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DOI 10.24411/2223-0564-2019-10111 F.S. Fazylova (Ф.С. Фазылова) УДК 82 (470. 57) - 1
THE MODERN BASHKIR AMOROUS LYRICS (the Second Half of the XX - Early XXI Century)1 (СОВРЕМЕННАЯ БАШКИРСКАЯ ЛЮБОВНАЯ ЛИРИКА (вторая половина ХХ - начало XXI века)
Аннотация
Статья посвящена актуальному вопросу башкирского литературоведения - проблеме любовной лирики в современной башкирской поэзии. Любовь и пробуждаемые ей чувства являются темой, пронизывающей всю
1 Translated into English by L.R. Bikbaeva.
Фазылова Флорида Салимовна, кандидат филологических наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела литературоведения Института истории, языка и литературы Уфимского федерального исследовательского центра РАН (Уфа), e-mail: fazylovafs@mail.ru
Florida S. Fazylova, Cand. Sc. (Philology), Senior Researcher of the Department of Literature, Institute of History, Language and Literature, Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (Ufa), e-mail: fazylovafs@mail.ru.
современную башкирскую поэзию. Почти каждый поэт так или иначе осмысливает эту тему в своих произведениях, ибо любовь - божественное чувство, лежащее в основе бытия. Любовь часто вдохновляет человека, придает ему силы; она же иногда приносит ему не только счастье и радость, но и страдания, боль, доводит его до гибели.
В башкирской интимной лирике присутствуют такие традиционные мотивы, как тоска, печаль, разлука, ожидание новой встречи, измена и т.д. Эти любовные мотивы в творчестве каждого поэта находят своеобразное преломление и рассматриваются с разных позиций.
В стихотворении Р. Сафина «Яратам» («Люблю») поэт вспоминает незабываемые мгновения своей юности - время, когда он был влюблен до безумия. Произведение Р. Гарипова «TsYre heйeY» («Первая любовь») описывает первый любовный опыт автора, который свое чувство сравнивает с первым весенним громом, уподобляя свою любимую то радуге, то «огненной родинке».
Мотивы хрустально-чистой любви, преданности ей лирического героя, стремления сохранить это прекрасное, светлое чувство в своей душе на всю жизнь свойственны стихотворениям «Кабат Yтэм йэшлек hукмаFынан» («Я снова брожу по тропинкам молодости...») Ф. Гумерова, «Ьагынам» («Тоскую») М. Каримова, «TsYre heйeY» («Первая любовь») З. Алтынбаевой, «TsYre hefteY» («Первая любовь») Г. Якуповой и др. В этих произведениях картина воспоминаний юности умело воссоздается авторами при помощи различных поэтических приемов и средств.
Чувства влюбленных ярко и красочно описываются в стихотворениях М. Карима «Беген тен мин Ьинен янда калам» («Прервав свой путь, с тобою остаюсь...»), В. Ахмадиева «Без кауышкан тендэ» («Таинственная ночь»). Поэты, показывая любовь как естественное чувство, сравнивают ее с природными явлениями, что усиливает смысловую нагрузку главной идеи произведения.
В отличие от поэтов-мужчин, поэтессы более искренни и чистосердечны в описании своих любовных переживаний. Так, в стихотворении Т. Г аниевой «Куйыныида бер тен кунайымсы» («Ночь проведу в объятиях твоих...») лирическая героиня - тонкая личность, которая не боится открыто заявить о своей любви, ради нее она готова пойти на все.
Схожие мотивы интимной лирики во всю мощь звучат в стихотворениях «Имэн тебендэ» («Возле дуба») Н. Наджми, «Ямгырлы тен» («Дождливая ночь») М. Каримова, «Ьагынган минуттар» («Незабываемые минуты») М. Сиражи, «Без кауышканда...» («Слияние двух сердец») Ф. Кузбекова, «Елэк^лэк» («Ягодка»)
З. Янбердиной и др.
