CC BY
0
Turczaninowia 26, 4: 59-71 (2023) DOI: 10.14258/turczaninowia.26.4.11 http://turczaninowia.asu.ru
ISSN 1560-7259 (print edition)
TURCZANINOWIA
ISSN 1560-7267 (online edition)
УДК 582.545.2:581.93(540)
The native taxa of Arecaceae in India: a review
S. Mehmud1*, H. Roy2
1 University of Science & Technology Meghalaya, Techno City, Kling Road, Baridua, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya-793101, India E-mail: mehmudselim@gmail.com; ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8731-2223 2 Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati-781001, Assam, India E-mail: dr.himuroy@gmail.com; ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8902-636X * Corresponding author
Keywords: check list, distribution, endemic, habitat, Indian palms, indigenous species, IUCN.
Summary. The present review study is an attempt to assemble and scrutinize major taxonomic and floristic works on the family Arecaceae and present revised information both on diversity and geography of the family in India. The study enumerates total 85 native taxa (84 species and one subspecies) belonging to 19 genera of Arecaceae in the country, where the genus Calamus is represented by 35 taxa (34 species and one subspecies), and remaining genera by less than ten species each. The present list of accepted species includes synonyms, data on their distribution, ecology (forest types, elevation) and status in the country. Among these 85 taxa, 21 species are currently considered under five different categories of IUCN, i.e. twelve species are attributed to Least Concern category, five to Vulnerable, three to Near Threatened, and one species to Endangered and Extinct in the Wild respectively. Total eleven species are endemic to India where one species is distributed in Peninsular India, one in Peninsular and Nicobar Islands, one in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra, two in Nicobar Islands, two in Andaman Islands, two in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and two in Western Ghats. Majority of the species were found to be confined to evergreen and rain forests. The species occur from lowlands to 2400 m elevation. Common cultivated taxa are excluded here.
1 Мегалайский университет науки и технологии, Техносити, Клинг Роуд, д. Баридуа, округ Ри-Бхои, штат Мегалайя,
Ключевые слова: аборигенный вид, индийские пальмы, список, местообитание, МСОП, распространение, эндемик.
Аннотация. Настоящее исследование представляет собой попытку обзора основных таксономических и флористических работ по семейству Arecaceae Индии. Полученная информация представлена в виде списка естественно произрастающих в стране родов и видов пальм с указанием синонимов, распространения, экологии (приуроченности к тому или иному типу леса и высоте), эндемизма и природоохранного статуса в стране. Выявлено 85 таксонов (84 вида и один подвид), принадлежащих к 19 родам Arecaceae, крупнейшим из которых является род Calamus, представленный тридцатью четырьмя видами и одним подвидом, а все остальные роды - менее чем десятью видами. Четверть (21 вид) индийских пальм в настоящее время имеет различный природоохранных статус МСОП: двенадцать видов относятся к категории наименее угрожаемых, пять - к уязвимым, три - к находящимся в состоянии, близком к угрожаемому, и по одному виду - к находящимся под угрозой исчезновения и вымершим в дикой природе соответственно. Одиннадцать видов эндемичны для
Обзор пальм (Arecaceae) Индии
С. Мехмуд1, Х. Рой2
2
793101, Индия
Университет хлопка, Хем Баруах Роуд, Панбазар, г. Гувахати, штат Ассам, 781001, Индия
Поступило в редакцию 06.11.2022 Принято к публикации 11.12.2023
Submitted 06.11.2022 Accepted 11.12.2023
Индии, из которых один распространен на материковой части Индии, один - на материке и Никобарских островах, один - в штатах Керала, Тамил Наду, Карнатака и Махараштра, два - на Никобарских островах, два - на Андаманских островах, два - на Андаманских и Никобарских островах и два - в Западных Гатах. Большинство видов обитает в вечнозеленых и тропических лесах от низин до 2400 м над ур. м. Обычные культивируемые таксоны в список не включены.
Introduction
Globally palms are found to be economically very important after grasses (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). In India, significant taxonomic works were contributed by many workers to explore the family Arecaceae Bercht. et J. Presl (Griffith, 1845, 1850; Anderson, 1871; Hooker, 1894; Beccari, 1902, 1908, 1911, 1918; Blatter, 1926; Basu, 1984, 1989, 1992; Renuka, 1987a, 1987b, 1990, 1999; Lakshmana, Renuka, 1990; Basu, Chakraverty, 1994; Biswas, Dayal, 1995; Negi, 1996; Ram, Tandon, 1997; Renuka, Vijayakumaran, 1994a, 1994b; Kulkarni, Mulani, 2004; Singh et al., 2004; Meitam, Sharma, 2005; Henderson, 2007, 2009, 2020; Henderson A., Henderson F., 2007; Jacob et al., 2008; Devi et al., 2010; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Barooah, Ahmed, 2014; Mondal, Chowdhury, 2018, 2019; Mondal et al., 2019, 2020, 2021; Deka et al., 2020; Mao, Dash, 2020; Mehmud, Roy, 2021a). The native species in India are mainly distributed in three geographical regions viz. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Peninsular India and Northern India (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012) and the total number of species of the family reported in the country varies in different studies. According to Kulkarni and Mulani (2004), 96 palm species under 20 genera were indigenous to India. In contrast, Henderson (2009) reported 71 native species in India and 29 in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, resulting in a total of 88 species. Renuka and Sreekumar (2012) mentioned 105 species under 22 genera in India, out of which the genus Calamus L. was most diverse (46 species). Mao and Dash (2020) enlisted 110 taxa (106 species and four infraspecific taxa) under 20 genera from the country. But many names that were reported in these studies were merged and/or mentioned as synonyms of other species (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Sreekumar, Henderson, 2014; Henderson, 2020; Mehmud, Roy, 2021b, 2022a, 2022b) therefore a review was required to assess the actual diversity of native taxa occurring in India. The present review study is an attempt to compile relevant information.
