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политические Соколова Екатерина Олеговна
науки ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ ...
УДК 321.881.1
ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ РУССКОГОВОРЯЩЕГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СТАТУС РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА В СТРАНАХ БАЛТИИ
© 2018
Соколова Екатерина Олеговна, аспирант
Санкт-Петербургский Государственный Университет (191060, Россия, Санкт-Петербург, улица Смольного 1/3, e-mail: katuschone@gmail.com)
Аннотация. Через пятнадцать лет после распада СССР и различных волн эмиграции русскоязычного населения, прокатившихся по всему миру в конце прошлого века, понятие «русофония» стало отвечать современной геополитической ситуации. Русский язык уже не принадлежит одной только России. Он стал общим привилегированным средством общения, часто необходимым и единственно доступным во многих странах бывшего СССР и даже Восточной Европы, или же для общения между теми, кто проживал там раньше. Понятие «Русский мир» включает ряд людей, сообществ, которые находятся за пределами Российской Федерации, но так или иначе связаны с русской культурой и русским языком. Понятие «соотечественники», понятие «Русский мир» и «разделённые люди» были слишком узкими для позиционирования России в качестве великой державы на мировой арене, хотя это было важно. Теперь вопрос защиты соотечественников, живущих за рубежом, регулируется законами и правовыми нормами, и Русский мир - это что-то скорее из области сознания. Распространение русского языка территориально было связано главным образом с деятельностью Российской империи и затем СССР. Но не все люди, проживающие в странах бывшего Советского Союза, довольны таким положением дел. Невозможно отрицать тот факт, что сложно запретить язык, особенно если большое количество людей думает и общается с его помощью. Такие попытки запрета имели место в некоторых странах Балтии. Актуальность следующей статьи определяется трудностями в осуществлении гражданских прав и использовании русского языка русскоязычным населением, живущим за рубежом. Главная цель состоит в том, чтобы проанализировать проблемы и перспективы положения русского языка и прав российских соотечественников в странах Балтии.
Ключевые слова: Россия, Советский Союз, русский язык, Русский мир, государственная политика, гражданин, негражданин, соотечественник, референдум, Латвия, Литва, Эстония.
THE POSITION OF THE RUSSIAN-SPEAKING POPULATION AND THE STATUS OF RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN BALTIC STATES
© 2018
Sokolova Ekaterina Olegovna, post-graduate student
Saint-Petersburg State University (191060, Russia, Saint-Petersburg, Smolnogo Street 1/3, e-mail: katuschone@gmail.com)
Abstract. In fifteen years after the dissolution of the USSR and various waves of emigration of the Russian-speaking population, that swept worldwide at the end of the last century, the concept "Russophone" has become related to a modern geopolitical situation. The Russian language doesn't only belong to Russia anymore. It has become the general privileged means of communication which is often necessary and available in many countries of the former USSR and even of Eastern Europe, or it is used for communication between those who lived there earlier. The concept "Russian world" includes a set of people, communities which are situated outside the Russian Federation, but in one way or another connected with the Russian culture and the Russian language environment. The concept of «compatriots», the notion of the "Russian world" and "the divided people" was too narrow for positioning of Russia as a great power on the world scene, though it was important. Now the question of the protection of compatriots living abroad is guided by laws and legal norms, and the Russian world is something rather from area of consciousness. The expansion of the Russian language territorially has been connected mostly with the activity of the Russian empire, and then the USSR. But not everyone is satisfied with this in the former Soviet Union. It is impossible to deny the fact that it is difficult to forbid language, especially if a large number of people think and communicate with its help. Such attempts of a ban took place in some Baltic States. The relevance of the following work is defined by the difficulties with civil rights and use of Russian language of Russian-speaking population living abroad. The main goal is to analyze the problems and prospects of the status of Russian language and the rights of the Russian compatriots in Baltic States.
Keywords: Russia, the Soviet Union, the Russian language, Russian World, national policy, citizen, non-citizen, compatriot, referendum, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia.