Башкирские поэты воспевают красоту, силу и величие чувства чистой любви. Они категорически выступают против корыстной любви (любви по расчету) и утверждают: прекрасно только такое чувство любви, которое естественно, не ложно и не выдумано. Об этом говорится в произведениях «Дeрлэмэhэ эгэр.» («Если не горит...») С. Кудашева, «Яратмагас» («Если не полюбишь») Р Шаммасова, «Был мэцге тере хэкикэт...» («Истина») Ш. Биккулова, «Мехэббэтте ^рап алмайзар...» («Любовь не выпросить.») А. Гарифуллиной, «ЙэшэY йуты» («Смысл жизни») Ф. Мухамедьянова, «Вэгэзэ» («Клятва») З. Алтынбаевой, «Тогролок» («Преданность») Р Хисаметдиновой и др.
Можно сделать вывод, что современная башкирская поэзия любви достигла новых высот своего развития. Для нее характерны богатый диапазон передаваемых поэтами чувств и неповторимые оттенки переживаний. Любовная лирика, раскрывая уникальность личности, становится силой, призывающей к нравственной красоте и чистоте.
Ключевые слова: любовь, любовная лирика, современная башкирская поэзия, башкирская литература
Florida S. Fazylova
THE MODERN BASHKIR AMOROUS LYRICS (the Second Half of the XX - Early XXI Century)
Abstract
The article is devoted to the problem of amorous lyrics in the modern Bashkir poetry. The Bashkir intimate lyrics include such traditional motifs as anguish and sadness, separation of lovers and their expectation of a new meeting, also unfaithfulness, the feeling of hatred, loss of a beloved, etc. These amourous motifs are treated in the creative activities of poets and poetesses very originally and from different points of view (I Love by R. Safin, The First Love by R. Garipov, etc.).
The motifs of crystal-clear love feeling and the hero’s devotion to it, her/his striving to keep these fine lucid emotions in his heart for life ever can be traced in poems by F. Gumerov (I Again Roam about My Youth’s Paths), M. Kari-
mov (Anguish), Z. Altynbayeva (The First Love), etc. In these works the authors have skillfully created the picture of youth recollections with the help of different poetic devices and means.
Bashkir poets sing of the beauty, force and greatness of the pure love feeling (poems by S. Kudashev If There is No Fire, R. Shammasov If You Do Not Love Me..., A. Garifullina Love Cannot Be Asked for, etc.).
Thus, we may conclude that the modern Bashkir poetry of love has reached the new heights of its development, being distinguished by a rich range of human emotions and delicate shades of love experience. Amorous lyrics revealing a personality’s unique character becomes a force calling him/her to further moral beauty and purity.
Key words: affection, amorous lyrics, modern Bashkir poetry, Bashkir belles-lettres
Love and feelings roused by it make a topic penetrating the contemporary Bashkir poetry. Almost every poet - a master of word - makes use of this subject in his/her works as love is a divine feeling. The poet “must always be original” [2, p. 43] and genuine: sincerity is the personality’s world combined with moral experience. Only in such a case the poet’s work will be taken by the reader close to his heart.
The contemporary amorous lyrics is characterized by a new polyphony of feelings, also fresh motifs and trends. Intimate lyrics constitutes one of such trends.
The sensual relations between man and woman lie in the background of being making a source of life. Love often inspires the man, makes him stronger and younger. Sometimes, on the contrary, it brings him not only happiness and joy, but sorrow, suffering and even death.
The Bashkir intimate lyrics includes such traditional motifs as anguish and sadness, separation of lovers and their expectation of a new meeting, also unfaithfulness, the feeling of hatred, loss of a beloved, etc. Every poet in his/her works treats these amorous motifs very originally and from different points of view.
Let us analyze, for example, the poem I Love by R. Safin. In the first lines a vivid picture appears before a reader: the poet recalls his youth’s unforgettable minutes, wonderful instants never to come back. Parallelly a motif of ‘madness’ bursts into the work -a young lyrical hero is enamoured till madness.
