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12THE OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN TAMILNADU HAS NOT SUBSIDED FOR THE LAST 3 YEARS. (STUDY OF CHOLERA OUTBREAKS AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN TAMILNADU - 2010,2011
AND 2019)
Abdimomunova B.
Post-graduate student,
Osh State university, International Medical Faculty Department of "Public Health"
Osh, Kyrgyz Republic Rajasekaran Sh.
Undergraduate Student, 4th Year Student of Osh State International Medical Faculty,
Osh, Kyrgyz Republic, Seelampatti, KC Palayam (Po), perundurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Pothamsetti V.
Student ofInternational medical faculty of Osh state university 4 th year,
Naveen residency, nizampet, Hyderabad
Abstract
Relevance:
Humanity has suffered from devastating cholera outbreaks from time to time throughout its history. All cholera pandemics spread around the world from the Ganges Valley, where the disease has been well known since antiquity. Climatic and geographical features, such as constant heat, pollution of river waters and mass congestion of people near rivers during ceremonies like Kumbha mela, contributed to the spread of the disease across the Indian subcontinent.
There are many infections known from history that threatened civilization with even greater force, one of them is cholera.
India is one of the tropical countries due to its high population, intestinal diseases are one of the problems faced by the health sector. The state has developed effective measures together with health officials to prevent outbreaks and control the most common intestinal infections. On the one hand, the dense population and on the other hand, the climatic and geographical features of the countries of India present some difficulties in the prevention and prevention of a number of infections.
In this country, the most common diseases are amoebiasis, colitis, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, parasitic infections - ascariasis, giardiasis and cholera, despite the preventive actions of the government.
In 2010,2011 and 2019, there were high outbreaks of cholera in Tamil Nadu due to the fact that Tamil Nadu is highly susceptible to cyclones and floods, as a result of which many stagnant reservoirs have become a breeding ground for water-borne diseases such as cholera.
Cholera outbreaks have recently become less frequent due to measures taken by the Government of Tamil Nadu. However, in 2010,2011, and 2019-year outbreaks require more thorough analysis and surveys to prevent further spread of infection.
The population of the state is 721 47 030 people. Diarrheal diseases were common every year in India, where in the state of Tamil Nadu, Villupuram district, there is no total. Of the 163841 reported in 2019, this was one of the highest rates. In the period from 2010 to 2012 (for research purposes, the decade from 2010 to 2020 was taken for cross-examination), the incidence of cholera was the highest, until 2018, a total of 194 cases were registered. In 2019, there was a sudden outbreak of 293 cases in Tamilnadu due to severe floods in India.
Keywords: Cholera, Tamil Nadu, Nilgiris, India, Diarrhea, floods, Cyclones, Schemes.
Goal: The main purpose of this work is to analyze the causes, methods adopted by the Government to eradicate it, and further ideas on how other countries can prevent the spread and effective treatment of cholera.
Ethics: Permission to conduct the study was issued by Osh State Medical University, Kyrgyzstan.
Materials and methods:
Primary data were collected from surveys conducted by the state government on common cases of acute diarrheal diseases that were not gender-specific.
Secondary data from articles published on state health websites, news channels about the extent of damage caused and previously published articles by the authors.
Geographical area, seasonal and cyclical trends were analyzed using data for the period from 2010 to 2020.
Statistical analysis has been carried out, and chart tables are used to display data trends during cyclical changes.
Results and discussions
Tamilnadu is an area prone to tropical cyclones, usually originating from the Indian and Pacific Oceans due to a system of winds rotating counterclockwise in the center of low pressure, most often from the Bay of Bengal, as soon as it reaches land - heavy rains and storms manifest, leading to the loss of homes and crops. Karnataka and West Bengal were the most affected, with the highest foci of acute cholera outbreaks. While Gujarat, Punjab, Maharashtra and Assam are for moderate outbreaks with Tamil Nadu in the less moderate affected region.