What is Russia? After the dissolution of the Soviet Union millions of people who spoke Russian and considered themselves as Russians have appeared in the different states. They have been divided by political borders. For the first time for all history they became citizens of several neighboring countries, and some became persons without citizenship. And all this has occurred not according to their will. In that context the aim of our article is to analyze the position and status of the Russian people living in Baltic States.
Relevance of a subject of our work is defined by the increasing importance to the rights of Russian compatriots living abroad. Nowadays Russia pays much attention to Russian language, Russian culture and Russian people. That is why the term "Russian world' appeared. The concept "Russian world" includes a set of people, communities which are situated outside the Russian Federation, but in one way or another connected with the Russian culture and the Russian language environment. This concept has a broader treatment, than the term "compatriots". The protection of compatriots is guided by laws and legal norms, and the Russian world is something rather from area of consciousness. Recently such concepts as "the Russian world" and "compatriots" have
practically merged together in nationalist rhetoric about revival of Russia and its revenge on Post-Soviet space. In the address of the president V.V. Putin on March 18, 2014 it has been declared: "The Russian people became one of the biggest, if not the biggest divided people in the world" [1].
Today about 300 million people worldwide know Russian (that puts it on the 5th place on prevalence), from them 160 million consider Russian as native (the 7th place in the world). [2] But the question: on what language will Russians soon have to communicate with compatriots, for example in Baltic, is actual and concerns not only the Latvians, Estonians and Lithuanians speaking Russian. As it seems to me, it is a problem of all Russian diaspora.
And now let's try to analyze the position of Russian language in Latvia. Russians are the largest ethnic minority in Latvia (26,9 % of the population, or 557 thousand people, in the middle of 2011) [3], and according to the current statistics for 2017, it is 25,4 % of the population, or 495,528 thousand people [3].
According to census of 2000, 95 % of Russians in Latvia called Russian the native language, 4 % - called Latvian. 52 % of Russians knew Latvian, 11 % knew English [4].
Sokolova Ekaterina Olegovna political
THE POSITION ... sciences
The rapprochement of relationship of Russia and Latvia is promoted by the general democratic space and the general historical homeland. The identity of Russian-speaking Latvians has not only an ethnic component, but also the national, which reflects a set of legal, political and other factors without which it is difficult to understand specifics of this community.
Russians as a linguistic community have continued a tradition of creation of a system which functioned in Russian. These are national and cultural communities, elementary and high schools, institutions of higher education, mass media, cultural establishments, and also a network of the institutes covering the Russian culture from Russia and other countries, united by the concept "Russian world", that is very popular now: television, radio, a set of the bookstores specializing basically in editions in Russian ("Russian Book" and "Polyaris" retail network); infinite series of tours of on-stage performance groups from Russia, etc. But despite everything listed, linguists note that in Latvia there is no full-fledged Russian language environment, literary and language norms are loosened, the lexicon is impoverished, etc [5].
But the priority in the professional sphere is given to Latvians. Russians can't hold the state positions if they aren't citizens of the country and are not at home in Latvian language. The Russians living in Latvia have been reduced an access to television and broadcasting in the Russian language. It is the evidence of discrimination of the Russian-speaking population, in particular the people of old age.
In the past he migrants from Latvia told about the most notable manifestations of discrimination a little bit differently. For them on the first place it is the manifestation of nationalism on the household level, then the discrimination at work, problems with the education of children, a decrease in volumes of the Russian-language broadcasting. The Russian-speaking population adapts to a new political situation in a very hard way.
On February 18, 2012 in Latvia the referendum on the status of Russian has taken place. Following the results of a referendum 273,347 thousand people have voted for providing Russian the status of state language, 821,722 thousand people have voted against. 3,524 thousand bulletins are recognized invalid. Now the Russian language has the status of a foreign language in Latvia. 2,1 million people (from them 319 thousand people are non-citizens - the persons who are constantly living in the republic, but having a number of restrictions in the rights) live in Latvia. It is important to note that non-citizens can't participate in elections and referendums [6].
