidian, gray (red) arrows — the data from the dictionary [ ^iii
# Tongyici cilin [V]. Bold arrows point to palindromes (words that read the same from
22 ЙЛ ШЙЯЛ
*33 Ш ^Ш, М
ШШ й&,ЙЛ аШ ЛЯ,ЖШ
ЙШ ШШ
34 Л 7) ЙЛ;ЯЛ
8) ЙЛ;й^шШ *ЛШ ШЛ;ЖаЛШ ЛЙ ЛЯ ЛЯ
ЛЖ ЯЛМ^ЖШ^ЖаЖ *ЛЙ ЙЛШЙ *ЛШ ЙЛ;ШШ
35Ш1)
2) ЯЛ шш шш шшшш ШЛ шш
36 ш 1) 2)
шш МЙ'ЛшшЯЛ ШЙ
43 Щ «Й»:Щ»
Щ» #ШШЙ»
44 Й ЙЛ:ЙШ(йЮ
ЙЛ Лмшш *ЙЯ ЖЯ;ЙЛ ЙШ ШЛ
45Я 1) ЛЯ.СШШ)
2) Я^,(ЯЙ;ШЙ) ?
я^даля
Я® ^ЛШШЛЯМм^
ШЙЯЖ ^ЯШ Я®
46 т ля
тя 1) ^лля
2) ЛЯМММ ЙШ ШЛЯ
*ЖтдаЖя
СО 71^ "П ТЙчЖ
52 ' 1) 'Й
2) Ш&^Ш®
53 Й 1)
2) ШЖ
3) й!Н #? *ЙЙ ЙЙ
ЙШ тймдая ЙЙ &ЙЙЖ Й» 1) МК®-
2) ШЙ
Й' Й 1 Й'' Й 1
Й» й^ШЖММММм
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Переход через
left to right and right to left). The hieroglyphs, the first meanings of which relate to this semantic field, are given in square brackets, the other meanings are provided in parentheses, in curly brackets there are hieroglyphs that are indirectly related to this field. Hieroglyphs given without brackets just formally belong to this field — they participate in some typical combinations, but do not have a direct relation to this field.
When constructing this graph, we first used the data from [ Tongyici-
cilin [IV] (CRD) [V] — gray (red) arrow, since it contains fewer binomials we need, then the data from M^Sipii^ Xiandai hanyu cidian (XHC) [I] — black dotted line, and finally — the data from HS Baidu — black arrow.
To construct the semantic field of "sales and purchase" we used the following procedure: starting from one component, we depicted all its compatible connections. In this case, the compatibility of components is understood as the number of other components, that this component can form a complex with. For this purpose, a list of components was compiled, and their compatibility was identified (List). As a result of applying this procedure, a diagram of the internal structure of the semantic field of "sales and purchase" in Chinese was obtained.
Any lexical-semantic field has a core, which contains the name of the field, a closely related specific name, synonyms, and generic name, as well as antonyms. The choice of a token (hieroglyph) or group of tokens for the field name role is very important. Any lexeme of interest to the researcher can be taken as a core one, but the results of the analysis can be scarce if the token is chosen unsuccessfully, if it does not have the properties of attracting a large number of lexemes. A. M. Kuznecov indicates the main methods of finding lexemes that are promising for revealing a large lexical-semantic field. These lexemes are characterized by the following features:
— they are quite simple in morphological composition;
— possess a wide compatibility;
— are of psychological importance;
— are not recent borrowings;
— the sememe of such a lexeme has a large number of features, it is not narrower than any other word in the field, except for the name of the field topic [3].
Based on the table above, we can identify the core of the field, which is adjacent to a vast periphery, in which the near, far, and extreme peripheries, as well as fragments of the field, can be distinguished.
The core of the field is made up of lexemes with a high frequency, the most general in meaning, used in the literal sense, stylistically neutral, without emotionally expressive and temporal restrictions, minimally dependent on the context. In this case, these are lexemes such as ^ mai, № gou — for the "purchase" field and ^ mai, ft shou — for the "sales" field. Lexeme IS xiao has a very high frequency of use, therefore we believe that it can also be attributed to the core of this field, despite the fact that it belongs to the field not in its first meaning.