Materials and Methods
Relevant taxonomic literature of the family Arecaceae is reviewed and all the accepted names are
included in the present study. Voucher specimens have been examined at different herbaria (acronyms ASSAM, ARUN, CAL, GUBH); images of specimens from K, NYBG, A, P, K, L, BR, etc. available online were also accessed.
Results and Discussions
In the present study, a total of 85 native taxa belonging to 19 genera are recorded. The names of genera are arranged alphabetically. Present review resulted in a compilation of 34 species and one subspecies under Calamus; seven species under Phoenix L.; five species each under Arenga Labill. ex DC., Pinanga Blume, Trachycarpus H. Wendl. and Wallichia Roxb.; four species under Caryota L.; three species each Corypha L. and Korthalsia Blume; two species each under Bentinckia Berry, Licuala Wurmb and Plectocomia Mart. et Blume; and remaining genera Areca L., Hyphaene Gaertn., Livistona R. Br., Myrialepis Becc., Nypa Steck., Rhopaloblaste Scheff. and Salacca Reinw. are represented by single species each. The common cultivated species like Areca catechu L., Cocos nucifera L. and Borassus flabellifer L. are excluded from the present study. Accepted taxa, their distribution in India (with states) and in the world, habitat and forest types in India, elevation (elev.) and status [endemicity in India and/or IUCN category (IUCN. URL: www.iucnredlist.org)] are provided.
Areca L., 1753, Sp. Pl.: 1189.
1. A. triandra Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham., 1824, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 310.
Distribution: India [Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); northeastern India (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim (Henderson, 2009); Assam (Mao, Dash, 2020)], Bangladesh, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat : Common in lowland and montane rain forests; elev.: 1500 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Status: Least Concern (IUCN).
Arenga Labill. ex DC., 1800, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 2: 162.
2. A. micrantha C. F. Wei, 1988, Acta Phyto. Sin. 36: 404.
Distribution: India [Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012)], Bhutan, China (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Evergreen montane forests; elev.: 15002000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). Status: Endangered (IUCN).
3. A. obtusifolia Mart., 1838, Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 191. Distribution: India [Arunachal Pradesh (Renuka,
Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020; Pillai et al., 2020)], Java, Malaysia, Sumatra, Thailand (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Evergreen and secondary forests; elev.: 500-700 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). Status: Least Concern (IUCN).
4. A. pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr., 1917, Interpr. Herb. Amboin. 119.
Distribution: India [Andaman Islands (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Assam (Mao, Dash, 2020; Pillai et al., 2020)], Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Rain forest (Pillai et al., 2020); elev. 500 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Note: The species was not found in Assam (Mehmud, Roy, 2021a).
5. A. westerhoutii Griff., 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 474.
Distribution: India [Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Assam (Barbhuiyan, 2014; Mehmud, Roy, 2021a)], China, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Lowland of evergreen forest (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); elev.: 600-1400 m (Henderson, 2009).
Status: Least Concern (IUCN).
6. A. wightii Griff., 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 475. Distribution: India [Coimbatore (Griffith,
1845); Peninsular India (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu (Henderson, 2009; Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Lowland, steep and montane evergreen forests; elev.: 800-1000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Status: Endemic to Peninsular India (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Vulnerable (IUCN).
Bentinckia Berry, 1832, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 621.
7. B. condapanna Berry ex Roxb., 1832, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 621.
Distribution: India [Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Montane rain forests (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); elev.: 1000-1400 m (Henderson, 2009).
Status: Endemic to Peninsular India and Nicobar Islands (Irwin et al., 2021); Vulnerable (IUCN).
8. B. nicobarica (Kurz) Becc., 1885, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 2: 165.
Distribution: India [Nicobar Island (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Lowland evergreen forest; elev.: 100-150 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Status: Endemic to Nicobar Islands (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Vulnerable (IUCN). Calamus L., 1753, Sp. Pl.: 325.
9. C. acanthospathus Griff., 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 39.
Distribution: India [Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012), West Bengal (Henderson, 2009), northeastern India (Henderson, 2020), Assam and Sikkim (Mao, Dash,
2020)], Bhutan, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Tibet, Vietnam (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Lowland or montane rain forest; elev.: 800-2500 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
10. C. andamanicus Kurz., 1874, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 43: 211.
Distribution: India [Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Mao, Dash, 2020; Henderson, 2020); Nicobar Island (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012)].
Habitat: Lowland rain forest; elev.: 50-200 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Synonym: C. semierectus Renuka et Vijayak. (Sreekumar, Henderson, 2014; Henderson, 2020).
Status: Endemic to Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
11. C. arborescens Griff., 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 33.
Distribution: India [Manipur (Singh et al., 2004; Meitam, Sharma, 2005); West Bengal (Mondal et al.,
2021)], Myanmar, Thailand (Henderson, 2020). Habitat: Subtropical forest of Eastern Himalaya;
elev.: 300-350 m (Mondal et al., 2021).
12. C. baratangensis Renuka, Vijayak., 1994, Rheedea 4: 141.
Distribution: India [Andaman Island (Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Henderson, 2020; Mao, Dash, 2020), Nicobar (Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Lowland evergreen forest; elev.: 100 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Synonym: C. basui Renuka et Vijayak. (Sreekumar, Henderson, 2014; Henderson, 2020).
Status: Endemic (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
13. C. brandisii Becc., 1894, Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 448. Distribution: India [Kerala, Tamil Nadu (Basu,
1992; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Henderson, 2009, 2020; Mao, Dash, 2020); Karnataka (Henderson, 2009; Mao, Dash, 2020).
Habitat: Montane forests; elev.: 1000-2000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Status: Endemic to Western Ghats (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
14. C. dilaceratus Becc., 1902, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 198.
Distribution: India [Nicobar Island (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2009, 2020; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012)].
