CC BY
8IRSTI 34.35.51
THE NEGATIVE EFFECT OF THE TRAFFIC GROWTH TO THE AIR BASSIN
G.U. Baitasheva1, A.M. Sharipbaeva2 'Cand. Sci. (Agriculture), Associate Professor 2MSc student, 6M011300 - Biology 12Kazakh State Women's Teacher Training University, Kazakhstan, Almaty, email: [email protected]
The paper considers the negative impact of the road transport to the air in urban area. The calculation of harmful substances of the traffic flow of cars,trucks and buses while driving through the city of Almaty was carried out. The study is based on calculations of the volume of freons released. Observation was conducted in four points of the city. As a result of three measurements, the average value of the traffic flow was determined. As a control point, a microdistrict was taken on the eastern outskirts of Almaty with an average traffic flow. The authors reveal a direct relationship between the state of the air basin and the intensity of the traffic flow.
Key words: Almaty, environment, atmosphere, freon, carbon dioxide, traffic, control
The main source of environmental pollution is the economic activity of the human being. The transport and road complex has contributed significantly to the atmosphere, creating significant pollutants, contributing to the contamination and degradation of the environment. Due to the advancement of entrepreneurial activity in the field of transport and road complexes, there is a growing number of private refueling stations, regular parking spaces, permanent and temporary parking spaces and other structures throughout the city and in many settlements. It also contains pollutants with toxic substances such as residual gases, dust particles, aerosols, and causes harm to human health, flora and fauna. And now, in Almaty, it is obvious that the number of automobiles will increase in competition. Almaty is one of the largest industrial cities in the south-east of the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to the statistics of the automobile industry of Kazakhstan "KazAvtoIndustry", in January-August 2017 administrative bodies registered 747,365 vehicles of all categories. This is 20.1% higher than in the previous year. The proportion of vehicles over 20 years has increased from 31.7 to 35.9 percent [1].
At present, the share of vehicles in pollution of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, technogenic substances is 70-80%. The concentration of the above-mentioned toxic substances has recently increased several times around large cities and large roads. Their increase is largely dependent on the transport conditions of motor roads and engineering structures [2].
Air pollution by air is caused by a wide distribution of CO2 concentrations in the environment, from the various activities of people, by intense motor vehicle movement and production processes, by incorrect combustion of vehicles, as well as the release of methane (CH4), nitrogen oxides (N2O) [3].
According to the global research of industrial processes in 2006-2015, conducted by Global Atmospheric Research Database (EDGAR-Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research), Joint Research Center (JRC) and European Commission (EC), the main sources of air pollution are following: cement production, fuel consumption, chemical and metallic processes, solvents, waste and fossil fuels, biomass burning (e.g. burning of agricultural waste), biomass burning (e.g. forest fires) and vehicle emissions.
The volume of toxic gas emissions in different countries is shown in the Table 1 [4].
Table 1. Amount of CO2 emitted to air 2006-2015 in different countries
Country The amount of CO2 distributed annually
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
China 6,870,759 7,515,037 7,699,949 8,246,582 8,986,614 9,844,525 10,056,756 10,503,137 10,711,037 10,641,789
USA 5,765,135 5,847,966 5,659,277 5,243,236 5,519,484 5,391,417 5,164,192 5,255,530 5,312,226 5,172,338
India 1,367,406 1,439,192 1,536,650 1,738,106 1,848,710 1,961,663 2,090,857 2,191,277 2,334,381 2,454,968
Russia 1,764,650 1,766,346 1,743,343 1,652,898 1,735,583 1,820,098 1,833,976 1,824,579 1,822,210 1,760,895
Japan 1,289,035 1,310,630 1,226,781 1,163,613 1,219,095 1,258,289 1,293,511 1,312,750 1,281,569 1,252,890
Germany 844,435 817,319 828,292 768,284 811,861 793,891 801,677 815,812 773,020 777,905
Iran 500,311 534,178 544,451 565,166 568,920 578,502 591,310 600,055 625,021 633,750
Canada 545,677 570,974 563,980 532,609 545,088 551,261 556,797 568,364 572,262 555,401
Brazil 363,134 379,565 399,717 373,531 423,798 442,313 457,077 485,620 505,395 486,229
Italy 489,493 482,151 466,539 413,512 422,825 412,039 395,145 362,512 335,610 352,886
Kazakhstan 216,166 225,573 259,843 232,848 249,093 269,958 256,771 267,585 274,067 267,978
According to the data in this table, Kazakhstan occupies the 11th place in terms of emissions of CO2 from cars. The main source of pollution is of course Almaty. On the basis of our special plan to improve the ecological situation in Almaty, there are three checkpoints of atmospheric air pollution, which operates since March 2000. Taking into account the abundance of urban and industrial parks, alternative energy sources are being utilized. There are Almaty city administration, KazTransGas, a subsidiary of KazTransGasCJSC, plans to build 15 automotive gas compressor stations in the city and transfer one thousand cars to alternative fuel at the first stage which guaranteed to clean the air of Almaty [5].