The main features of lexemes attributed to the near periphery are: less frequency than the core, stylistic neutrality, no restrictions in use, minimal dependence on the context. These are lexemes № fan, ftt pi related to both fields; lexemes M shu, S pan, B zhi, ^she, M dun, related to the field "purchase"; lexemes {SJ dao, M mao, tB chu related to the field "sales".
List of field components taking into account their activity
№ Component (coordinates in the graph) Meaning Number of complexes
1 № gou (33) purchase 38
2 ^ mai (93) sell, trade 36
3 ft shou (87) sell 33
4 ^ mai (25) buy 29
5 IS xiao (75) sell 28
6 № fan (66) outbid, profiteer, speculate, buy up, buy for resale; trade, resell, profiteer, profit 22
7 M huo (64) bribe; give a bribe; sell 19
8 m shi(65) buy, acquire, trade (literary sources), sell, put on sale 18
9 tti chu (97) supply; export 12
10 * yu (11,2) sell smth 11
11 M shu (67) buy; redeem, buy off 9
12 Mgu (61) buy; trade 9
13 ft shou (31) collect, levy 8
14 dao (96) sell on the go 7
15 S pan (63) buy whole (wholesale) 7
16 S gu (69) buy (wine) (for smb); sell (wine), trade (wine) 7
17 B zhi(34) acquire (especially real estate), acquire smth, buy smth 7
18 ^ tiao (11,1) sell, export grain 6
19 ^ she (45) buy on credit (installments) 6
20 M dun (51) buy (in bulk) 6
21 M mao (68) trade 6
22 ftt pi(71) buy in bulk (in large quantities); wholesale 6
23 & di(13) purchase (limited to the purchase of grain, rice) 5
24 ® shang (11,6) trade, commerce 5
25 S ying (28) manage (smth), conduct (e. g., an enterprise) 5
26 % dou (72) arrange a deal 4
27 ff kai (10,8) pay money, pay salary 4
28 It hui (54) bribe 4
№ Component (coordinates in the graph) Meaning Number of complexes
29 £ ding (53) order 4
30 tt gu (62) buy; sell smth 4
31 & ban (24) purchase (get) goods 4
32 i! ding (52) order 4
33 ffi jin (35) purchase, import 3
34 ^ jiao (94) exchange, change (smth) 3
35 $ bian (92) cash, sell 3
36 ^ yi (95) exchange (for...); make an exchange 3
37 ft que (11,9) sell monopolistically 3
38 ffi lan (17) to take over, buy up (for the purpose of speculation), monopolize 3
39 tC hui (12,2) transfer (money) 3
40 & bao (48) take (hire) the whole, book, charter; reserve; buy up 2
41 i± rang (77) concede (make a discount) in price 2
42 M pao (11,4) put on the market (for sale) 2
43 ffi ba (12,1) monopolize 2
44 chao (12,6) trade, profiteer, speculate 2
45 M tao (16) incur losses (in economics) 2
46 B4 jiao (10,1) purchase 1
47 n da (11) buy 1
48 if qing (15) purchase, buy (about cult objects) 1
The far periphery includes lexical units with low frequency, both unambiguous and polysemous, such as ^ bàn, ffl jin, belonging to the "purchase" field. This group of words, in contrast to the previous one, includes mainly lexemes with stylistic and emotionally expressive restrictions. In this case, these are tokens W què, gù, M gu, № gu, as they all have stylistic limitations. Lexemes M huo and ^ shi, although they have a relatively high frequency of use, also have stylistic limitations — they are used in literary sources. Use of the tokens ^ tiào and ^ di is limited to the sale and purchase of grain.
Units of the extreme periphery are characterized by low frequency; most polysemous lexemes are included in the field in a non-basic meaning. These are lexemes like ii qïng, ÎT da, jiào, fE bâ, M pao, & bao, M lân, /Ëding, iT ding. Lexeme ft shôu, although it is characterized by a relatively high frequency of use, does not belong to this field in its basic meaning. Most words have vivid stylistic and emotionally expressive semes, for example, 9i dôu is used only in dialects, châ is used only in economic lexicon, associated
Graph 3. Sales-purchase verbs field
with currency speculation. Obsolete words also belong to the extreme periphery since they are rarely used or are not used in their main meaning. These are * yu and t hui.
