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15Variability of Uzbek words colored functionally-stylistic found in table 7.
Table 7
T/r Functionally-stylistic colored terms Functionally -stylistic colored words in numbers Functionally-stylistic colored words in %
1 Poetic-literary 69 7.1 %
2 Archaic 272 27.8 %
3 Literary 73 7.5 %
4 Slang, jargons 246 25.1 %
5 Religious 318 32.5 %
General counting 978 100 %
Variability is certainly not an anomaly. Most Uzbek words are variability. It should be noted that the wealth of expressive resources of a language largely depends on the degree to which variability has developed in the language. Sometimes people who are not very well informed in linguistic matters claim that a language is lacking in words if the need arises for the same word to be applied to several different phenomena. In actual fact, it is exactly the opposite: if each word is found to be capable of conveying at least two concepts instead of one, the expressive potential of the whole vocabulary increases twofold. Hence, a well-developed variability is a great advantage in a language (Юсупов, 2007, b. 126).
On the other hand, it should be pointed out that the number of sound combinations that human speech organs can produce is limited. Therefore at a certain stage of language development the production of new words by morphological means is limited as well, and variability becomes increasingly important for enriching the vocabulary. From this, it should be clear that the process of enriching the vocabulary does not consist merely in adding new words to it, but, also, in the constant development of variability.
The system of meanings of any variability word develops gradually, mostly over the centuries, as more
and more new meanings are added to old ones, or oust some of them. So the complicated processes of variability development involve both the appearance of new meanings and the loss of old ones. Yet, the general tendency with Uzbek vocabulary at the modern stage of its history is to increase the total number of its meanings and in this way to provide for a quantitative and qualitative growth of the language's expressive resources.
References
1. Абдуллаев Ю.Н., Бушуй А.М. Язык и общество.-Ташкент: Фан, 2002.- 373 с.
2. Ахманова О.С. Словарь лингвистических терми-нов.-М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1966.- 607 с.
3. Ашурова Д.У. Стилистика текста в парадигме когнитивной лингвистики // Филология масалалари. -Ташкент, 2003.-№> 1-С. 41-45.
4. Будагов Р.А. Человек и его язык.-М.: Изд-во МГУ, 1974.-262 с.
5. Узбек тилининг изохли лугати. 5 жилдли / А. Мадвалиев тахр. ост.-Тошкент: Узбекистан миллий энциклопедияси, 2006-2008.
6. Ginzburg R.S. A course in modern English lexicology. - Moscow: Gnozis, 1979. - p.109
THE PLACE OF AUTHOR'S PERSONAL AND INTERPERSONAL COMPARISON MEANS IN
TRANSLATION OF «BABURNAME»
Khoshimova D.
Doctor of Science on philology Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology
ABSTRACT
This article is about Babur's ideas and experience on ruling system, history of military art and strategy of fighting a battle serve to reveal his important features and aspects of his character. The author of «Baburname» when he compares himself as a military leader and ruler with famous shahs in the past and as a result of such comparison the reader believes in his great skill deeper. The author's artistic mastery, unrepeated features in describing the spiritual state of the personages, a peculiar style of determining a person's character were also resorted the pragmatic features of the original in the English translation.
Keywords: history of military art, important features, comparison means, ruling system, translator's professionalism,
Three interconnected problems including author's personal and interpersonal comparison means in translation, the place of descriptive means reflecting psychology of a character in translation, realization of the author's comparison method in translation were investigated.
More the 1560 historical persons, existence of about 30 facts about science, lots of surprising facts of
life episodes, each person appeared with the features which belong only to him, interesting historical stories, the nature, relief (toponomy), flora and rich information on customs and traditions of various nations are vivid proof our opinion.