Habitat: Lowland rain forest; elev.: 100-200 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Status: Endemic to Nicobar Island (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
15. C. erectus Roxb., 1832, Fl. Ind. 3: 774. Distribution: India [Assam, Arunachal
Pradesh, Meghalaya, Tripura, Sikkim, West Bengal (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Manipur (Basu, 1992; Meitam, Sharma, 2005; Henderson, 2009); northeastern India (Henderson, 2020)], Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Nepal, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Evergreen forest; elev.: up to 1200 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Synonym: C. erectus var. schizospathus (Griff.) Becc. (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Henderson, 2020), C. pseudoerectus S. Mondal, S. K. Basu et M. Choudhury (Henderson, 2020),
Note: Based on fruits, C. pseudoerectus was described from Eastern Himalaya of India (Mondal et al., 2019) and similar types of fruits of C. erectus were observed in Dima Hasao district of Assam (Mehmud, Roy, 2021c).
16. C. flagellum Griff. ex Mart., 1853, Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 333.
Distribution: India [Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, West Bengal, Manipur (Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Sikkim (Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010); northeastern India (Henderson, 2020)], Bangladesh, China, Tibet, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Evergreen forests; elev.: 800-1200 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
17. C. floribundus Griff., 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 56.
Distribution: India [Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Tripura, Nagaland (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Manipur, West Bengal (Henderson, 2009);
northeastern India (Henderson, 2020)], Bangladesh, Myanmar (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Lowland evergreen forests; elev.: 1000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
18. C. gamblei Becc., 1894, Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 448. Distribution: India [Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Karnataka (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Henderson, 2020; Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Evergreen forests; elev.: 500-1000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Synonym: C. dransfieldii Renuka, C. lacciferus Lakshmana et Renuka, C. neelagiricus Renuka, C. prasinus Lakshmana et Renuka, C. renukae Jacob, Mohanan et Kariyappa, C. shendurunii Anto, Renuka et Sreekumar (Sreekumar, Henderson, 2014; Henderson, 2020).
Status: Endemic to Western Ghats (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
19. C. gracilis Roxb., 1832, Fl. Ind. 3: 781. Distribution: India [Andhra Pradesh (Mao,
Dash, 2020), Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); northeastern India (Henderson, 2020)], Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Laos (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Evergreen forests; elev.: 1000-1500 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). In Assam the species was recorded in 40-671 m elevation (Mehmud, Roy, 2021a).
20. C. guruba Buch-Ham. ex Mart., 1838, Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 211.
Distribution: India [Assam, West Bengal, Odisha, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Bihar, Sikkim, Tripura (Henderson, 2009); northeastern India (Henderson, 2020); Assam Meghalaya, Odisha, West Bengal (Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Montane rain forest and scrub forests; elev.: up to 1200 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
21. C. henryanus Becc., 1902, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2: 199.
Distribution: India [Assam (Mehmud, Roy, 2020, 2021a) and Tripura (Mehmud, Roy, 2022c)], Myanmar, China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Lowland and montane rain forests; elev.: 100-1500 m (Henderson, 2020).
22. C. hookerianus Becc., 1908, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11(1): 226.
Distribution: India [Tamil Nadu, Kerala (Basu, 1992; Renuka et al., 2010; Henderson, 2020); Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Evergreen forest; elev.: 1000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
23. C. inermis T. Anders., 1871, J. Linn. Soc. 11: 11. Distribution: India [West Bengal, Sikkim,
Meghalaya (Basu, 1992); Sikkim (Renuka et al., 2010); Assam (Basu, 1992; Mehmud, Roy, 2021a); northeastern India (Henderson, 2020)], Bhutan, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Lowland or montane forest; elev.: 1002000 m (Henderson, 2020).
Synonym: C. nambariensis Becc. (Henderson, 2020), C. nambariensis Becc. subsp. arunachalensis Deka, Borthakur et Tanti and C. nambariensis Becc. subsp. nambariensis var. hoollongapariensis Deka, Borthakur et Tanti (Mehmud, Roy, 2022b).
24. C. kingianus Becc., 1908, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11(1): 197.
Distribution: India [Assam (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020; Mehmud, Roy, 2021a), Meghalaya (Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020) and Arunachal Pradesh [voucher examined at ARUN (acc. no. 13395)]; northeastern India (Assam) (Henderson, 2020)], Myanmar (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Lowland rain forests; elev.: 500 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
25. C. lakshmanae Renuka, 1990, J. Econ. Taxo. Bot. 14: 703.
Distribution: India [Kerala, Karnataka (Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Henderson, 2020; Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Evergreen forests; elev.: 1000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
26. C. latifolius Roxb., 1814, Hort. Bengal.: 73. Distribution: India [Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,
Meghalaya, West Bengal, Sikkim (Basu, 1992; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Odisha (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Nagaland (Basu, 1992; Renuka et al., 2010), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Basu, 1992; Mao, Dash, 2020); Andaman Island and eastern and northeastern India (Henderson, 2020)], Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Lowlands and evergreen forests; elev.: to 1000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Synonym: C. latifolius var. marmoratus Becc. and C. palustris Griff. (Henderson, 2020).
Note: Mehmud and Roy (2021a) reported the species from Assam but the in the present study the species is kept under doubtful distribution.
27. C. leptospadix Griff., 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 49.
Distribution: India [Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, West Bengal, Sikkim, Manipur, Nagaland (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Assam (Mehmud, Roy, 2021a); Tripura (Deb, 1983; Henderson, 2009); northeastern India (Henderson, 2020)], Bhutan, Myanmar (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Lowland or montane rain forests; elev.: to 1400 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Synonym: C. mahanandensis S. Mondal, S. K. Basu et M. Chowdhury (Mehmud, Roy, 2022a).
Note: In "Flora of Tripura" Deb (1983) cited a specimen having collection number "Deb 27024" for C. leptospadix but this specimen was belonged to C. henryanus, one voucher specimen (barcode CAL0000031027) housed at CAL (Mehmud, Roy, 2022c) and another at ASSAM (acc. no. 28334).