CHOLERA:
2010-2015 CUM ULAT1VE DATA C F CA 5ES AND DEATHS CAUSED BY CHC LERA IN INDIA
STATE NO. OF AREA POPULATION NO OF NO.OF TOTAL
DISTRICTS D 5TP. CT5 WITH CHOLERA VEA15 AFFECTED NO OF CASES
ANDAMAN 3 6252 379944 0 0 0
AND NKOBAR
ANORA 13 1EL29Q 4937B776 2 2 45
PRADESH
ARUNACHAL IE KB Xi 13B611 0 0 0
PRADESH
ASSAM 27 B4BB0 3116%72 12 5 2526
BIHAR 3B 96745 103B34637 2 1 41
CHANDHIGARH 1 lie 1054636 1 3 39
CHHATISHGARH 16 136936 2551D19& E J 937
DADARAAND 1 494 34-2B53 1 2 15
HAVELI NAGAR
DAMAN AND 2 109 242911 0 G D
DIU
GOA 2 3627 1467723 1 1 97
GUJARAT 26 1663-32 603B362B 12 c 1542
HARYANA 21 4410B 253530BL B s 1451
HIMACHAL 12 55726 6B565Q9 1 1 235
PRADESH
JAMMU AND 21 2223E3 1254B926 2 2 2167
KASHMIR
JHARK HAND 24 £2172 329EE23E 0 0 0
KARNATAKA 30 191707 61L30704 23 E 32B4
KERALA U 3BB39 333B7677 3 J 237
LAKSHADWEEP 1 EE4 64429 0 0 0
MADH/A SO 309361 72697565 4 3 995
PRADESH
MAHARASHTRA 35 307BBÜ 112372972 14 E 1122
MANUHJR 9 24412 2721756 0 0 D
MEGHALAVA 7 23976 2964007 0 0 D
MIZORAM a 22MB 1909U014 0 0 0
DELHI 9 1S04 167 532 36 2 1 100
NAGALAND 11 16229 19E0602 0 0 0
ODISHA 30 159600 41947356 7 4 1160
PUDUCHERRY 4 504 12444&4 1 2 17
PUNJAB 20 5D393 27704236 9 E 2122
RAJA5THAN 33 34259S 6B62UQ12 7 4 1607
SIKKIM 4 7449 E07EB3 0 0 0
TAMILNADU 32 130235 7213B95B IE S 677
TELUNGANA 10 IIS» 352B6757 2 2 356
TRIPURA 4 11217 3E71Ü32 0 0 0
UTTAR 71 24264k 1995B1477 0 0 0
PRADESH
UTTARAKHAND 13 S3B77 1011E752 1 1 27
TAMILNADU CONTRIBUTED 5.96% CASES IN THE OVERALL CHOLERA CASES IN INDIA DURING THE YEARS OF 2009 TO 2017. TAMILNADU HAS ONE OF THE LARGEST POPULATIONS IN INDIA - 6th RANKING (IN ALL
OF INDIA), HAVING SUCH A LARGE POPULATION HOW DID THE STATE GOVERNMENT MANAGE TO CONTROL WITH VERY SMALL OUTBREAKS AND LACK OF SIGNIFICANT DEATHS.
Cholera cases in Tamilnadu 2010-2019
YEARS CASES DEATHS
2010 932 1
2011 580 0
2012 516 0
2013 146 0
2014 18 0
2015 26 0
2016 4 0
2017 0 0
2018 0 0
2019 293 0
Serotypes:
There are more than 200 serotypes for cholera, O1 and O139 Strains are the Most Common Cause of Epidemics and Outbreaks. In 2010, Theni District Had an Outbreak due to the biotype of O1- El Tor, Ogawa Serotype. 2011 and 2019 outbreaks Reported are of The El Tor biotype. Before 2000's India Experienced From the Classical Biotype From O1.
The No. Of Deaths due to Cholera during the Decade of 2010 to 2019 has been close to zero due to The Medical System of The State of Tamil Nadu. Development has been Shown In the Medical System By Adopting Guidelines From World Health Organization (WHO) and Introduction of New Schemes and Awareness Programs.
Symptoms Of Cholera:
An Infected Person Might Have Mild to No Symptoms but sometimes Severe Symptoms Such as Vomiting, "Rice Water" Diarrhea Which Leads to Dehydration and Finally-Hypovolemic Shock. As a Result, Rehydration Therapy is Priority to Save the Person.
In 2010, the National Disaster Management Authority of India warned the states of Tamil Nadu, An-dlira Pradesh and Puducherry about Cyclone Jal. The
authorities were stationed from Vijayawada to Nellore. But despite the notice, the coastal areas of Karnataka and Tamilnadu were affected due to heavy rains caused by Cyclone Jal. According to the results of statistical processing, it was known that about 3 thousand hectares of crops were damaged, and people were left without means of livelihood, 36 people died due to the cyclone in the Costal and Rayalasima regions of the state of Andhra Pradesh. This led to stagnation of water in reservoirs, which became a breeding ground for cholera. AndraPradesh suffered the most, where the central Government offered the families of the victims social and humanitarian assistance.
In 2011, an outbreak in the shadow area was caused by untreated municipal water supply, samples were taken from suspected cholera. In the autumn of this year, the entire Tamilnadu region was further affected by Cyclone "Thane". According to the results of the surveys, about 33 people died, 21 deaths were registered in Kaddalore district, while 6 deaths occurred in Villupuram-2, Tiruvallur-2 and Chennai-1.
This outbreak not only caused damage to health, but also damaged rice crops with an area of about 25 thousand acres in the Kaveri Delta area.
Temporary aid camps were set up due to the fact that the roofs were blown off by a strong storm wind, people were forbidden to visit the marina beach, as sea
waters penetrated deep into the island about 500 meters from the coastline.
