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22Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454
Volume 2 | Issue 5 | May, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-5-145-151
THE PLACE OF MEDICINE IN ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
Nasir Ahmad Arian
Associate. Prof. Lecturer of Social science faculty Balkh University Email: nasirahmadarian80@gmail .com
ABSTRACT
Human beings have faced problems and accidents since they knew themselves. The history of medicine begins when he tries to ward off his evil and problems. In Islam, great importance has been given to medicine and after the science of jurisprudence, it has been considered as one of the most honorable sciences as in the noble hadith, "science of the body" has been placed next to "science of religions"; On this occasion, it seems that medicine in Islamic civilization has advanced more than other sciences. Fortunately, the great representatives of Islamic medicine such as Razi, Ahwazi, Ibn Sina and Jorjani in the history of Islamic medicine, for the first time, found the courage to criticize the books of Greek professors. Along with these infamous people, we can mention Harith Ibn Kaldeh Saghafi, a physician from Taif, Abu Mutha Tamimi, a surgeon, Hanin Ibn Ishaq, who translated the book of One Hundred Treatises of Galen into Persian. Ibn Nafis, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, etc., and other great people can be mentioned. The purpose of this article is to examine the role of Muslims in medical knowledge. This writing has been done using descriptive-analytical method and based on library resources and the use of books, articles, domestic and foreign magazines, electronic resources and accessible Internet sites.
Keywords: medicine, physician, Greek, Islamic, Muslim, civilization, history
INTRODUCTION
Muslims' interest, in various sciences, stems from Islam's encouragement of science and the scientist. The Holy Quran in its verses praises science and knowledge and condemns ignorance. The philosophy of Islamic rules and laws is the material and spiritual evolution of human society. According to Islam, the greatest divine blessing is the health of the body and the greatest of it is the health of the soul. Also, the most dangerous plagues are the disease of the body and the most dangerous of them is the disease of the soul. (Majlisi, 1404) The study of Islamic texts shows that one of the main goals and important wisdoms of Islamic rules and regulations is preventive medicine against diseases and ensuring human health. The Holy Qur'an
Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454
Volume 2 | Issue 5 | May, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-5-145-151
and its life-giving plans guide mankind to the ways of health: [Maeda, verse 16.] Allah guides whoever follows his pleasure , through (the book) to the ways of health. In this way, man can achieve the greatest divine blessings by connecting with God and the plans offered for human life, and provide not only the hereafter, but also the health, happiness and bliss of his world: [Nisa, verse 134.] Accordingly, in Islam, what is harmful to human health is forbidden, and what is necessary and useful is obligatory or recommended, and what is not beneficial or harmful to human beings is considered permissible.
Medicine was one of the aspects of science in the golden age of Islam from the eighth century to the 13th century AD. Islamic medicine in history means the knowledge of medicine developed in the golden age of Islamic civilization. Islamic medicine preserved, systematized and developed the knowledge of medicine existing in ancient times. In the later period, Islamic medicine was the most advanced medicine in the world, which combined different concepts from ancient Greece and the traditions of ancient India, and then made many innovations and developments in it. After European physicians became acquainted with the authors of Islamic medicine in the Renaissance, Islamic medicine was accepted along with classical knowledge in Western European medicine.
HISTORY
Medicine has no definite history and various theories have been proposed about it. Some consider "Hermes Loul" (Aras or Idris the Prophet) to be the founder of medicine and some attribute it to the civilizations of Babylon, Yemen, Egypt, Persia, India, Greece, etc. Some say that medicine began as an art and became a science over the centuries. In any case, the history of medicine is tied to the history of human creation; because pain and disease have been associated with humans. However, in the time of Galen (201 BC), Hippocrates (277 BC) and Plato (428 BC) became codified and regulated. (Algood, 1371) and with the advent of Islam, this field flourished rapidly.
The Holy Qur'an and hadiths also recommend encouraging the teaching of general sciences and learning a specific science; for example, the science of medicine has been equated with the science of religion: (Taghizadeh, 1379) A study of the history of Islamic civilization shows that medicine has always had a good position among Muslims, and one of the most important reasons for Muslims to pay attention to medicine is the attention of leaders to this valuable knowledge.
Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454 Volume 2 | Issue 5 | May, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-5-145-151
Medicine in the Islamic world began with the translation of Greek and Indian books in the field. Jundishapur was one of the first Muslim scientific centers to favor the translation of Greek and possibly Sanskrit medical. (Velayati, 1384)
After the fall of the Sassanids and the formation of the Islamic state, the medical scholars of Jundishapur entered the realm of Islam and served the Islamic caliphs and ministers through teaching and translating books, as well as through medicine. (Homayi, 1363) According to Dr. Ali Akbar Velayati, interest in the scientific and medical works of older cultures, especially Greek, during the Abbasid caliphate was encouraged by these court Christian physicians. (Velayati, 1384) In the early Abbasid period, Ibn Muqaffa translated medical texts from Pahlavi into Arabic. The Bramke family (ministers of the Abbasid court) encouraged translators to do this, so Yahiya ibn Khalid Barmaki commissioned an Indian physician to translate the works of Indian medicine into Arabic. (Islamifard, 1393)
The book Teb and Tabib written by Hassanzadeh Amoli states: "During the reign of the Benjamiyya and Bani Abbas kings, some Jewish and Christian physicians, such as the Jewish Joyah and Bakhtishu, converted Christians, and they promoted this art. Harun al-Rasheed and his son Mamun al-Rasheed were interested in seeking the sciences of philosophy and medicine, and Ma'mun more; He ordered the gathering of scholars and companions from all over the world and respected them very much. Kennedy, Thabit Ibn Qara Harani and Alam Ibn Farjan Tabari; "And they translated the works of Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen from Greek into Arabic." (Amoli, 1381)
There is no doubt that all the theoretical medical knowledge reached Muslims through the translation of the works of Greek scientists; But many of the issues that Muslim physicians faced regarding their patients and that pertained to Islamic lands were not mentioned in the Greek writings. It is clear that in not mentioning these cases in the works of their predecessors, Islamic physicians could not ignore them.
Muslims achieved new medical initiatives. Among the innovations of Muslims in medicine was the dissection of the body and the autopsy, which was based on both theoretical and practical parts. In the theoretical description of Muslim physicians, they have provided important information about the shape and manner of different organs of the body, among which Ibn Sina and Razi can be mentioned. (Islamifard, 1393)
Ibn Zuhr should also be mentioned in this regard, as his most important book is Al-Tisir Fi Al-Madawa wa Al-Tadbir. He conducted important research on the heart,
Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454 Volume 2 | Issue 5 | May, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-5-145-151
tuberculosis, throat paralysis, ear swelling, and artificial feeding of patients through the throat as well as the right side of the intestine. Ibn Zuhr was a serious supporter of autopsies and studied the bones of the dead.
One of the founders of medical science in the Islamic world is Hanin Ibn Ishaq. He was one of the leading scholars of the Islamic world in the ninth century AH. He also left the task of translating Syriac into Arabic to his students, especially Habish. (Nasr, 1384) Ibn Ishaq wrote a book on the eye in ten articles based on Galen's theory of vision, which was a prominent work on the subject until the thirteenth century.
Abolghasem Zahravi is another famous Islamic physician. He was very skilled in surgery and used more than two hundred surgical instruments in treating patients and their surgery. His book is called "Al-Tasrif Laman Ajz An Al-Talif' and includes articles, the latest of which is related to surgery. He even included a picture of surgical instruments in his valuable book. (Jafari, 1371) "Gerardi Kerr Monaei" translated this book into Latin in the nineteenth century and European surgeons benefited greatly from it.
Muhammad ibn Zakaria al-Razi is also one of the renowned scientists in medicine. In addition to various discoveries in the field of science, including medicine, he wrote a treatise on "habits that take place" that became the basis for the theory of conditioned reflections. Razi Medical Treatises translated into Latin found such a place in Europe that it was one of the main books of medical science until the seventeenth century. Razi's famous book on medicine is called "Al-Hawi". The diseases that Razi has studied in various sections of Al-Hawi's book are more than those mentioned in the works of Galen, Hippocrates, and other Greek scientists. Razi also had great skill in dissection and autopsy. In his other important book, Mansouri (Al-Mansouri) medicine, he describes in detail the internal organs of the body, including the heart, veins and arteries. (Jafari, 1371)
Ibn Nafis of Damascus (687 AH) was another famous Muslim physician and the first to realize Galen's error about blood circulation and to state the correct and true theories about blood circulation. Until recently, however, this very important discovery was attributed to Miguel Cypress. (Nasr, 1384)
Ibn Nafis of Damascus made the most important critique of Galen's medical views in the Islamic world, which is a source of pride for Islamic medicine. He was an empiricist and theorist who made one of the greatest Islamic medical discoveries, the "pulmonary circulation of blood." Ibn Nafis obtained this information by describing the human body. His discovery was clearly explained three centuries
Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454
Volume 2 | Issue 5 | May, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-5-145-151
before Miguel Cervo, a sixteenth-century Italian physician, described it. (Zidane, 2008)
Ibn Sina, the great philosopher of the Orient, who researched in most scientific disciplines, also had a high position in medicine. His outstanding book in medicine is called "Law", which was translated into European languages centuries ago and taught in scientific centers. So another important book in the history of Islamic medicine is Ibn Sina's law book. Therefore, this book was immediately noticed by Western scholars after its translation into Latin and was taught as a textbook in medical schools. (The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, vol. 4, below "Ibn Sina" 1385) Putting together the views of Ibn Nafis, Farabi, Ibn Sina and other scholars shows that Islamic medicine has seriously sought to design a non-Galenian model of medicine. (The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, vol. 5, below "Ibn Nafis" 1385)
At a glance, the stages of development of Islamic medicine can be divided into four stages. The first stage from the beginning of the advent of Islam until 133 AH. (750 AD) and includes medicine in the time of the Prophet (PBUH), the era of the Righteous Caliphs and the Umayyad era. During this period, due to the infancy of the government and the expansion of Islamic countries, little attention was paid to medicine, so the name of a prominent Muslim physician from this period has not been reported.