28. C. longisetus Griff., 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 36.
Distribution: India [Andaman (Basu, 1992; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Manipur (Renuka et al., 2010); Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Henderson, 2009); Nicobar Islands (Henderson, 2020)], Myanmar, Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Lowland evergreen forests at low elevation (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
29. C. meghalayensis Henderson, 2007, Taiwania 52(2): 155.
Distribution: India [Assam (Bora et al., 2012; Mehmud, Roy, 2021a) and Meghalaya (Basu, 1992; Henderson A., Henderson F., 2007; Henderson 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012), northeastern India (Henderson, 2020)].
Habitat: Lowland evergreen forest (Henderson, 2020).
30. C. melanochaetes (Blume) Miq., 1868, De palmis archipelagi Indici observations novae: 28.
Distribution: India [Andaman Islands, Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim and West Bengal (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012), Andaman Islands, northeastern India (Henderson, 2020)], Aru Islands, Borneo, Cambodia, China, Flores, Java, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sumatra, Sumbawa, Thailand, Vietnam, Wetar (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Lowland or montane forest; elev.: 4-1900 m (Henderson, 2020).
Synonym: Daemonorops aurea Renuka et Vijayak, D. jenkinsiana (Griff.) Mart., D. kurziana Hook. f. ex Becc., D. manni Becc., D. rarispinosa Renuka et Vijayak., D. wrightmyoensis Renuka et Vijayak. (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012), D. teraiensis S. Mondal et M. Chowdhury (Henderson, 2020).
31. C. metzianus Schltdl., 1855, Linnaea 26: 727. Distribution: India [Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Karnataka (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Henderson, 2020; Mao, Dash, 2020)], Sri Lanka (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Lowland or open areas, coasts; elev.: 50100 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
32. C. nagbettai R. R. Fernandez et Dey, 1970, Indian Forester 96: 223.
Distribution: India [Karnataka (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2020); Karnataka, Kerala (Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Evergreen forests; elev.: up to 1000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
33. C. nicobaricus Becc., 1894, Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 446.
Distribution: India [Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Basu, 1992; Mao, Dash, 2020); Nicobar Island (Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Henderson, 2020)].
Habitat: Scrub forests at low elevation (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Synonym: C. pseudorivalis Becc. (Henderson, 2020).
34. C. pseudotenuis Becc., 1894, Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 445.
Distribution: India [Tamil Nadu (Basu, 1992); Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu (Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Andhra Pradesh (Henderson, 2009); Goa, Maharashtra (Mao, Dash, 2020).
Habitat: Lowland or montane forests; elev.: up to 1500 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
35. C. pseudotenuis subsp. karnatakensis (Renuka et Lakshmana) A. J. Hend., 2020, Phytotaxa 445(1): 366.
Distribution: Karnataka, Kerala (Renuka et al., 2010); Karnataka, Maharashtra (Mao, Dash, 2020).
Habitat: Lowland rain forest; elev.: 350-1000 (Henderson, 2020).
Synonym: C. karnatakensis Renuka et Lakshmana and C. stoloniferus Renuka (Henderson, 2020).
36. C. rheedei Griff., 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 73.
Distribution: India [Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (Basu, 1992; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Kerala, Tamil Nadu (Henderson, 2009), Kerala (Henderson, 2020; Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Lowland evergreen forests (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Synonym: C. travancoricus Bedd. ex Becc. (Sreekumar, Henderson, 2014; Henderson, 2020).
37. C. rotang L., 1753, Sp. Pl.: 325. Distribution: India [Andhra Pradesh, Tamil
Nadu, Kerala (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2009; Mao, Dash, 2020); Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu (Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Maharashtra (Mao, Dash, 2020)], Sri Lanka (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Wet places, stream or disturbed areas; elev.: 60 m (Henderson, 2020).
38. C. tenuis Roxb., 1832, Fl. Ind. 3: 780. Distribution: India [Assam, Bihar, Uttarakhand,
West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Odisha (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Manipur and possibly Madhya Pradesh (Henderson, 2009); eastern, northern, and northeastern India (Henderson, 2020)], Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Moist, damp or flooded areas; elev.: up to 300 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Synonym: C. delessertianus Becc. (Sreekumar, Henderson, 2014; Henderson, 2020). Status: Least Concern (IUCN).
39. C. thwaitesii Becc., 1894, Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 441. Distribution: India [Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Andhra Pradesh (Henderson, 2009); Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Goa (Henderson, 2020)], Sri Lanka (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous forests; elev.: 100-900 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
40. C. unifarius H. Wendl., 1859, Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 17: 158.
Distribution: India [Nicobar Island (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Henderson, 2020)], Bali, Java, Sumatra (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Lowland rain forests; elev.: up to 300 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Synonym: C. unifarius var. pentong Becc. (Henderson, 2020).
41. C. vattayila Renuka, 1987, Curr. Sc. 56: 1013. Distribution: India [Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu (Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Henderson, 2020; Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Lowland evergreen forests; elev.: 500800 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Synonym: C. pseudofeanus Basu (Sreekumar, Henderson, 2014; Henderson, 2020).
42. C. viminalis Willd., 1799, Sp. Pl. ed. 4, 2: 203. Distribution: India [West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha,
Andhra Pradesh, Sikkim, Tripura (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Jharkhand (Henderson, 2009); Andaman Islands (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Mao, Dash, 2020); Assam (Barooah, Ahmed, 2014); Andaman Islands, eastern India (Henderson, 2020)], Bangladesh, Bali, Cambodia, China, Java, Krakatoa, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam (Henderson, 2020).
Habitat: Lowland rain forests or deciduous forests; elev.: 500-600 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Note: The species was not reported from Assam by Mehmud and Roy (2021a).
43. C. wightii Griff., 1850, Palms Brit. E. Ind. t. 216C. Distribution: India [Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Henderson, 2020; Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Evergreen forests; elev.: 1300-2000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). Caryota L., 1753, Sp. Pl.: 1189.
44. C. maxima Blume, 1838, Hist. Nat. Palm 3: 195. Distribution: India [Assam, Arunachal Pradesh,
Sikkim (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)], Bhutan, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Lowland to montane rain forests (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); elev.: 250-1500 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Note: The species was not reported from Assam by Mehmud and Roy (2021a).