After a referendum the MFA of Russia has declared that a referendum shows the gravity of a problem, a high activity of the citizens of Latvia, considering Russian as native demonstrates their disagreement with a course towards the creation of monoethnic society, and referendum results far not fully reflect the situation in the country. It is connected with the fact that 319 thousand people of so-called "non-citizens" have been deprived of the rights for expression of the opinion, even in spite of the fact that many of them were born or live in Latvia during a long period of time [7].
It should be noted that some authorities of Latvia expressed support for the Russian-speaking population. For example, the mayor of Rezekne A. Bartashevich has urged the authorities to think of an opportunity to provide the status of a regional language to Russian, as the most part (56 %) of citizens in the cities and the Districts of Latgale has voted for Russian as the second state language [8]. The prime minister V. Dombrovskis has rejected this idea [9].
The independent expert of the UN on the affairs of minorities R. Izhak has declared that the referendum has to be the cause for a profound dialogue about the rights of minorities in the country [10]. The first deputy chairman of the State Duma Committee of Russia on the International Affairs Konstantin Kosachev considers that results of the referendum in Latvia as a success. "Despite concrete figures of voters on a referendum, I consider its results as a suc-416
cess for those who fight for the rights of Russian in Latvia", - K. Kosachev has told "Interfax" on Sunday [11]. He has noted that, initiating holding a referendum on this problem, Russian-speaking citizens of Latvia thus reacted to attempts of a group of nationalist parties completely to forbid the teaching of Russian at schools. "The fact that such number of the citizens of Latvia (who attaches importance to the increase of the status of Russian) has participated in a referendum won't allow the authorities to examine requirements of nationalist parties seriously", - has emphasized K. Kosachev [11].
Today the problem of Russian language in Latvia is in many respects a political problem. As for the positive shifts in this sphere, they take place because of the intervention of the European community. The mitigation of laws on citizenship, on status of languages; the concept of the integration of Russians, which is financially supported by western countries - all this gives the bases to believe that the number of Russian-speaking migrants will remain at the same low level, if any unforeseen circumstances don't take place. However, the law on transfer of Russian-language schools on a state language of education forces to refuse the language heritage by a third of the population of the country. The events in Latvia when the authorities try to force Russian-speaking populaion "to violently refuse the history, the culture, the language heritage", Russian minister of foreign affairs called the gross violation of "all imaginable conventions". According to Lavrov, Russia regularly brings up this question in OSCE, the Council of Europe, UN committee on liquidation of racial discrimination. The Russian Foreign Minister recommended to address to judicial instances, including the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). According to him, "it is necessary to try to obtain the truth, it is necessary to go to courts, it is a long process, but there are no two ways about it". According to the accepted in two readings (from three) draft of school of ethnic minorities since September 1, 2019 these schools will have to pass to teaching of the majority of subjects in Latvian. But the plans of the Ministry of Education and Science of Latvia caused indignation of the Russian-speaking population which makes up to 40 %. The mass protest action against liquidation of bilingual education took place in Riga [12]. To sum up, the question remains open.
The second Baltic State, where there are some problems with Russian language is Estonia. Estonia. Russians is the largest ethnic minority in Estonia (24,8 % in 2011) [13]; 25,44 % (340 750 people) as of January 1, 2012 according to data of department of the statistics of Estonia [14].
Russians in Estonia feel various forms of the state pressure and are in the worst (in comparison with the title population) economic situation. So, for many years the level of unemployment is constantly higher among the non-Estonian population, by results of 2009 it was 19 % that was 8 % higher than a similar indicator among Estonians [15].
The average life expectancy of Russians is lower, than of Estonians (on 6 years lower) [16].
By the results of research of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), Russians (who live in Estonia and Finland) among all countries of Europe are exposed to the greatest level of discrimination [17].
