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SCIENCE TIME
THE PRACTICE OF LANDSCAPING OF THE TERRITORY OF THE CITY
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Panina Olga Vladimirovna, Pavlyukova Oksana Vyacheslavovna, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation
E-mail: panina.o.v@yandex.ru
Abstract. For all developed countries of the world environmental situation in the cities and especially in the capital cities, is the focus of attention of the authorities at all levels of the management, political parties and social movements, the media and the general public. The environmental situation of the cities is the some kind of a "mirror", which reflects the level of socio-economic situation of the country, so it is not accidentally that information about the environmental situation in developed countries is opened for public and occupies one of the leading positions in political and public life of the society.
Key words: landscaping, environment, environmental management.
With the growth of the city and development of its industry the environmental problem is becoming increasingly complex: it is difficult to create normal conditions for human life and activity. In recent decades the negative human impact on the environment and, in particular, on the greenery has intensified reasonably. The problem of green areas (city parks, forests, gardens, meadows) is one of the most important environmental problems in the city. Vegetation as environment - recreational system provides comfortable living conditions for people living in the city, controls (within certain limits) the gas composition of the air and the degree of pollution, climatic characteristics of urban areas, reduces the effect of noise factor and is a source of aesthetic recreation of people; it is of great importance to humans. Therefore, the human impact on the landscaping is a very important issue requiring deep studying.
Currently a lot of experience in landscaping and greening of the city is gained, a rich range of plants and greenery is created, agricultural machinery to grow them is developed, necessary landscaping techniques that are specific to the cities have been found and the ways of the content of green space are identified.
In general, throughout the world significant efforts to gardening and landscaping
of municipal services have been made. Increased dust and fumes in the air, adverse physical and mechanical properties of soil, asphalt pavement of streets and squares, the presence of underground utilities and structures in the area of the root system, additional lighting plants at night, mechanical damage and intense mode of use of urban spaces population - all this has a permanent negative impact on plant life in the urban environment and leads to premature death of trees, long before the onset of natural aging. A significant role in the process of environmental degradation and deterioration of health of the population plays industrial production, and in particular the chemical industry, which is just the volume of wastewater discharge is the second largest industrial enterprises. And here the question becomes relevant landscaping, to reduce the anthropogenic impact.
Landscaping and planting of settlements is a complex of works on creation and use of green areas in the settlements. In urban planning landscaping and gardening is an integral part of the overall set of measures for planning, building of settlements. It is of great importance in human life has a huge impact on the environment. This is especially noticeable influence is manifested in the cities [1].
Green plants are the main elements of decoration of the settlements. Landscaping objects called the land on which the components of the landscape (relief, water, plants) and building structures are interconnected and are designed to meet the needs of outdoor recreation.
The basis of the modern city of gardening is planting on residential areas (courtyards with groups of houses, gardens, residential areas and neighbourhoods), in the areas of schools, childcare centres. They are complemented by planting citywide and regional value in parks and recreation, children, sports and other specialized parks, squares and boulevards, industrial, municipal and storage areas on the ROW land for transport communication, as well as reserves, sanitary protection and water protection zones. Landscaping shall be carried out according to scientific principles and standards. Provides even distribution among the developments gardens, parks and other large green areas related boulevards, promenades, Landscaped strips to each other and connected with suburban forests and ponds in a single and continuous system. Also, during the construction it is necessary to watch over the preservation of the maximum number of existing plants.
Organization and landscaping of the territory of the municipality is governed mainly by municipal legal acts, which are taken in accordance with the urban development and housing legislation, the requirements of SNIP and other federal and regional acts. Among the acts that tend to be taken by local authorities include:
- Terms and landscaping territory of the municipality;
- Land use and development in the municipality;
- Regulation on the regulation of urban development in the municipality;
- Regulations on the passport of the outer facades of buildings and structures;
- Regulation on the installation, commissioning, accounting, replacement and removal of temporary structures on the territory of the municipality;
- Passports improvement of the adjacent territory, and others [2].
Such acts regulated activities in relation to: organization and implementation of work on the festive decoration of the municipality; control the use, creation and modification of objects (elements) improvement of the environment.
Environmental management - a set of activities for landscaping municipalities change (reconstruction), the maintenance of the appearance of the buildings and facilities improvement, forming a comfortable living environment.
Facilities improvement are the different types of open spaces and their environment: parks, gardens, squares, embankments, boulevards, squares, streets (including walking), yards, beaches, water parks, etc .; exterior facades of buildings and structures (including time); temporary structures and their complexes - shopping kiosks, pavilions, stationary trays, mini markets, outdoor cafes, parking, garage cabinets, freestanding objects outdoor advertising and others [3].
Activities for the improvement and maintenance of the territories of municipalities are made by: municipal organizations, on the balance of which they are, at the expense of the local budget and extra budgetary resources; land users within the boundaries of the land allotted to them at their own expense; citizens and legal entities, are sure that the surrounding area in the prescribed manner. The procedure for securing such areas is established by municipal regulations [4].
Landscaping and gardening is the most important area of activity of the municipal economy. It is in this area created the conditions for the population, which provide a high standard of living. By doing this, the conditions for a healthy comfortable, convenient life for the individual's place of residence are created.
The current stage of development of urban and landscaping raises a number of new challenges that can not be solved without the extensive use of scientific and technological progress, best practices, without systematic training of personnel.
Literature:
1. Arhitektor Le Korbjuz'e [Electronic resource]. - URL: http : studzona. com
2. Baskakova, L. Blagoustrojstvo: chetyre goda spustja / L. Baskakova, I. Lavrinovich [Electronic resource]. - URL: http : // www. strojinfo. ru
3. Birjukov, L.E. Osnovy planirovki i blagoustrojstva naselennyh mest i promyshlennyh territorij : ucheb. posobie dlja vuzov / L.E.Birjukov. - M. : Vysshaja shkola, 1978. - 232 s.
4. Blagoustrojstvo pridomovoj territorii [Electronic resource]. - URL: http: // www. finam. ru
5. Burlak, M.A. Doklad o gradostroitel'noj politike / M.A. Burlak [Electronic resource]. - URL: http: // www. admmegion. ru
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