45. C. mitis Lour., 1790, Fl. Cochinch.: 569. Distribution: India [Andaman and Nicobar
Islands (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)], Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Lowland rain forest; elev.: up to 500 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). Status: Least Concern (IUCN).
46. C. obtusa Griff., 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 480.
Distribution: India [Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur (Henderson, 2009); Assam, Arunachal Pradesh (Mao, Dash, 2020)], China, Laos, Myanmar (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Montane rain forests; elev.: 1000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012) to 1400-1800 (Henderson, 2009).
47. C. urens L., 1753, Sp. Pl.: 1189. Distribution: India [Goa, Karnataka, Kerala,
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu (Henderson, 2009); Common in India (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)], Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Moist lowland or submontane forests (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). Status: Least Concern (IUCN). Corypha L., 1753, Sp. Pl.: 1187.
48. C. taliera Roxb., 1820, Pl. Coromandel 3: 51. Distribution: India [West Bengal (Henderson,
2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)], Bangladesh (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Disturbed areas at low elevation (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). Status: Extinct in the Wild (IUCN).
49. C. umbraculifera L., 1753, Sp. Pl.: 1178. Distribution: India [Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Maharastra (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Assam (Mehmud, Roy, 2021a); Tripura (Deb, 1983)], Sri Lanka (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Evergreen forests; elev.: 50-1000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
50. C. utan Lam., 1786, Encycl. 2: 131. Distribution: India [West Bengal, Andaman
Islands (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Henderson, 2009; Mao, Dash, 2020); West Bengal (Mao, Dash, 2020)], Australia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Grasslands, low lying places, savannas; elev.: 300 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). Status: Least Concern (IUCN). Hyphaene Gaertn., 1790, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 13.
51. H. dichotoma (White) Furtado, 1970, Bull. Singapore 25: 301.
Distribution: India [Gujarat, Maharashtra (Henderson, 2009); West Coast of India (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012)].
Habitat: Sand dunes or dry areas at low elevation (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). Status: Near Threatened (IUCN). Korthalsia Blume, 1843, Rumphia 2: 166.
52. K. echinometra Becc., 1884, Malesia 2: 66. Distribution: India [Nicobar Islands], Indonesia,
Malaya Peninsula, Singapore (Basu, 1992). Habitat: Moist coastal areas (Basu, 1992).
53. K. laciniosa (Griff.) Mart., 1845, Hist. Nat. Palm 3: 211.
Distribution: India [Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)], Indonesia, Indochina, Philippines, Malaya, Myanmar (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Lowland or montane rain forest or dryer forest (Henderson, 2009) to evergreen forests (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); elev.: up to 600 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
54. K. rogersii Becc., 1918, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 12(2): 131.
Distribution: India [Andaman Islands (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Lowland rain forest in low elevation (Henderson, 2009).
Status: Endemic (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). Licuala Wurmb, 1780, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 2: 469.
55. L. peltata Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham., 1826, Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 313.
Distribution: India [Assam, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Jharkhand, Odisha (Henderson, 2009); Mizoram, Manipur (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)], Bangladesh, Myanmar (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Lowland rain forests; elev.: up to 500 m (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
56. L. spinosa Thunb., 1780, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 2: 474.
Distribution: India [Andaman Islands (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Mao, Dash, 2020)], Cambodia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Mangrove and scrub forests at low elevation (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). Livistona R. Br., 1810, Prodr.: 267.
57. L. jenkinsiana Griff., 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 334.
Distribution: India [Assam, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Nagaland (Henderson, 2009); Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Gujrat, West Bengal (Mao, Dash, 2020); Meghalaya (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012)], Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Moist deciduous forests; elev.: 1000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Myrialepis Becc., 1893, Fl. Brit. India 6: 480.
58. M. paradoxa (Kurz.) Dransf., 1982, Kew Bull. 37: 242.
Distribution: India [specific location or State not mentioned (Ram, Tandon, 1997); Manipur (Devi et al., 2010)]; Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam (Henderson, 2009).
Habitat: Lowland to montane rain forest; elev.: up to 1600 m (Henderson, 2009). Nypa Steck., 1757, Sagu: 15.
59. N. fruticans Wurmb, 1779, Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 1: 349.
Distribution: India [West Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Andhra Pradesh, Odisha (Mao, Dash, 2020)], Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Japan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Mangrove forests at low elevation (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). Status: Least Concern (IUCN). Phoenix L., 1753, Sp. Pl.: 1188.
60. P. acaulis Roxb., 1820, Pl. Coromandel 3: 69. Distribution: India [Assam, West Bengal, Punjab,
Uttar Pradesh (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Meghalaya, Bihar, Sikkim, possibly Rajasthan (Henderson, 2009); Odisha, (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); throughout India (Mao, Dash, 2020)], Nepal, Myanmar (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Scrublands, open areas; elev.: 500-1000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Note: Barrow (1998) mentioned the species is native to Sub-Himalayan belt of north India, in the study the specimens were examined from Meghalaya (erroneously reported Khasia Hills in Assam) and Uttar Pradesh. The species was not reported from Assam by Mehmud and Roy (2021a).
61. P. andamanensis S. Burrow, 1998, Kew Bull. 53: 558.
Distribution: India [Andaman Islands (Barrow, 1998; Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Lowland rain forests; elev.: 500-750 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
62. P. loureiroi Kunth, 1893, Enum. Pl. 3: 257. Distribution: India [Andhra Pradesh, Assam,
Nagaland, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal (Barrow, 1998; Henderson, 2009); Jammu and Kashmir (Henderson, 2009)], Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Open scrublands, grasslands; elev.: up to 1500 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). Status: Least Concern (IUCN). Note: Barrow (1998) reported the occurrence of the species from Jaintia Hills of Assam, but Jaintia Hills is currently located in Meghalaya. The species was not reported from Assam by Mehmud and Roy (2021a).