It is expected that in the near future, the use of globally updated biofuels will increase rapidly. The use of renewable biofuels is very beneficial and effective. Because they are environmentally friendly, low in toxicity and are an indispensable alternative to some fuels. We refer to the biofuels that are substantially applicable to biodiesel. The growth and production of biodiesel has a great impact on the environment. The use of biodiesel vehicles reduces the greenhouse gase mission [6]. Of course, there are such specially planned works, but now the level of pollution by automobile emissions in Almaty is increasing.
By the 2017 BTEX brand, about 20 cities are included in the study. These studies focus on the city of Almaty in Kazakhstan. The ecological data from Almaty are compared to 19 major cities in the world. As a result, benzene in Almaty is a high level of toxic gas. It is the 8th most polluted city in the city [7].
According to our available data, the level of pollution in Almaty has reached its peak (IZA-13.1). Often polluting Almaty air: carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and smoke. AHC, CHP-1 system, which is a source of constant heat sources, emits 8253 tons of harmful emissions. These hazardous wastes form chemical compounds in the air and form new compounds that are even more dangerous[8].
It is also necessary to look for ways to increase oxygen content in the atmosphere. At present, the oxygen in the atmosphere (O2) is stable at 21%. This quantity is a sufficient and necessary environmental resource factor for the breathing of plants, animals and insects, human beings and microorganisms. According to the results of modern research, oxygen in the atmosphere is accumulated by photosynthesis of plants. For example, as a result of photosynthesis of continental vegetation cover, an average of 280-320 billion cubic meters a year tons of oxygen is added. As a result, the oxygen produced by the photosynthesis of the continental plants can not replenish the amount of oxygen burned for the energy of humanity, with the amount of gas (oxygen) in the air decreasing from year to year. If fuel extraction is not limited to the energy obtained in these industries, the oxygen content may be reduced from 21% to 8-12%. [9]. Gasemitted contains about 200 substances. One of them is hydrocarbons burning. Blown hydrocarbons are heavily distributed in the smoke, especially when the engine is slow. The gas released from high quality
gasoline will be 2.7% oxide of non-combustible hydrocarbon. When the machine speed slows, its size will increase to 6.9%. This is often the case when the car slows down, so carbon dioxide is heavily distributed in the city's air [8]. According to data from the training manual "Measures of environmental protection in the transport and road complex" written by Kiyalbaev, Tokkulov, Teltaev, Talgatbekova, harmful substances emitted by various engines are following (see Table 2).
Table 2. The amount of harmful substances emitted by various engines from vehicles
Air Pollutants In the following modes, the amount of harmful substances emitted by the engine %
in the free circle at speeds stable speed movement braking
Gasoline engines
Carbon monoxide 6,9 2,9 2,7 3,9
Hydrocarbons 0,53 0,16 0,10 1,0
Nitrogen oxide 3 103 0,1 C.065 0,02
Aldehydes 3 103 2 10"3 M0"3 0,03
Diesel engines
Carbon Dioxide Footprints 1000 footprints footprints
Hydrocarbons 0,04 0,02 0,01 0,03
Nitrogen oxide 6 10"3 35-10"3 24 10"3 3 10"3
Aldehydes M0"3 2 10"3 M0"3 3 10"3
If air polluted with oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, if it is 0.2-0.5 mg/m in the air, it affects the respiratory system, the eyelids, causes pulmonary diseases. It also slows down the photosynthesis of the leaves of the plants and causes chlorosis to be damaged [8].