The poem has a ring composition: the poet again recalls his youth years: a ‘green-green spring’ that became the reason of ‘his losing his mind’. He again feels a hot breath of his red-haired sweetheart on his cheek, the beautiful Ai river rolling slowly its waters underneath the majestic Yellow Mount. To create the picture of the poet’s ‘green youth’ the author skillfully uses various poetic means and artistic colours and shades.
The uncurbed love of his youth days left its fiery marks in the poet’s mind forever to remember of it.
The sweet, gentle words ‘I love you!’ uttered by his beloved still rings in his ears as if a magical tune, even though many years have passed since then.
I would like to return the green mountains of my youth,
When a yellow-haired girl on a Yellow Mount
Said to me: ‘I love you’, that amber word
Striking as a lightning my mind [8, p. 135].
The poem The First Love by R. Garipov describes the author’s first love experience and unforgettable instants of that divine feeling. Here the image of an enamoured lyrical hero is created by other poetic colours. Unlike R. Safin, R. Garipov compares his first love feeling with the first spring thunder. The image of the beloved in the poet’s mind is associated with rainbow colours, also with a ‘fiery birth-mark’. Like an early spring’s thunder first Bursting from the heavens of my youth,
As if a rainbow after spring shower,
You came up upon me from high above.
Maybe I shall never forget you,
Maybe I will love another girl,
But your image unforgettable I shall ever keep deep in my soul [3, p. 33].
The motifs of a crystal-clear love feeling, the hero’s devotion to it, his striving to keep these fine lucid emotions in his heart for life ever can also be traced in other poems: First Love as a Striking Event... by R. Garipov, I Again Roam about My Youth’s Paths by F. Gumerov, Longing for My First Love by S. Ali-bayev, Do You Remember, Darling?.. by M. Sirazhi, I shall not Forget by R. Nazarov, The First Love by A. Atnabayev, I Fell in Love by Ya. Kulmyi, Anguish by M. Karimov, The First Love by Z. Altynbayeva, The First Love by G. Yakupova, etc.
Every man keeps in his mind the happy, exciting recollections of his youth - mutual love when one person is drawn to another by heart and soul. V. Akhmadeyev’s poem Secretive Night vividly depicts such ‘a golden time’ for loving hearts. The author shows love as a natural feeling comparing it with natural phenomena. In the author’s understanding the nature is always in chaos, always in motion:
here heaven’s gates opened, now mountains shuddered, a cutting wind started to blow, etc. Such comparisons are used to strengthen the semantic charges of the work’s primary idea.
When we joined at night the rain was pouring, Mountains groaning and roaring,
Thunder crashing high in the heavens,
Kept beating heavily still two hearts In a little cottage [1, p. 54].
In M. Karim’s poem Breaking My Journey, I Remain with You... we also see recollections of sweet minutes of love given through poetic pictures and images.
Breaking my journey, with you I remain At this night.
All cares I swept off my heart,
Let them go away fast... [5, p. 69].
As we see, the lyric hero is seized by one feeling: cherishing an amourous feeling burning in his heart - to stay with his beloved alone. He is eager for intimate silence. In the following lines the author sings the beauty and greatness of love. This sounds as a hymn to Love.
Let the mind and fear, always at the guard, Sleep at this moment.
Let love alone not
Sleep a wink tonight [5, p. 69].
The subject of love, of its divine aroma may be also be traced in the creative work of poetesses. This is especially characteristic for the poems by T. Ganeyeva (I will Spend the Night in Your Arms), Z. Yanberdina (A Berry Ripe), F. Kharrasova (As an Icicle in Your Arms I Melt), G. Kalimyllina (I am a Snow-Flake).