Russians are still concentrated in the cities of the NorthEast and in Tallinn, they work in the industry, transport and in the service sector. The differentiation of Russians has amplified in comparison with the Soviet period, as their legal status has changed. By this criterion they can be divided into four groups (figures given below concern all not title citizens): citizens of the Republic of Estonia (about 120 thousand people); citizens of the Russian Federation (about 90 thousand); apatrides (by official terminology "foreigners" - not less than 200 thousand); illegal immigrants. The representatives of the second and third groups have either temporary, or constant residence permit and are considerably limited in their rights, and the last group as if it doesn't exist at all, it isn't "documented" in any way. All arguments state
политические науки
Соколова Екатерина Олеговна
ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ ...
about legal discrimination of a major part of the Russian population of Estonia [18].
This discrimination can also be seen in the political sphere. The level of participation of Russians in the political life is very low. The situation is aggravated with the fact that such participation isn't authorized to the persons who don't have the Estonian nationality, and those of them make the majority among the Russian-speaking population. They can't vote and be elected. Among the state employees there are only 3 % of Russians. There is neither one minister, nor one chancellor or the vice-chancellor, the high-ranking official among Russians. All the time the specific weight of Russians among chiefs (in particular heads of production) and experts of the highest category is reduced [18].
Now Russians in Estonia are among the poorest part of the population. According to the prof. M. Pavelson, a salary of Russians across Estonia in general is below an average salary of Estonians for 12 %, in Tallinn - for 20 % [18].
As for a system of education it is important to note that the system of Russian-language educational institutions in the Republic of Estonia is financed by the state yet. It includes about hundred comprehensive schools (elementary, secondary, high). However the Russian parents prefer to send their children to the Estonian schools. The Russian groups are available in the Narva college of the Tartu university and at the Tallinn technical university. Besides, private higher education institutions with mainly Russian groups (Socially - humanitarian institute in Tallinn, Institute of economy and management to Sillamae, the Estonian-American business college in Tallinn and some other) function [18].
In the late eighties the Russian societies were established in Estonia. Great hopes were laid on these societies. But these hopes weren't equaled [18]. In 1992 the part of the organizations of this kind have united in - "The union of Slavic educational and charitable societies in Estonia" (the chairman N.V. Solovey). At the present stage there are over two tens Russian societies in its structure; some art collectives also work, in particular, the Chorus of boys created in 1983 (the leader L. Gusev). The Art Union became the organizer of a number of cultural events. Under the auspices of the Union some republican associations act. However some Russian cultural organizations (among them the Societies of the Russian culture in Tallinn and Tartu) and art collectives don't enter in this Union [18]. Among professional Russian collectives the Russian drama theater in Tallinn still works. There is an Association of Russian writers which has been created in 1997; and an Association of the Russian artists (1998). Magazines in Russian are printed. The Russian books are published, though their number is insignificant [18]. There are also Russian mass media in Estonia. In Tallinn there are also the Russian newspapers (both in Tallinn, and in some other cities of the country). The channel in Russian (Radio-4) is broadcasted on the Estonian radio. Sometimes transmissions in Russian are broadcasted on the Estonian television, though Russians prefer to watch the Russian TV [18].
Most of Russians supports the integration and wants to obtain the Estonian citizenship, but, nevertheless, not all know Estonian, though they recognize the need of knowledge of a state language. But every year the knowledge of Estonian improves, especially it concerns the youth [19].
However the problems nevertheless exist. In February 2010 the minister of affairs of the population of Estonia Urve Palo recognized that: "The position of Russians in Estonia in many respects reminds the recent position of Blacks in America, when they were so-called "citizens" of the country, but really they didn't have equal rights with the white people .... Inspite of the existence of formal equality of all nationalities in Estonia, the representatives of allochtonous nations feel the discrimination, and Estonians often provoke similar feelings in them" [20]. In 2008 the Agency of the European Union on protection of fundamental human rights has conducted the survey in EU countries, according to which 59 % of Russians are subjected to the racial discrimination or the
discrimination of immigrants in Estonia [21].