63. P. paludosa Roxb., 1832, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 789. Distribution: India [West Bengal, Odisha,
Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Assam (Mao, Dash, 2020)], Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Mangrove swamps at low elevation (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Status: Near Threatened (IUCN).
Note: The species prefer mangrove and estuarine coastal swamps areas (Barrow, 1998) but this type of habitat is not present in Assam (Barooah, Ahmed, 2014) and the species was not reported from Assam (Mehmud, Roy, 2021a).
64. P. pusilla Gaertn., 1788, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 24.
Distribution: India [Tamil Nadu, Kerala (Barrow,
1998; Henderson, 2009; Mao, Dash, 2020; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Andhra Pradesh (Henderson, 2009; Mao, Dash, 2020)], Sri Lanka (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Disturbed areas at low elevation (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
65. P. rupicola T. Anders., 1869, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 11: 13.
Distribution: India [Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Sikkim, West Bengal (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)], Bhutan, Nepal (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Wet forests, open areas, steep rocky slopes; elev.: 500-1200 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Status: Near Threatened (IUCN).
Note: According to Barrow (1998) the species is distributed in West Bengal, and examined voucher were from Meghalaya (erroneously reported Shillong in Assam), Sikkim and West Bengal. Occurrence of the species was not recorded in Assam (Mehmud, Roy, 2021a).
66. P. sylvestris (L.) Roxb., 1832, Fl. Ind. 3: 787.
Distribution: India [Common (Griffith, 1845;
Barrow, 1998; Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)], Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Common in low elevation (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Pinanga Blume, 1839, Rumphia 2: 76.
67. P. dicksonii (Roxb.) Blume, 1839, Rumphia 2: 77.
Distribution: India [Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); throughout India (Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Lowland rain forests; elev. 250-1000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Status: Endemic (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
68. P. gracilis Bl., 1839, Rumphia 2: 77.
Distribution: India [Assam, Tripura, Arunachal
Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland (Henderson, 2009;
Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Meghalaya (Henderson, 2009; Mao, Dash, 2020); Sikkim (Henderson, 2009)], Bangladesh, Bhutan, China (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Lowland or montane rain forests; elev.: 1200 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
69. P. griffithii Becc., 1886, Malesia 3: 117. Distribution: India [Assam (Henderson, 2009);
Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Meghalaya (Mao, Dash, 2020)], Myanmar (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Moist forests at low elevation (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
70. P. manii Becc., 1889, Malesia 3: 178. Distribution: India [Andaman and Nicobar
Islands (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Lowland rain forests; elev.: 100-250 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Status: Endemic (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
71. P. sylvestris (Lour.) Hodel, 1998, Palm J. 139: 55. Distribution: India [Meghalaya (Henderson,
2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Assam (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mehmud, Roy, 2021a)], Cambodia, China, Thailand, Myanmar (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Lowland and moist hill forest; elev.: 5001800 (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). Status: Least Concern (IUCN). Plectocomia Mart. et Blume, in J. J. Roemer & J. A. Schultes, 1830, Syst. Veg. 7(2): 1333.
72. P. assamica Griff., 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 97.
Distribution: India [Arunachal Pradesh, Assam (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Meghalaya (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2009; Renuka et al., 2010); Mizoram (Bora, Hans, 2017)], Myanmar (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Lowland evergreen forests; elev.: 200700 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Synonym: P. bractealis Griff. and P. khasyana Griff. (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
73. P. himalayana Griff., 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 100.
Distribution: India [Arunachal Pradesh (Basu, 1992); Sikkim, West Bengal (Basu, 1992; Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Manipur (Bora et al., 2012a)], Bhutan, China, Laos, Thailand (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Montane evergreen forests; elev.: 15002000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). Status: Least Concern (IUCN).
Rhopaloblaste Scheff., 1876, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenorg. 1: 137.
74. R. augusta (Kurz) H. E. Moore, 1970, Principes 14: 79.
Distribution: India [Nicobar Islands (Banka, Baker, 2004; Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Scrub or moist or moist hill valley; elev.: 50-200 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). Status: Vulnerable (IUCN). Salacca Reinw., 1828, Syll. Pl. Nov. 2: 3.
75. S. secunda Griff., 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 12.
Distribution: India [Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)], Myanmar (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Lowland rain forest; elev.: 600-800 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Trachycarpus H. Wendl., in Hooker, 1894, Fl. Brit. Ind. 6: 435.
76. T. fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl., 1861, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 8: 429.
Distribution: India [Sikkim (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)], Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Vietnam (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Steep rocky areas; elev.: 100-2000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
77. T. latisectus Spanner, H. J. Noltie et M. Gibbons, 1997, Edinburgh J. Bot. 54: 257.
Distribution: India [Sikkim and West Bengal (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Open rocky grassy slopes; elev.: up to 2000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
78. T. martianus (Wall.) H. Wendl., 1861, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 8: 429.
Distribution: India [Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Sikkim (Kholia, 2012); Assam (Mehmud, Roy, 2022d)], Myanmar, Nepal (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Montane forest; elev.: 1500-2000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012). In Assam the species was recorded at 439 m elevation (Mehmud, Roy, 2022d).
79. T. oreophilus M. Gibbons et Spanner, 1997, Principes 41: 205.
Distribution: India [Manipur (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)], Thailand (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Steep slopes on grassland; elev.: 16002100 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
80. T. takil Becc., 1905, Webbia 1: 52.
Distribution: India [Uttarakhand (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Kumaon (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012), Nagaland (Rongsensashi, 2010)].
Habitat: Montane forests; elev.: 1500-2400 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Wallichia Roxb., 1820, Pl. Coromandel 3: 91.
81. W. caryotoides Roxb., 1820, Pl. Coromandel 3: 91.
Distribution: India [Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura (Henderson, 2007; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)], Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Thailand (Henderson, 2007).
Habitat: Tropical moist forests; elev.: up to 1500 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
82. W. disticha T. Anders., 1871, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 11: 6.
Distribution: India [Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya (Henderson, 2007, 2009)], Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand (Henderson, 2007).