This area of the field also contains tokens, that in the main meaning are included in another lexical-semantic group, and the meaning relevant to the field in question is peripheral in their semantic structure. These are lexemes like ff kai, $ bian, ii rang, S jiao, ^ yi, ^ tao, and hui.
We hope that the data we discussed in this article convincingly demonstrates the possibility and productivity of the proposed formal approach to the construction of semantic fields and the representation of semantic connections between lexemes of the same field in the form of graphs with the necessary appendixes. It works well with tokens with abstract meanings. In regard to lexemes with concrete meanings, paradigmatic connections work worse, therefore, for Graph 3 it is impractical to provide an appendix that the first two
Graphs have. At the same time, it is this simpler case of a specific meaning that we have described in more detail.
Sources
I. Modern Chinese Dictionary. 7th ed. [Xiandai hanyu cidian (XHC)]. Beijing, Commercial Publ.,
2017.
II. Modern Chinese Dictionary (addition) [Xiandai hanyu cidian [bubian] (XHCb)]. Beijing, Commercial Publ., 1989.
III. Dictionary of Frequently Used Word Constructions. [Changyong gouci zidian (CGZ)]. Beijing, Chinese People's University Press, 2014.
IV. Dictionary of Synonims [Tongyici cilin]. Shanghai, Lexicographic Publ., 1983.
V. Shanghai Chinese-Russian Dictionary [Shanghai hane cidian (CRD)]. Shanghai, Commercial Publ., 2000.
References
1. Kobozeva I. M. Linguistic Semantics: A textbook. Moscow, Editorial URSS Publ., 2000. (In Russian)
2. Karapet'janc A. M. Formal construction of the semantic fields of the normative Chinese language. Aktual'nye voprosy kitajskogo jazykoznanija: mat-ly Vos'moj Mezhdunar. konf. Moscow, 1996. (In Russian)
3. Kuznecov A. M. From component analysis to component synthesis. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1986. (In Russian)
Received: December 9, 2020 Accepted: March 26, 2021
Authors' information:
Artemii M. Karapetyants — Dr. Sci. in Philology, Professor; amkar43@gmail.com Elena A. Timchishena — Timchishena.EA@rea.ru
Принципы формального построения лексико-семантического поля в современном китайском языке
А. М. Карапетьянц1, Е. А. Тимчишена2
1 Московский государственный университет им. М. В. Ломоносова, Российская Федерация, 119991, Москва, Ленинские горы, 1
2 Российский экономический университет им. Г. В. Плеханова, Российская Федерация, 117997, Москва, Стремянный пер., 36
Для цитирования: Karapetyants A. M., Timchishena E. A. The Principles of the Formal Construction of the Lexical-Semantic Field in Modern Chinese // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Востоковедение и африканистика. 2021. Т. 13. Вып. 2. С. 234-251. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.207
Представлена попытка формального построения лексико-семантического поля для китайского языка с учетом того, что понятие о подобном поле предполагает определенную классификационную систему словарного состава, который расчленяется на упорядоченные по отношению друг к другу большие и малые группы. Благодаря наличию в китайском языке большого количества копулятивных комплексов парадигматические отношения семантической близости выражаются в синтагматических отноше-
ниях соположенности, что позволило авторам построить семантические поля на основании данных нормативных словарей и словников. В статье обозначены формальные методы построения семантического поля для современного китайского языка, семантический метод фиксации языка. Он основан на графическом представлении комбинаций символов (синографических изображений) и их пояснений в словарях и списках слов современного китайского языка. В качестве типичных примеров выбраны сфера обозначений эмоций и глаголы с семантикой купли-продажи. Определены особенности структуры лексико-семантического поля глаголов купли-продажи, выявлены лексические единицы, входящие в ядро, ближнюю и дальнюю периферии. Материал свидетельствует о том, что в случае китайского языка подобный метод построения лек-сико-семантического поля возможно применить как к лексемам с абстрактным значением, так и к лексемам с конкретным значением.
Ключевые слова: лексико-семантическое поле, бином, копулятивные связи, ядро, ближняя, дальняя и крайняя периферии, лексема.
Статья поступила в редакцию 9 декабря 2020 г.; рекомендована к печати 26 марта 2021 г.
Контактная информация:
Карапетьянц Артемий Михайлович — д-р филол. наук, проф.; amkar43@gmail.com Тимчишена Елена Александровна — Timchishena.EA@rea.ru