In 2010 the portal of the Russian community of Estonia has reported about the start of the project «BALTIC APARTHEID - Service of monitoring of racial and language discrimination in Baltics», which main objective is fixing and systematization of cases of racial and language discrimination of the Russian population in Baltic [22].
On the 9th of May 2016, the security police of Estonia has detained the organizer of a procession "Bessmertniy polk" Dmitry Linter. As he told "Interfax", the staff of department of police and frontier guard interrogated him within 9 hours then he was released. A demarche with the declared participation of 500 people was officially registered in the department of police and frontier guard. At the same time the city hall of Tallinn has refused to block the automovement along the line of "Bessmertniy polk", claiming that it can create obstacles for pedestrians [23]. Estonia officially doesn't celebrate the Victory Day on May 9, but this day is a holiday for many residents of the country [24]. But this year the citizens had obstacles from the authorities to celebrate this date.
Regarding the fact that non-citizens have the right to vote on municipal elections, we must pay attention to the following: on the eve of municipal elections Russian subject at schools and kindergartens is actively discussed. However, as the European Parliament deputy Yana Toom (in the past the vice-mayor of Tallinn and the deputy of the Estonian parliament) says: "And now we have a fashionable political know-how: on the eve of any elections the Russian question is on the agenda, but, even when are already close to consensus, it is all the same". [25] It would be preferable to hope that the present coalition, surprisingly, is for the first time ready if not to resolve the problem then to begin the discussion, and this subject precisely will become one of the main on the parliamentary elections in a year.
To sum up, it would be desirable to pay attention to the fact that in a question of a position of Russians and Russian language in Estonia there is no unanimous opinion. Many Russians consider that their ethnic minority will take place in the future too. However some people are not so positive and believe that events will lead to assimilation. As Estonia is the member of the European Union, some see further development of cooperation of the country only in this direction. Generally, the problem is very inconsistent, and the tendency is very obvious. And it is partly explained by an indifference of a certain part of the Russian-speaking population to the maintenance and preservation of their national identity.
The third country is Lithuania. Russians are the second ethnic minority (by number) in Lithuania (5,8 %, 176,9 thousand people in 2011) [26]. Now most Russians in Lithuania are the immigrants from other republics of the former USSR and their descendants.
As for the current position of Russians in Lithuania, the vast majority of Russians are the citizens of Lithuania. It is the only republic of Baltic, in which after the disintegration of the USSR, the so-called "zero version" of the law on nationality was accepted (everyone who lived on the territory of Lithuanian Socialist Republic, automatically became the citizens of the new Lithuanian Republic).
In 2008 the Agency of the European Union on protection of fundamental human rights has conducted the survey in EU countries, according to which the racial discrimination or the discrimination of immigrants in Lithuania is felt by 12 % of Russians [21].
Russians in Lithuania are fully legitimate citizens of the country and from the legal point of view in all spheres they have the rights and opportunities, equal with indigenous people. However most of experts estimate the level of financial prosperity, social status, moral component (the satisfaction with life) of Russians in Lithuania lower, than the titular nation has [27].
Many experts consider that the Russian language in Lithuania stops being the language of daily communication.
Sokolova Ekaterina Olegovna THE POSITION ...
political sciences
If both husband and wife in a family are Russians, then, naturally, the communication is conducted in Russian too. Earlier, if one of the parents was Russian, then a family spoke the Russian language. Now parents, perhaps, communicate in Russian among themselves, however their children speak generally Lithuanian. Now in the professional sphere the main language of communication is Lithuanian, while in the period of the USSR Russian took up this position. Experts also note a similar situation in the relation of the main circle of contacts of Russians in Lithuania: the senior generation tries to be in the their own circle; the average generation allows the communication both with Lithuanians, and with Russians; the communication of youth depends on the fact, who is their neighbor, with whom they got acquainted at the university, in sports section, at the cafe, at cinema and so on [27].