Effects of freons, which were separated from cars on the air layer of Almaty, were observed. The control was conducted in the last decade of October 2017. At the points mentioned below, cars were counted.
This will undoubtedly undermine the ecological situation of the city. Therefore, in order to control the current ecological situation of the city, the number of vehicles in the streets of the city during the time period has been determined and shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Number of cars on the route
Point 1. Gogol - Seifullin
Time Trucks Bus Cars Total number of vehicles at a specified time
8:00-10:00 7 42 1345 1394
12:00-13:00 5 39 1292 1336
17:00-19:00 9 45 1435 1489
Total: 4219
Point 2. Tole bi - Utegen batyr
8:00-11:00 17 174 3348 3539
12:00-15:00 8 87 1674 1769
17:00-20:00 28 232 5856 6116
Total: 11424
Point 3. Kaldayakov - Zhibek-Zholy
8:00-09:00 4 37 1254 1295
12:00-13:00 6 42 1350 1398
17:00-19:00 8 74 2508 2590
Total: 5283
Control Point. Duman microdistrict, Khan Tengri - Kazygurt
8:00-09:00 10 39 178 227
12:00-13:00 11 39 182 232
17:00-19:00 5 39 210 254
Total: 718
Total number of results found: 21644 Regions with high levels of pollution are: 20926 By point of reference: 718
The census was carried out at a distance of 5 meters at 20 minutes per hour. Repeated by three times in a month, average score was counted according to the schedule.
> 1 point. Gogol - Seifullin. The population is concentrated, traffic jams range from 8 to 10 am, 12-13 in the afternoon and 17-19 in the evening.
> 2 point. Tole bi - Utegen batyr. The population is very concentrated, traffic jams range from 8 to 11 in the morning, 12-15 in the afternoon and 17-21 in the evening. Especially in the evening, busy buses depart from different directions.
> 3 point. Kaldayakov - Zhibek-zholy. The population is concentrated, traffic jams range from 8-9 in the morning, 12-13 in the afternoon, and 17-19 in the evening.
> Control. Duman microdistrict, Khan Tengri - Kazygurt streets, there is no traffic congestion, everyday people, a clear zone of Ili Alatau slopes.
In our research, it has been proven that the Duman micro district is also a clean area during census. By the way, we can see that the cars we used to travel were designed by the graphic designs - the Tole bi -Utegen batyr, where the vehicle is heavily concentrated, is the intersection of the Zhibek zholy and Kaldayakov streets. It is known that the level of pollution of Gogol-Seifullin streets is very high (picture 1).