Unlike men poets, poetesses are more sincere and open-hearted while describing their love experience. So is the lyric heroine of the poem I will Spend the Night in Your Arms by T. Ganeyeva. She is an exquisite personality who is not afraid to openly declare her love, she does not hide her ardent feeling. For love she is ready to undergo any sufferings: to get to hell for her sins, to experience emotional shock. The most important thing for her is to find oneself beside her beloved, feeling happy and joyful from that meeting.
Let your eyelashes pierce my lips,
Let black shadows appear under my eyes, Maybe love will claim its rights,
If life leaps forward sometimes [4, p. 133]. Despite difficulties on her way, the lyric heroine feels optimistic about her future. She firmly believes
in the favourite outcome of events. Her credo is ‘no judgment upon love’.
Similar motifs of intimate lyrics sound most powerfully in the creative works by M. Karimov (A Rainy Night), G. Shafikov (Unforgettable Minutes), F. Kuzbekov (Two Hearts ’Merger), etc.
Love is a free and independent feeling: it is impossible to make a person love somebody or, vice versa, to make him stop loving somebody. That is the reason for poets to sing of the force, beauty and greatness of genuine love. Pseudolove makes them feel disgust for it. S. Kudash (If There is No Fire) stands against mercenary-minded love:
If on catching fire, two souls do not burn In the fire of love divine,
For them no kindness exists, no affection, Though is the bed for them one [6, p. 386].
Thus the author states: only such love is beautiful, which is natural, genuine, true, not fictitious. The poet R. Shammasov is of the same opinion (If You do not Love Me...), he compares insincere love with a destroyed house. He says that ‘without love the human heart is both deaf and blind’. So both poets - S. Kudashev and R. Shammasov distinguish between pure love and insincere feeling.
R. Safin in his poem Either Raining or Snowing... stands on the same position. To his mind, only those who love one another and appreciate feelings can be happy. This very idea is the keynote of creative work of such authors as R. Khisametdinova (Devotion), Sh. Bikkulov (The Truth), A. Garifullina (Love Cannot Be Asked for), F. Mukhamedianov (The Sense of Life), Z. Altynbaeva (An Oath), etc.
According to centuries old folk wisdom, love is not only an intoxicating fuddle, but also an emotional experience. Thus, such motifs as sadness and anguish, parting, loss of one’s beloved are prevalent in amorous lyrics. For after a quarrel with his beloved or parting with him, every person feels distress or disappointment deep in his mind, as if a candle of hope goes out in one’s heart. The lyric heroine in the poem An Irresistible Grief is Gnawing My Soul by G. Akhmetkuzhina is suffering just such anguish, very moving sometimes. To add her work more emotional force the poetess uses rather a large number of tropes and figures of poetic speech (author’s epithets, personifications, etc.).
We can come across still more interesting and fresh motif in amorous lyrics - the lyric hero warns his beloved of something. This is the case in the poem You Shall Miss Me... by Z. Kutlugildina:
But for me, nobody Will love you for life So sweetly and ardently.
As devoted to you, as I was None will be ever since [7, p. 59].
As we see, the young girl has still kept in her heart a feeling of love towards her beloved, though she parted with him long ago. Considering her former love intimate to her, she warns him against a blunder. Revealing a wonderful generosity of heart, she wishes that her beloved might become happy - that another girl would adore him as strongly as she did.
The motifs of separation and short partings, also of love experience, are very often met in intimate lyrics. These moments are more colourfully reflected in the poems by S.S. Kudashev (Parting), Sh. Bikkulov (Only Me is to Blame...), A. Igebayev (Suffering), G. Sitdikova (You Will Regret.), B. Baimov (A Clear Sadness), etc.
The relations between lovers are also characterized by unfaithfulness, and as a result of it, a feeling of hate. Let us turn to the poem The Amber Necklace by R. Yanbulatova, where the lyric heroine is deeply confident that her beloved is not sincere to her. This is shown by the author not through descriptions, but on the level of symbols. The beautiful amber set her beloved has given to her suddenly scatters over the floor. This detail is used by the author to hint at the forthcoming parting of the two young people.