In Lithuania the generation of children (who have never visited Russia) has grown. The graduate of the Lithuanian school, as a rule, then studies at the university. Considering the fact that the education is conducted in Lithuanian, the main social network consists of Lithuanians, all its "Russianness" lies in a national identity of parents. But together with that the experts believe that many people (the Russian youth) in Lithuania after all feel themselves as "others" by force of differences at the mental level. They significantly differ from Lithuanians [27].
It should be noted that for the last 5-6 years the tendency of the return of interest to Russian, the preservation of Russian as a serious alternative to traditional languages in an education system of learning foreign languages - to English, German and French, is noticeable in the Lithuanian society. Today in the Lithuanian and mixed non-russian schools the Russian language strongly takes the place of the second foreign language (after English) [27].
A positive role for preservation of positions of Russian language in Lithuania is played by the regular courses of retraining of teachers of secondary educational institutions organized on the basis of the Russian training centers, and also the private training centers of resident, nonresident and distance learning in Russian, created in Lithuania (the branches of the Riga Baltic Russian Institute in Vilnius and Klaipeda, the training center of "Ruthenium" on the basis of the Moscow State Industrial University and others) [28].
The legislation of Lithuania, regulating the activity of mass media doesn't limit the production, distribution and obtaining the information in Russian. Now in Lithuania there are weekly newspapers which are digests of the Russian and Lithuanian mass media; on public TV channels and radio channels the editions on languages of ethnic minorities work (which release programs in Russian), and also news telecasts on the first and second channels of the Lithuanian National Radio (LR). The Russian-speaking population of Lithuania doesn't have their own TV channel or a radio channel. For the most part an access to the information in Russian is provided by the Russian mass media presented in the republic widely enough [29]. However recently in the press there was an information that Lithuania closes Russian-speaking mass media, declaring the informational war to Russia [30].
In Vilnius University the discussion of "The perspective of Russian language in Lithuania" took place. The authorities pursue two-track policy concerning Pushkin's language: on the one hand, it is a foreign language, and on the other - the language of a big minority recognized in the state system of education. "We have Russian schools, or partly Russian. The Russian language can be also used in mass media of Lithuania and also in private life. But in the public and state sphere of life of Lithuania the Russian language has big problems, as well as other languages, except Lithuanian. The use of Russian language is administratively limited in Lithuania, and it is clear that here the language minority-national policy begins", - Grigory Potashenko (the associate professor of department of history in Vilnius University) told [31].
To sum up, it would be desirable to pay attention to
the fact, that the Russian ethnic minority loyally treats the Lithuanian policy in this sphere. However the Russian-speaking population of Lithuania has to continue to promote and maintain its national interests, as they have rights of the free choice of their identity. Maria Lazutova in the article -"Whether the Russian Language Has a Future in Lithuania?" says that it is hard to say in what direction the situation with the Russian language will change soon. However, it is obvious that in many respects it will depend on how the situation will develop in Russia. If the economy of Russia develops dynamically, and the economic relations between Moscow and Vilnius extends, then undoubtedly the studying of Russian will become attractive not only for ethnic Russian citizens of Lithuania, but also for Lithuanians [29]. And, perhaps, We will agree with this point of view.
To draw the conclusion, we should note that the modern realities affect the rights of millions our compatriots who have turned out to be abroad as a result of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The expansion of the Russian language territorially has been connected mostly with the activity of the Russian empire, and then the USSR. But not everyone is satisfied with this in the former Soviet Union. It is impossible to deny the fact that it is difficult to forbid language, especially if a large number of people think and communicate with its help. In the situation described above, it is possible to see the plan, urged to reduce the value of the Russian language and the Russian culture, which are today, roughly speaking, the only idea that unites the people, inhabiting great spaces of Russia, the republics of the former USSR. The Russian language doesn't belong only to Russia any more. It became the general exclusive means of communication, often necessary and exclusively available in many countries of the former USSR and even Eastern Europe, or for the communication between those who lived there earlier. That is why it would be desirable to hope that the compatriots living abroad will have a right to use their native language freely and will not be subjected to any discrimination in their home country.