In this regard, according to the literature, we present in Table 4 the quantities of harmful substances produced by cars, trucksand buses in cities:
Table 4. Amount of harmful substances produced by light and trucks, buses in cities
Type of fuel, bus class Cities with a population of more than 1 million Urban population 0.1-1 million cities The population is less than 0.1 million
inhabitants
Fuel type Passenger cars
AI-80, -92, -95, 10,74 9,25 8,86
AI-7v (E), 43,38 39,85 37,42
AI-93 (E) 10.74 84,18 76,57 72,10
Cargo weight, t Fuel Cargo Trucks
up to 2 tons of Gasoline 77,07 69,22 68,25
2-5 tons of Gasoline 101,54 91,95 83,61
gas 16,64 6,03 13,00
diesel 41,51 37,46 30,58
5-8 tons of gasoline 135,0 120,89 108,96
gas 32,1 26,51 22,44
diesel 55,05 48,93 40,27
18-16 tons of gasoline 170,79 153,93 138,90
232,61 diesel 66,57 58,57 4/8,10
More than 16 t diesel 78,58 69,45 58,15
Busclass Fuel Bus
Small gasoline 131,01 118,28 106,24
Subsea gasoline 136,64 165,39 109,87
average gasoline 185,64 163,39 150,05
large diesel 57,1 45,96 38,78
gasoline 232,61 209,24 188,56
diesel 68,57 61,6 32,71
very large diesel 76,94 67,21 53,19
As seen in the table, automobiles using ethylene gasoline are 8 times more likely to harm the environment than petrol consumers. Minimal fuel and gas damage belongs to trucks. The truck is 1.5-2 times more harmful to the environment than cars and large buses. Therefore, the number of vehicles passing through the points of Almaty has been significantly higher than the control and literary data, and it is clear that trucks and buses exceed the amount of harmful substances produced in the city. It is difficult to exchange air in the pictures que city near the beautiful Alatau mountains. The worst hit of Almaty air is the fault of cars with major technical defects. And experts warn that the majority of hydrocarbons in the automobile engines will become black, since smoke from technical malfunctions will cause hydrocarbons to be highly poisonous benzopyrin. In the city it is necessary to find ways to utilize excessive cars. It is necessary to reduce the concentrated gas stations and increase the use of alternative energy sources. In our opinion, gasoline-driven vehicles should be equipped with control-regulating equipment and all types of transport should be transferred to the gas-carrying method.
References
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НЕГАТИВНОЕ ВЛИЯНИЕ УВЕЛИЧЕНИЯ КОЛИЧЕСТВА АВТОТРАНСПОРТА НА ВОЗДУШНЫЙ
БАССЕЙН
Г.У. Байташева1, А.М. Шарипбаева2 'к.с/х.н., и.о. ассоциированного профессора 2магистрант 1 курса «6M011300-Биология» '^Казахский государственный женский педагогический университет, Казахстан, г. Алматы, email: [email protected]
В статье рассматривается негативное влияние дорожно-транспортного комплекса на качество окружающей среды. Проведен расчет вредных вешеств транспортного потока легковых и грузовых автомобилей, автобусов при движении по городу Алматы. Исследование основано на расчетах обьема выделяемых фреонов. Наблюдение велось в четырех точках города. В результате трех замеров было определено среднее значение транспортного потока. В качестве контрольной точки был взят микрорайон на восточной окраине Алматы со средним транспортным потоком. Авторы выявляют прямую зависимость между состоянием воздушного бассейна и интенсивностью транспортного потока.
Ключевые слова: Алматы, окружающая среда, атмосфера, фреон, С02, автотранспорт, контроль
АВТОК6Л1КТЕРДЩ САНДЬЩ М6ЛШЕРШЩ АРТУЫНЬЩ АУА БАССЕЙН1НЕ КЕР1 ЭСЕР1
Г.У. Байташева1, А.М. Шарипбаева2 'а/ш.г.к., кауымдастырылган профессор м.а. 2«6М011300-Биология» 1-курс магистранты 12^азак мемлекетпк кыздар педагогикальщ университет^ Казакстан, Алматы, email: [email protected]
Бул макалада квлiк жол кешенiнiц коршаган ортаныц сапасына керi эсерi баяндалды. Фреондардыц ауага бвлiнген мвлшерi сараланды. Жещл жэне жук автомобильдерiнiц, автобустардыц калаларда жургенде шыгаратын зиянды заттарыныц мвлшерi карастырылып сараптама жасалды. Осыган орай бакылауга алынган нYктелердегi автоквлiктер саны аныкталды. Автоквлiктер саны уш ретпк кайталанумен саналып орта есебi алынды. Бакылауга алынган нYктелердiц коршаган орта жагдайына сараптама жасалды. Бакылау нуктеа ретiнде Алматы каласыныц шыгыс аймагындагы автоквлiктер агымы аз Думан ыкшам ауданы алынды. Авторлар автвквлiктер агыны мен ауа бассейiнi арасындагы пкелей катынасты аныктаган.
Т}йт свздер: Алматы, цоршаган орта, атмосфера, фреон, CO2, автекелж, бацылау