The second stage with the rise of the Abbasids began in 133 AH. (750 AD) to 287 AH. (900 AD) and is divided into two parts (the era of translation and writing).
A. Age of Translation: The establishment of the House of Wisdom was in this period. During the time of Harun al-Rasheed, many people translated the works of Greek, Roman and Indian civilizations, the most prominent of whom were Abu Zayd Hanin ibn Ishaq Ebadi (Velayati, 1384) and his son Ishaq ibn Hanin.
B. Age of Compilation: After translating medical works, people began to write medical books sporadically. The beginning of the era of writing is tied to the name of "Abul Hassan Ali Ibn Sahl Ibn Tabari" (Noor Mohammadi, 1388) and his book "Frouds al-Hikma" is the beginning of a new movement in Islamic medicine. (Sarmadi, 1380)
The third stage is the golden age of Muslim physicians and from 287 to 700 AH. Includes (900-1300 AD). Muslims had the largest number of physicians and the most innovations in this period, and Western scholars have called this period the "golden age of the growth of Islamic medicine." Famous physicians such as Ibn Sina, Razi, Ahwazi, Jorjani, etc. lived in this period.
Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454
Volume 2 | Issue 5 | May, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-5-145-151
The fourth stage is the decline of Muslim medical knowledge. Many factors, such as wars, religious differences, the flight of scientists to other places, the burning of libraries, etc., contributed to the weakness and decline of Muslims. From the 16th century, a movement to revive medical science was launched in the West.
Islamic civilization created standards for medicine that are closely related to its overall construction, and this was to make it possible to teach and learn medicine and practice it. Gradually, the image of medicine, originally Christian, Jewish, or Zoroastrian, took on an Islamic color, and was replaced by the Islamic image of the "sage," who was both a philosopher and a physician and a professor in most other traditional sciences. Most of the ancient philosophers such as Kennedy, Ibn Sina, and Ibn Rushd were in fact skilled physicians, and some, such as Muhammad ibn Zakaria al-Razi and Ibn Sina, were unrivaled figures in medicine. Regarding the teaching of medicine, it should be said that although its general principles were taught in schools, most of its practical aspects were taught in hospitals, which were usually affiliated with the medical school. For centuries, physicians such as the Ibn Zuhr dynasty in Spain and the Bakhtiash dynasty in Iraq sought prominence from famous physicians.
RESULT
The encouragement of science and knowledge and its value from the Qur'an and Islam caused Islamic medicine, like other disciplines and scientific techniques, to be innovative and innovative in the glorious era of Islamic civilization. In addition to influencing Western medicine, they also left lasting works. Islamic medicine and its appendices are inspired by the message of Islam and are nourished by Greek and Indian medicine. The result of this combination was the creation of a vast field that included almost all branches of medical science, Islamic medicine began with the translation of Greek and Indian texts; But the Muslims did not content themselves with translation, but seriously pursued the research and development of medical knowledge. The diseases studied in Al-Hawi are more numerous than those mentioned in the works of Galen and the Greek Hippocrates. Ibn Sina's law is so full of medical topics that after being translated into Latin, it came to the attention of Western medical scholars. Research, initiatives and development of medical knowledge was the reason for the growth of medicine in Islamic civilization, which created the "Golden Age of Medicine" from 287 to 700 AH.
Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454 Volume 2 | Issue 5 | May, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-5-145-151
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