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13. Population by Sex, Ethnic Nationality and Country. Address date: 7.04.2018. http://pub.stat.ee/ px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=P00222&ti=P0P-ULATION+BY+SEX%2C+ETHNIC+NATIONALI-TY+AND+COUNTRY%2C+1+JANUARY&path=./I_ Databas/Population/01Population_indicators_and_composi-tion/04Population_figure_and_composition/&lang=1
14. Departament statistiki Estonii. Address date: 7.04.2018. http://www.stat.ee/34267
15. Estonians and Non-Estonians' Unemployment Gap by Age Group. Address date: 7.04.2018. http://pub.stat.ee/ px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=WQL11&ti=EST0-NIANS%27+AND+NON-ESTONIANS%27+UN-EMPLOYMENT + RATE + AND+UNEMPLOY-MENT+GAP+BY+AGE+GROUP&path=../I_Databas/ Social_life/19Worklife_quality/06Labour_market_ gaps/&lang=1
16. V Estonii estonci zhivut dol'she mestnih russkih. 14 marta 2008. Address date: 27.04.2018. http://rus.delfi.lv/ news/daily/abroad/article.php?id=20509490
17. Estoniya lidiruet v diskriminatsii russkih. 4 fevralya 2011. Address date: 27.04.2018. http://actualcomment.ru/ news/19960/
18. Russkie v Estonii. M., 1995.
19. Isakov S. Razmishleniya o budushem russkoy kul'tu-ri v Estonii // Raduga. 1996. № 4. P. 106-112.
20. «Negrov» Estonii sravnili s negrami v Amerike. 10.02.2010. Address date: 27.04.2018. http://telegraf.vesti. lv/news/negrov-estonii-sravnili-s-negrami-v-amerike
21. Russkim v Latvii luchshe, chem v Estonii. 4 fevra-lya 2011 goda. Address date: 27.04.2018. http://rus.tvnet.lv/ novosti/obschjestvo/158377-russkim_v_latvii_luchshje_ch-jem_v_estonii
22. Portal russkoy obshini Estonii. Address date: 27.04.2018. http://baltija.eu/news/read/12761
23. V Estonii zaderzhali organizatora «Bessmertnogo polkas». Moskva. 9 maya 2016. INTERFAX.RU. Address date: 27.04.2018. http://www.interfax.ru/world/507484
24. V Estonii otmetyat Den' Pobedi, v Talline proydet aktsiya «Bessmertniy polk». Tallin, 9 maya 2016 — RIA Novosti, Nikolay Adashkevich. Address date: 27.04.2018. http://ria.ru/world/20160509/1429377572.html
25. Russkie v Estonii ne hotyat stanovit'sya rossiyskoy pyatoy kolonnoy. Address date: 27.04.2018. https://www. vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2017/08/25/730946-russ-kie-estonii
26. Dannie vseobshey perepisi naseleniya v Litve v 2011 godu. Address date: 27.04.2018. http://db1.stat. gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainT-able=M3010215&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&But-tons=&PXSId=3236&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&r-varl=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&r-var7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&r-var13=&rvar14=
27. Russkie iz Litvi ispitivaut v Rossii kul'turniu shok. Rosbalt, 8.11.2011. Address date: 27.04.2018. http://www. rosbalt.ru/exussr/2011/11/08/909989.html
28. Doklad «Russkij yazik v mire». Posol'stvo Rossijskoj Federatsii v Avstralii. Moskva, 2002 god. Address date: 27.04.2018. http://www.australia.mid.ru/26_1.htmlAddress date: 27.04.2018.
29. Est' li budushee u russkogo yazyka v Litve? Mariya Lazutova. 15.12.02. Address date: 27.04.2018. http://www. russkie.org/index.php?module=fullitem&id=1571
30. Svoboda molchat'. Address date: 27.04.2018 http:// www.russkiymir.ru/russkiymir/ru/publications/author/arti-cle0614.html
31. Kak russkiy yazik v Litve stal inostrannim. Address
date: 27.04.2018 https://rg.ru/2017/07/19/kak-russkij-ia-_