Habitat: Lowland to montane rain forests; elev.: 1000-1200 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
83. W. nana Griff., 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 488.
Distribution: India [Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya (Henderson, 2007, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Sikkim (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)].
Habitat: Lowland rain forests at low elevation (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Synonym: Didymosperma gracilis Hook.f. (Mehmud, Roy, 2021b).
84. W. oblongifolia Griff., 1845, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 486.
Distribution: India [All the eight states of northeastern India (Henderson, 2007, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012); Uttarakhand (Henderson, 2009)], Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar (Henderson, 2007; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Habitat: Lowland or montane rain forests; elev.: 300-1200 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
85. W. triandra (J. Joseph) S. K. Basu, 1976, Principes 20: 120.
Distribution: India [Arunachal Pradesh (Henderson, 2009; Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020); Assam (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012; Mao, Dash, 2020)], China (Henderson, 2007).
Habitat: Montane rain dense forests; elev.: 10002000 m (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012).
Status: Least Concern (IUCN).
Note: The species was not reported from Assam (Mehmud, Roy, 2021a).
Conclusions
The study focused to analyze previous and recent studies on palm research especially taxonomy and diversity of native taxa, their range of distribution in different states of the country and updated accordingly. As the native palms were gradually decreasing in India (Renuka, Sreekumar, 2012) therefore, the present review will help locating the habitat specificity of different taxa needed for conservation strategies and other research program related to the family in future. In addition, the
study is also providing a brief report on literature accumulated and highlighted palm research especially in India.
Acknowledgements
Thankful to the Head of the Department, Department of Botany, Cotton University; Assam Forest Department; Director, Botanical Survey of India for permitting us to access library and herbaria at ASSAM, ARUN and CAL; we also grateful to the authorities of GUBH, K, NYBG, A, L, P, BR.
REFERENCES / ЛИТЕРАТУРА
Anderson T. 1871. An enumeration of the palms of Sikkim. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 11: 4-14.
Banka R., Baker W. J. 2004. A monograph of the genus Rhopaloblaste (Arecaceae). Kew Bull. 59: 47-60.
Barbhuiya H. A. 2014. Forty new additions to the angiospermic flora of Assam. Journal of New Biological Reports 3(3): 277-287.
Barooah C., Ahmed I. 2014. Plant diversity of Assam: A checklist of Angiosperms and Gymnosperms. Assam: Assam Science Technology and Environment Council. 599 pp.
Barrow S. C. 1998. A monograph of Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae). Kew Bull. 53(3): 513-575. DOI: 10.2307/4110478
Basu S. K. 1984. The present status of rattan palms in India - an overview. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Proceedings of the Rattan Seminar. 247 pp.
Basu S. K. 1989. Calamus pseudofeanus S. K. Basu - A new rattan species from South India. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 13(1): 133-136.
Basu S. K. 1992. Rattans (Canes) in India: A monographic Revision. Kepong: Rattan Information Centre, Forest Research Institute Malaysia. 141 pp.
Basu S. K., Chakraverty R. K. 1994. A manual of cultivated palms in India. Calcutta: Botanical Survey of India. 166 pp.
Beccari O. 1902. Systematic enumeration of the species of Calamus and Daemonorops, with descriptions of the new ones. Rec. Bot. Surv. India 2(3): 197-230.
Beccari O. 1908. Asiatic Palms - Lepidocaryeae. Part 1. The species of Calamus. Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11: 1-516.
Beccari O. 1911. Asiatic Palms - Lepidocaryeae. Part 2. The species of Daemonorops. Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 11: 1-237.
Beccari O. 1918. Asiatic Palms - Lepidocaryeae. Part 3. The species of the genera Ceratolobus, Calospatha, Plectocomia, Plectomiopsis, Myrialepis, Zalacca, Pigafetta, Korthalsia, Metroxylon, Eugeissona. Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 12(3): 1-231.
Biswas S., DayalR. 1995. Indian rattans (canes): diversity, distribution and propagation. Indian For. 121(7): 620-633.
Blatter E. 1926. The palms of British India and Ceylon. London: Oxford University Press, UK. 600 pp.
Bora H. R., Gogoi G., Bora S., Hazarika P. K. 2012. A systematic census of rattans in Gibbon wildlife sanctuary, with special emphasis of conservation. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 36(3): 578-583.
Bora H. A., Gogoi G., Hazarika P. K. 2012a. A new record of distribution of branching rattan (Plectocomia himalayana Griff.) Arecaceae in Manipur, North East India. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 36(3): 543-545.
Bora H. R., Hans R. 2017. A new record of distribution of endemic and threatened rattan (Plectocomia khasyana Griff., Arecaceae) in Mizoram, India. Int. J. Recent Sci. Res. 8(1): 15241-15242.
Deb D. B. 1983. The flora of Tripura state. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Today & Tomorrow's Printer and Publishers. 601 pp.
Deka K., Borthakur S. K., Tanti B. 2020. Taxonomic distinction of Calamus nambariensis Becc., in Northeast India based on morphological and molecular markers. Taiwania 65(4): 529-540. DOI: 10.6165/tai.2020.65.529
Devi S. P., Singh P. K., Ningombam D. S. 2010. Myrialepis paradoxa Becc. (Arecaceae): a new record from India. Folia Malaysiana 11(1): 31-34.
Griffith W. 1845. The palms of British East India. Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 5: 1-103, 311-491.
Griffith W. 1850. Palms of British East India: posthumous papers bequeathed to the Honourable the East India Company. Delhi: Periodical Experts Book Agency. 182 pp.
Henderson A. 2007. A revision of Wallichia (Palmae). Taiwania 52(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.6165/tai.2007.52(1).1
Henderson A. 2009. Palms of southern Asia. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 199 pp.
Henderson A. 2020. A revision of Calamus (Arecaceae, Calamoideae, Calameae, Calaminae). Phytotaxa 445(1): 1-656. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.445.1.1
Henderson A., Henderson F. 2007. New species of Calamus (Palmae) from Lao and Myanmar. Taiwania 52(2): 152-158.