As a sign of your love hot
A necklace beautiful you put
Around my neck. But all at once
Onto the floor rolled down the ambers [10, p. 41].
We suppose that here the author uses a well-known psychological observation. According to psychologists’ view, a man adds a grain of his soul to any activity performed by him: a kindly substance or an evil-hearted one. The same thing concerns gifts: time passing, they all may affect a person - if a present is made with kindly intentions i.e. open-heartedly, it may become an amulet guarding him, but if the present is given with envy or some ill-will, it might harm a person, attracting evil. Thus, the self-destruction of the amber necklace helps to reveal the spiritual make-up of the man who gave it as a present.
The lyric heroine of F. Tuguzbaeva’s poem A Melody also experiences hard emotional excitement: her beloved turned up unfaithful to her.
My heart got hard as a stone -
Your betrayal is such a pain... [9, p. 180].
At first sight it may seem that the poetess feels hatred towards her beloved. But her anger does not last long: she does not want to harm him in revenge, as her heart is too soft and kind. Possessing an elevated soul, she has nothing to gain by loving.
The poets of older generation, such as M. Karim (Lovers! I am Addressing You.), M. Gali (You Have Shielded Me Many a Time .), G. Ramazanov (If You Love), in their works call to be sympathetic and humane to the beloved, to value and protect the most beautiful feeling called ‘love’, as it is so frail.
Thus, we may conclude that the modern Bashkir love poetry has reached the new heights of its development, being distinguished by a rich range of human emotions and delicate shades of love experience. Amorous lyrics revealing a personality’s unique character become a force calling him/her to further moral beauty and purity.
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DOI 10.24411/2223-0564-2019-10112 А.Ш. Юсупова, Г.А. Набиуллина УДК 811.512/81’374
ТЮРКО-ТАТАРСКИЙ СЛОВАРНЫЙ ФОНД С ВОСТОЧНЫМИ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯМИ (по двуязычным словарям XIX в.)
Аннотация
В данной статье рассматриваются тематические и лексико-семантические особенности восточной лексики в тюрко-татарском словарном фонде XIX в. В качестве объекта исследования выступают арабо-персидские заимствования, зафиксированные в двуязычных словарях. Выявлено, что тематический диапазон восточной лексики в исследуемых словарях достаточно разнообразен и охватывает различные общественно-политические, социально-культурные и бытовые сферы (религиозные термины; слова, относящиеся к сфере образования и педагогики; названия ремёсел; юридические и социально-экономические термины; заимствования, обозначающие время или временные отрезки; слова, относящиеся к строению человеческого тела и обозначающие болезни; названия пищевых продуктов, овощей, фруктов и напитков). Семантический анализ слов позволяет выявить утраченные значения восточной лексики.
Юсупова Альфия Шавкетовна, доктор филологических наук, профессор кафедры общего языкознания и тюркологии Высшей школы национальной культуры и образования имени Габдуллы Тукая Института филологии и межкультурной коммуникации Казанского федерального университета (Казань), e-mail: alyusupova@yandex. ru
Набиуллина Гузель Амировна, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры общего языкознания и тюркологии Высшей школы национальной культуры и образования имени Габдуллы Тукая Института филологии и межкультурной коммуникации Казанского федерального университета (Казань), e-mail: GuzelNab2@yandex.ru
Alfiya Sh. Yusupova, Dr. Sc. (Philology), Professor, Department of General Linguistics and Turkology, Gabdulla Tukay Higher School of National Culture and Education, Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication, Kazan Federal University (Kazan), e-mail: alyusupova@yandex.ru
Guzel A. Nabiullina, Cand.Sc. (Philology), Associate Professor, Department of General Linguistics and Turkology, Gabdulla Tukay Higher School of National Culture and Education, Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication, Kazan Federal University (Kazan), e-mail: GuzelNab2@yandex.ru