Babur's ideas and experience on ruling system, history of military art and strategy of fighting a battle serve to reveal his important features and aspects of his
character. The author of «Baburname» when he compares himself as a military leader and ruler with famous shahs in the past and as a result of such comparison the reader believes in his great skill deeper. The author's artistic mastery, unrepeated features in describing the spiritual state of the personages, a peculiar style of determining a person's character were also resorted the pragmatic features of the original in the English translation.
17-18 aged Babur won over Shaibonikhan and occupied the throne in Samarkand for two times. The details of the event were described in «Baburname» in the following way: «The capital of Samarkand was at our disposal. Qandag'i yot yog'iy o'zbak kelib mutasarrif bo'lub edi. Ilikdin ketgan mulkni yana Tengri berdi. G'orat va toroj topgan viloyat tasarrufimizg'a kirdi» [1]. In this author's words of pity about his happy past, hatred to foes, and thankfulness to God were reflected. Sconsidered three features were translated in the form of comparative descriptive means in the text of translation. If sometimes translators use addition and sometimes they omit words. A.Beveridge, unlike the mentioned translators, managed to choose a distinct way of translation, declarative sentences in the text were made into exclamatory sentences. And in Leyden-Erskine's translation simple sentences were changed into composite sentences and made difficult readers understand the text. Creative style can be seen in W.Thackston's translation. Despite this, each of three translations made an attempt to reveal the content of the original as much as possible.
In fact, relation of theory and practice in translation is very important. In the process of translation description pertaining to the events in the fiction, and an attempt to understand hero's character as much as possible is a problem of translator's professionalism. As the translation done without understanding the author's conception and scale of thinking, stylistic individuality will cause serious vagueness in translation.
Babur, in the places where he compares himself with Sultan Husain Bayqaro, logic of the text successiveness made a little bit complicated. We can see that comparison of descriptions of the author and peculiar rulers have various degrees and quality in translation texts. Translators made an attempt to take into consideration comparisons that served to reveal Babur's personality and character and translate them with pragmatic preciseness. The mentioned comparisons in «Ba-burname» started with an introductory word «avval bukim» and events exactly belonging to the conquer of Samarkand for the second time and Sultan Husain Bayqaro' s battle close to it is compared from five points of view. Translators tried to preserve and resore the author's style that comparative description in translations.
Sometimes when there is no correspondence for the word or word combinations a translator had to use the words with the similar meaning. As a result of it, phrases which are not clear to the readers appeared. One can come across such problems, in majority cases, when there are words of national colour. Many attempts are made to solve this problem: finding the real meaning of the words with national colour on the basis of context and search for their equivalents or render them
by the help of transliteration and explain them. A foreign scolar Wanderauvera Ria wrotes the following: «Translaion is like to revise the text. As it is a special case which shows little difference from the source text. Its requirement is considerable difference from text into text, but to preserve its meaning and content» [2].
The author speaks of his father Umarsheikh Mirza from the first pages of «Baburname». Commenting this process, Babur gave brief, but rich information about princes, beks who were at his father's service.
For example, he wrote: «Yana bir ShayxMazidbek edi, manga avval bek atka ani qilib edilar. Zabti va tuzuki xeyli yaxshi edi. (Abulqosim -D.X.) Bobur Mir-zog'a xizmat qilg'ondur. Umarshayx Mirzo qoshida andin ulug 'roq bek yo 'q edi. Fosiq kishi erdi» (Boburnoma 2002; 41), along with stressing the fact of mastery in managing bek's power, devotedness to his sultan, he also describes drawbacks peculiar to his personality.