Hooker J. D. 1894. Flora of British India. Vol. 6. London: L. Reeve & Co. Ltd. 792 pp.
IUCN [2023]. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2023-1. URL: www.iucnredlist.org/ (Accessed 10 November 2023).
Irwin S. J., Narasimhan D., Rekha G. 2021. Reassessment of endemic angiosperm genera in India. Rheedea 31(4): 267-281. DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2021.31.04.04
Jacob J., Mohanan N., Kariyappa K. C. 2008. A new species of Calamus L. (Arecaceae) from salient Valley, the Western Ghats, India. Rheedea 18(1): 29-31.
Kholia B. S. 2012. Rediscovery of Trachycarpus martianus in the Sikkim Himalaya. Palms 56(1): 5-10. Kulkarni A. R., Mulani R. M. 2004. Indigenous palms of India. Curr. Sci. 86(12): 1598-1603. Lakshmana A. C., Renuka C. 1990. New species of Calamus (Arecaceae) from India. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 14(3): 705-709.
Mao A. A., Dash S. S. 2020. Flowering plants of India an annotated checklist (Monocotyledons). Kolkata: Botanical Survey of India. 545 pp.
Mehmud S., Roy H. 2020. Henry's Rattan Calamus henryanus Becc. (Arecaceae), a new record to India. J. Threat. Taxa 12(8): 15962-15966. DOI: 110.11609/jott.5354.12.8.15962-15966
Mehmud S., Roy H. 2021a. Diversity and distribution of palms (Arecaceae) in Assam, India. Check List 17(1): 69-93. DOI: 10.15560/17.1.69
Mehmud S., Roy H. 2021b. Didymosperma gracilis a new synonym of Wallichia nana (Arecaceae). Rheedea 31(2): 89-91. DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2021.31.02.10
Mehmud S., Roy H. 2021c. Nature of fruits in Calamus erectus Roxb., from Assam of Northeast India. J. Bamboo and Rattan 20(2): 30-33.
Mehmud S., Roy H. 2022a. A new synonym of Calamus leptospadix (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 530(1): 117-120. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.530.1.13
Mehmud S., Roy H. 2022b. Two new synonyms of Calamus inermis (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 530(1): 127-129. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.530.1.15
Mehmud S., Roy H. 2022c. Henry's Palm Calamus henryanus (Family Arecaceae), an addition to the flora of Tripura, India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 119. DOI: 10.17087/jbnhs/2022/v119/153837.
Mehmud S., Roy H. 2022d. A new record on naturalization of Trachycarpus (Arecaceae) in Assam, India. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology 11(2): 297-298. DOI: 10.53562/ajcb.67180.
Meitram B., Sharma G. J. 2005. Rattan resources of Manipur: species diversity and reproductive biology of elite species. J. Bamboo and Rattan 4(4): 399-419.
Mondal S., Basu S. K., Chowdhury M. 2020. A new species of Calamus (Arecaceae) from Eastern Himalaya, India. Turczaninowia 23, 3: 92-98. DOI: 10.14258/turczaninowia.23.3.9
Mondal S., Choudhury M. 2018. Rattan diversity in West Bengal, India. Ad. Plant Sci. 31(2): 159-165. Mondal S., Chowdhury M. 2019. Daemonorpos teraiensis (Arecaceae) a new species from Terai of Darjeeling, India. Plant Arch. 19(2): 758-761.
Mondal S., Basu S. K., Choudhury M. 2021. Calamus arborescens (Arecaceae): an addition to the flora of India from West Bengal. Rheedea 31(2): 82-84. DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2021.31.02.08
Mondal S., Basu S. K., Chowdhury M. 2019. Calamus pseudoerectus (Arecaceae), a new species from the eastern Himalaya, India. J. Threat. Taxa 11(5): 13605-13610. DOI: 10.11609/jott.4493.11.5.13605-13610 Negi S. S. 1996. Bamboos and Canes. Dehra Dun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. 118 pp. Pillai A. R., Riyas C. T., Sabu K. K. 2020. A review on the unexplored and underutilized Arenga species in India. Current Botany 11: 226-232. DOI: 10.25081/cb.2020.v11.6252
Ram H. Y. M., Tandon R. 1997. Bamboos and rattans: from riches to rags. Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad. B63(3): 245-267.
Renuka C. 1987a. A new species of Calamus (Palmae) from India. Kew Bull. 42(2): 433-435. Renuka C. 1987b. A new species of the genus Calamus Linn. (Palmae) from India. Curr. Sci. 56(19): 1012-1013. Renuka C. 1990. Two new species of Calamus (Arecaceae) from India. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 14(3): 701-704. Renuka C. 1999. Indian rattan distribution- an update. Indian For. 125(6): 591-598.
Renuka C., Bhat K. V., Pandalai R. C. 2010. Rattans of India - Taxonomy, Biology and Utilization. Thrissur: Kerala Forest Research Institute. 339 pp.
Renuka C., Sreekumar V. B. 2012. A field guide to the palms of India. Thrissur: Kerala Forest Research Institute. 256 pp.
Renuka C., Vijayakumaran T. 1994a. Some new species of rattans from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Rheedea 4: 120-129.
Renuka C., Vijayakumaran T. 1994b. Notes on the identity of Calamus pseudorivalis Becc. (Arecaceae) with a new species of the genus from Andamans. Rheedea 4: 138-143.
Rongsensashi Mozhui R., Limasenla Changkija S. 2010. New distributional record of Trachycarpus takil Beccari from Nagaland, North-East India. Pleione 4(2): 307-309.
Singh H. B., Puni L., Jain A., Singh R. S., Rao P. G. 2004. Status, utility, threats and conservation options for rattan resources in Manipur. Curr. Sci. 87(1): 90-94.
Sreekumar V. B., Henderson A. 2014. Nomenclatural notes on Indian Calamus (Arecaceae). Phytotaxa 166(2): 145-149.