In 2019, heavy rainfall was recorded in the region of southern India. Especially in the state of Tamilnadu, while in neighboring regions such as Pondicherry, Kar-nataka-Bangalore, moderate rainfall has fallen.
It was dubbed the "great floods in India" of 2019 due to the fact that many states faced floods. A series of floods that affected more than 13 states in early July and August due to excessive rains.
The death toll across India was about 1,600.
* Flooding was reported in some areas of Na-gapatinam, Tuticorin and Cuddalore. heavy rain also caused flooding in cities in Chennai districts.
* there were warning levels at Bhavanisagar dam (destruction), Kallar River in Odendurai (Coimbatore) - 331 meters.
* In Tamil Nadu, Nilgiris district was the most affected region. where 1,700 people were evacuated from dangerous areas.
Standing reservoirs are treated with chlorine (chlorine concentration * contact time = disinfection
level), pipeline supply - 0.5 mg/l, risers and wells - 1.0 mg/l, tanker highways - 2.0 mg/l.
the municipality sending the water supply processes it for public use and regularly disposes of waste to avoid contamination, reproduction and leakage of toxic materials.
Conclusions:
The climate cannot be controlled, but how we act in this regard matters, we can be prepared for this based on areas at high risk, with the necessary amenities for people to overcome the consequences of natural disasters.
Despite the fact that the government had so many achievements, there was a lack of efficiency between the various levels of hierarchy in the government.
GARBAGE DUMP IN VELLALORE
Despite the fact that the government is spreading awareness about health and hygiene, all municipal waste is handled with inadequate care, for example, this is a garbage dump in the Vellalore area, in the Coimba-tore area for 4 years; during travel, the air is filled with a stench when you pass through this area - Vellalore. Young children play in the garbage fields, finding new things that they can sell and earn money of about 10-20 rupees a day. Skinny bodies with malnutrition-that was their livelihood. "one person's trash is another's treasure." when asked, employees don't take responsibility and point in a different direction. 10 rupees. It was enough to fill our stomach in Amma's unawagam.
Due to cyclones and precipitation, water accumulates in pits, on vacant lots and sites. especially in areas that tend to accumulate water due to their low terrain. The situation has become favorable for the reproduction of vectors. to avoid this, we have to fill up stagnant reservoirs with soil.
To prevent the bacteria from spreading, all feces (human waste) from sick persons should be thrown away carefully to ensure it does not contaminate anything nearby.
Based on the topography of the region and precipitation, urban, suburban, rural areas; statistical data can be analyzed to determine the most likely regions that can lead to the formation of stagnant reservoirs and regions for the reproduction of vector-borne diseases or organisms that cause water-borne diseases.
The settlement and increase of the green cover in the regions will lead to better water seepage to the ground level, prevention of soil erosion and conservation of biodiversity.
ORS packages can be offered as a region-specific scheme for the treatment of acute diarrheal diseases, especially in families with newborns under 5 years of age.
To some extent, it was cholera that caused the appearance of plumbing and sewerage, because clean water turned out to be the most effective remedy against the disease.
Ironically, the cure for cholera is elementary. to prevent the body from dying from dehydration, you should simply replenish the lost fluid. clean water with
a pinch of salt would reduce mortality from 50 to just over one percent.
References
1. Cyclone Thane: Relief operations on war footing; toll rises to 42 - Indian Express
2. India death toll climbs in wake of Cyclone Thane - CNN
3. https://nhm.tn.gov.in/en/the-nilgiris
4. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chen-nai/nilgiris-floods-heavy-downpour-kills-six-near-ava-lanche-5905118/
5. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mon-soon-floods-kerala-karnataka-maharashtra-gujarat-madhya-pradesh-1579318-2019-08-10
6. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/over-1-600-dead-in-indias-heaviest-monsoon-in-25-years-re-port-2110356
7. https://floodlist.com/asia/india-nepal-paki-stan-bangladesh-monsoon-floods-july-2019
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10. https://www.who. int/water_sanita-tion_health/hygiene/emergencies/fs2_ 17 .pdf
11. Heavy rains lash Tamil Nadu as north-east monsoon brings downpour - The Hindu
12. https ://www. ncbi.nlm. nih. gov/pmc/arti-cles/PMC3401701/
13. Jal Cyclone Status: Death Toll In Andhra Pradesh Put At 54 - Hyderabad News on fullhyd.com
14. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti-cle/pii/S0264410X19316433
15. https://tnhealth.tn.gov.in/dph/dphdb.php
16. https://www. cdc.gov/cholera/vac-cines.html#:~:text=The%20FDA%20recently%20appr oved%20a,area%20of%20active%20cholera%20trans-mission.
17. https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/books/NBK84
07/
18. https://www. cdc.gov/cholera/illness.html