These features in Leyden-Erskinee translation are rendered as folows: «There was another named Sheikh Mazid Beg, who was first appointed my governor. His arrangements and discipline were excellent. He had been in the service of Babur Mirza. No man stood higher in the esteem of Omer-Sheikh Mirza than himself. He was, however, of grossly libidinous habits...» [3]. This phrase «Umarshayx Mirzo qoshida andin ulug 'roq bek yo 'q edi» was translated exactly «No man stood higher in the esteem of Omer-Sheikh Mirza than himself». And the words «UmarshayxMirzo qoshida» comparative description gave the spirit to the text. The translator felt it well. But this type of praising could not prevent Babur from underlining immorality peculiar to Mazidbek. However, the word «immoral(ity)» in the dictionaries explained «yomon ishlar qiluvchi, yomon yo'lga yuruvchi, buzuq, fisq ishlar bilan shug'ullanuvchi» From the first sight, it gives an impression that it completely wipes away or clear Mazidbek's all positive features. In Beveridge translation: «Shaikh Mazid Beg was another, my first guardian, excellent in rule and method. He must have served (khidmat qilghandur) under Babur Mirza (Shahrukhi). There was no greater beg in Umar Shaikh Mirza'spresence. He was a vicious person...»[4] (One more was Sheikh Mazid Beg. My first bek brother's ruling and style was good. Mening birinchi bek atkam, boshqaruvi va uslubi yaxshi edi. Bobur Mirzoga xizmat qilgan. Umarshayx Mirzoning qo 'shinida ulug 'roq beg yo 'q edi. U buzuq shaxs edi (MT). The phrae «Umarshayx Mirzo qoshida andin ulug 'roq bek yo 'q edi» was translated by A.Beveridge «There was no greater beg in Umar Shaikh Mirza's presence» and the power of the comparative description was lost in the sentence (Umarshayx Mirzoning qo 'shnida ulug 'roq beg yo 'q edi). The word which expresses a comparative degree «than» was omitted and it was the reason of the lost. Babur's attributive word combination «fosiq kishi erdi» used towards Mazidbek and it was used taking into consideration moral-spiritual feature.
In W.Thackston's translation: «Another was Shaykh Mazid Beg. He was appointed my first beg ataka. His management and administration were unquestionable. He had served Abu 'l-Qasim Babur
Mirza. There was no greater beg in Umar Shaykh Mirza's service than he, but he was a vicious» [5]. The phrase was translated «.. .fosiq kishi erdi» «he was a vicious man» (u buzuq kishi edi). We can not say that pra-matic meaning was preserved. But V.Thackston understood Mazidbek's service in Umarsheikh's pillar and translated the phrase «undan yaxshiroq bek yo 'q edi», i.e. «There was no greater beg in Umar Shaykh Mirza's service than he» (Umar Shayx Mirzo xizmatida undan ko 'ra ulug 'roq bek yo 'qdir). Such comparative description is also grammatically adequate to the original.
Thus, in this passage the content of the text was changed in A.Beveridge's translation. W.Thackston managed to translate comparative descriptions in accordance with the original text. Mazidbek's psychological character was properly depicted.
There are many examples in «Baburname» where the author compares his unique talent of ruling with the past rulers and his contemporary princes, beks and army leaders' character, with his world vision, and by the features and comparative-artistic descriptions presented to the readers. These examples require to study Babur's prose mastery structurally and specially.
In the following description one can see, along with artistic mastery of Babur, a person who knows his inner world perfectly and his psychological description. For example, «Jahongir Mirzog 'a Xuroson sari xayr va xo 'bluq bila ruxsat berilsakim, tonglaliq kunda mujibi nadomat va pushaymonliq bo 'lmag 'ay» (Boburnoma; 103), it was directed at enemies and it means «if you do not let, the result of your idea will not be good tomorrow, you will have various troubles», and it derives at threating. In this case, intentions of Babur's opponents, he veiled the threat and it a sign of the author's mastery.
This feature is translated as folllows:
In the original «Jahongir Mirzog 'a Xuroson sari xayr va xo 'bluq bila ruxsat berilsakim" phrase is translated «...to send away Jehangir Mirza for Khorasan on good and friendly terms, that he might not, by and by, occasion me regret and repentance» (Leyden-Erskine; Voll.I.,p.205) Its Uzbek translation: (Jahongir Mirzoga Xurosonga ketishga yaxshilik va do 'stona munosabat ila ruxsat berilsa, men uchun qulay vaziyat tug 'ilib, ya-qinda bundan pushaymon va achinish holati tug'il-magay (M.T). There are some descriptive means in translation. Some parts of translation contain lexical and grammatical transformations. i.e. in the original text: «Jahongir Mirzog 'a Xuroson sari xayr va xo 'bluq bila ruxsat berilsakim» jumlasi «to send away Jehangir Mirza for Khorasan on good and friendly terms», it is translated: (Jahongir Mirzoga Xurosonga ketishga yaxshilik va do 'stona munosabat ila ruhsat berilsa). Pragmatic aspects are reflected in translation text. As the phrase «tonglaliq kunda mujibi nadomat va pushaymonliq bo'lmag'ay» in translation will be «that he might not, by and by, occasion me regret and repent-ance» (men uchun qulay vaziyat tug'ilib, bundan pushaymon va achinish holati tug'ilmagay). It shows the pragmatic peculiarities of the original. This as a time expression can be translated «tonglaliq kunda» -«by and by» (short time). Thus Leyden-Erskinee could not rendered the meaning and content of the original in pragmatic correspondence.
In translation by A.Beveridge: «.Jahangir Mirza were dismissed, on good andfriendly terms, for Khurasan it would remove a source of later repentance» (A.Beveridge; 190) (Keyinroq pushaymon bo'lmasligi sabab Jahongir Mirzoga yaxshilik va do 'stlik bilan Xurosonga ketishiga ruhsat berildi). In this translation sentences were correctly and appropriately used. But the word combination «it would remove a source of later repentance» used by the author (keyinroq pushaymon bo'lmasligiga sabab bo'lardi) was translated as is shown above. One can see that A.Beveridge made a grammatical mistake here.
In W.Thackstan's translation: «If Jahangir Mirza is permitted now to go freely into Khurasan, will you not regret it tomorrow morning?» (W.Thackston; 162) (agar hozir Jahongir Mirzoga Xurosonga borishga ikkilanishsiz ruxsat berilsa, ertaga ertalab unga pushaymon bo 'lmaysizmi?). Translation text is simple to understand for English readers. Lexical and grammatical transformations were appropriately used in preserving translation comparative descriptions. But declarative sentences which contain comparative description in the original became interrogative sentences. As a result of it, the meaning was decomposed. The word combination in the original means «tonglaliq kunda», «tang vaziyatda» by essence and even «tongla qiy-omatda». The words which were presented in translation «tomorrow morning» (ertaga ertalab) shows that the translator did not go deep into the content of the original. If this combination resorted as «in a difficult position», it would correspond to the pragmatic aspect of the original text.
One feature unites all translations of these passages of the text. All of them contain adequate comparative description. According to the receptive requirement, addition of some words, omitting of some words and using synonymic rows justify itself. And, as a result of not understanding the content, to a certain extent, semantics of the text was violated.
References
1. Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur. «Boburnoma». -Toshkent: Sharq NMAK, 2002. - B.37
2. Wanderrauvera Ria. Fiction inTtranslation: Polices and Options: a Case Study of the Translation of Dutch Novels into English over the LastTwo Decades. Doctoral dissertation. Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen (Belguim). - Wilrijk: 1982. - P. 156.
3. Leyden J., W.Erskine. Memoirs of Zehired-din Muhammed Babur, Emperor of Hindustan. - Edinburg, 1826. - P.22-23
4. Beveridge A.S., The Babur-nama in English (Memoirs of Babur), Translated from the Original Turki Text of Zahiru'ddin Muhammad Babur Padshah Ghazi by Annette, Susannah Beveridge. 2 Vols, - London, 1922; Repr, in one Volume, - London, 1969;-New Delhi, 1970; - Lahore, 1975. - P.26
5. The Baburnama. Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor, Translated, Edited, and, Annotated by Wheeler M., Thackston. - New York & Oxford, 1996. - P.48
